Fault location of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines based on an improved Karrenbauer matrix and the QPSO algorithm

Some double-circuit transmission lines are untransposed, which results in complex coupling relations between the parameters of the transmission lines. If the traditional modal transformation matrix is directly used to decouple the parameters, it can lead to large errors in the decoupled modal parameter, errors which will be amplifed in the fault location equation. Consequently, it makes the fault location results of the untransposed double-circuit transmission lines less accurate. Therefore, a new modal transformation method is needed to decouple the parameter matrix of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines and realize the fault location according to the decoupled modal parameter. By improving the basis of the Karrenbauer matrix, a modal transformation matrix suitable for decoupling parameters of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines is obtained. To address the diffculties in solving the fault location equation of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines, a new fault location method based on an improved Karrenbauer matrix and the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the line parameter matrix is decomposed into identical and inverse sequence components using the identical-inverse sequence component transformation. The Karrenbauer matrix is then transformed to obtain the improved Karrenbauer matrix for untransposed double-circuit transmission lines and applied to identical and inverse sequence components to solve the decoupled modal parameter. Secondly, based on the principle that voltage magnitudes at both ends are equal, the fault location equation is expressed using sequence components at each end, and the QPSO algorithm is introduced to solve the equation. Finally, the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are verifed by PSCAD simulation. The simulation results fully demonstrate that the innovative improvement on the basis of the traditional modal transformation matrix in this paper can realize the modal transformation of the complex coupling parameters of the untransposed double-circuit transmission lines. It causes almost no errors in the decoupling process. The QPSO algorithm can also solve the fault location equation more accurately. The new fault location method can realize the accurate fault location of untransposed double-circuit transmission lines.     

A practical fault location approach for double circuit transmission lines using single end data

Double circuit transmission lines are frequently subjected to a variety of technical problems from the perspective of protection engineering. These problems are mainly due to the mutual coupling effects between adjacent circuits of the line. In this paper, a new fault location approach for double circuit transmission lines is introduced. It depends only on the data extracted from one end of the line. This practically facilitates implementing and developing this approach, as it needs no information from the other end. The approach is based on modifying the apparent impedance method using modal transformation. Depending on modal transformation, the coupled equations of the transmission line are converted into decoupled ones. This greatly eliminates the mutual effects resulting in an accurate estimation for the fault distance in a straightforward manner. Also the effects of prefault currents, charging currents, and the unknown fault resistance on the estimation accuracy are compensated. The proposed approach was tested via digital simulation using ATP-EMTP in conjunction with MATLAB. Applied test results corroborate the superior performance of the proposed approach.     

一种利用电压模故障分量的选相元件

针对系统参数可能的变化,分析了各种类型故障条件下电压模故障分量在故障点和保护安装处的特征,提出了一种利用电压模故障分量的选相元件,该元件利用电压故障分量,故障发生后可以快速动作。在此基础上,针对线路末端经高阻单相接地时该元件灵敏度不足的问题,提出了一种选相方案。ATP仿真和MATLAB分析验证了该方案的可行性。     

基于差值矩阵的多端输电线路故障定位研究

针对现有多端输电线路故障行波检测困难、定位精度不高、判定算法复杂等问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解(VMD)算法和Hilbert变换相结合的行波检测法和一种基于差值矩阵的多端输电线路故障行波定位算法。首先通过行波传感器采集故障行波信号,利用VMD分解算法对故障行波进行分解,结合Hilbert变换提取模态分量IMF1的瞬时频率,根据第一个瞬时频率的奇异点位置确定故障行波的达到时刻。然后利用行波到达各端的时间和行波传输原理,得到多端输电线路故障分支判定矩阵。最后根据故障分支判定矩阵确定故障支路,实现故障点的精确定位。ATP/EMTP仿真结果表明,所提检测方法能够准确检测故障初始行波的到达时间,多端输电线路定位算法能够准确判定故障支路,相比于HHT检测方法下的定位算法,进一步提高了定位精度。     

A new protection scheme for fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location in transmission lines

This paper presents a new adaptive fault protection scheme for transmission lines using synchronized phasor measurements. The work includes fault detection, direction discrimination, classification, and location. Both fault-detection and fault-location indices are derived by using two-terminal synchronized measurements incorporated with distributed line model and modal transformation theory. The fault-detection index is composed of two complex phasors and the angle difference between the two phasors determines whether the fault is internal or external to the protected zone. The fault types can be classified by the modal fault-detection index. The proposed scheme also combines online parameter estimation to ensure protection scheme performance and achieve adaptive protection. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed scheme provides a fast relay response and high accuracy in fault location under various system and fault conditions. The proposed method responds very well with regards to dependability, security, and sensitivity (high-resistance fault coverage).     

同杆并架双回线故障选相研究

综合运用模态变换和六序分量法分析同杆双回线的故障特征。模态量在发生单回线故障和同名相跨线故障时特征明显,适用于此种故障的选相;而六序分量法在分析非同名相跨线故障时具有明显的优势。结合这2种方法提出一种相对简单实用的同杆双回线系统各种故障判别的新方案。理论分析和仿真测试表明,该方法能够在各种运行条件和故障情况下正确选相。     

带串联电容补偿装置的高压输电线路双端故障测距新算法

快速准确地得到输电线路故障距离对电力系统运行有着重要的意义。对于带串联电容补偿装置的输电线路(串补线路)，由于串联电容的存在以及串联电容并联保护元件MOVs的非线性，现有的故障测距算法并不能直接应用到串补线路的故障测距中。因此，提出了一种采用双端电气量的串补线路故障测距新算法，该算法对MOVs采用指数模型模拟，MOVs上的电压降通过拟牛顿法求解，线路采用分布参数模型。EMTP仿真结果表明该算法具有很好的准确性和鲁棒性，且不受过渡电阻、故障类型、故障位置故障发生角等的影响，其算例的测距精度均在0．5％以内。     

不换位输电线路参数变换矩阵的校正方法

针对利用模分量法进行不换位输电线路的故障计算时,Fortescue变换矩阵将无法使线路参数矩阵对角化的问题,提出一种基于Fortescue变换矩阵的简化计算方法。该方法充分利用Fortescue变换矩阵对于不换位时精确的对角化矩阵的决定作用,通过分析参数矩阵的相似矩阵的特点,进行近似处理后应用于模分量法,并从误差方面分析仿真计算结果,验证了该方法在输电线路不对称的故障分析计算中的可行性,有效减少了计算量并提高了计算精度。     

基于双端不同步采样数据的高压输电线路故障测距

提出了一种基于双端不同步采样数据的高压输电线路故障测距算法。该算法考虑了线路的分布参数特性,利用线路双端电压和电流量进行故障测距,从而保证测距不受过渡电阻的影响。对于不换位三相线路,采用模分量法,使相互耦合的相空间三相线路解耦为相互独立的模量。为了避免求解导数的复杂性,该文采用Powell方向加速法进行求解。仿真计算表明,算法对整个线路长度区间内的任何故障点都能精确测距。     

变电站子站设备通信协议一致性测试系统的开发:（一）设计与应用

介绍了基于IEC 608705协议系列的一致性测试指导文件DL/Z 634.56—2004开发的变电站保护等子站设备一致性自动测试系统的软、硬件设计方案和应用情况，对IEC 60870-5-103协议应用一致性进行了分层设计和分层解析。软件的静态结构采用模块化编程，动态数据信息交互采用多线程。该系统以一致性测试为核心，兼顾通信测试工具扩展性，测试范围涵盖IEC 60870-5-103协议配置参数测试和功能测试。     

输电线路单端行波故障测距新算法

基于输电线路行波理论提出了一种故障测距的新方法.利用行波不同模量的传播时延构造出鉴别线路近区、远区故障的判据,并通过近似模速消除相邻非故障线路行波折射波头的影响,最后对算法的实施给出了优化建议.     

不同电压等级四回线双端故障测距原理研究

由于存在互感和故障类型众多,不同电压等级四回线的故障分析和故障测距愈加困难.为此采用六序分量矩阵叠加方法对不同电压等级的四回线进行解耦,可以将阻抗阵转换为一个特殊的对角阵,非对角线上不为零的元素只有2个,表明四回线的同向零序网存在互感,其它的非对角线元素为零,表明四回线的反向正序网之间不存在互感.采用六序分量矩阵叠加方法对四回线系统的2条同杆双回线两端的电流分别进行矩阵变换,得到2组反向正序电流,利用反向正序电压在故障点相等的特点,实现不同电压等级四回线的双端故障测距.该双端故障测距方法不需要考虑不同电压等级同杆双回线的参数归算,测距精度不受故障类型、故障点过渡电阻、系统运行方式的影响.仿真结果表明,该双端故障测距方法具有有效性和实用性     

基于R-L模型参数辨识的输电线路准确故障测距算法

输电线路的准确故障测距对于保障电力系统安全稳定运行具有重要的意义。该文充分利用了故障分量提供的故障信息，以模量分析与输电线路R-L模型为基础，提出了一种将故障状态网络的微分方程与故障分量网络的微分方程联立求解的单端量时域准确故障测距算法。该算法将故障距离、过渡电阻以及对侧系统的运行参数作为模型的未知参数进行求解辨识，利用数值微分代替测距方程中的一阶与二阶微分，消除了传统单端量故障测距算法中主要由于对侧系统实时运行参数未知而引起的原理性误差。该算法不受故障时系统的运行方式、网络结构以及电网频率波动影响。大量EMTP仿真表明，算法原理正确且具有较高的测距精度，在故障距离20—280km范围内测距的平均误差为0．0796％，最大测距误差小于0．173％，该误差主要来自截断误差，即用差分法计算时域连续信号的微分时所产生的误差。     

通用行波测距修正方法

由于故障点发生的位置随机,当采样间隔对应的距离与实际故障距离不满足整数倍关系时,将出现截断误差。为此,分析截断误差的生成机制,并提出了相应的修正方法。以双回线双端行波测距算法为例,基于信号模极大值确定电流行波信号到达母线的时间。在较低的采样率条件下,利用简单求导方法即可将定位误差限制在一个采样间隔内,该修正方法能大大提高测距精度。当采样率很高时,如果前置的波头定位算法能将误差定位在一个采样间隔内时,本修正算法依然有效。大量的仿真结果验证了修正方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于HHT小电流接地故障选线与在线故障定位方法

小电流接地系统发生单相接地故障,系统仍可运行1~2小时,要求在不断电的情况下,实现故障选线,并对故障进行定位。提出一种基于HHT小电流接地故障选线与在线故障定位的方法,利用奇异性检测法判断各线路在故障时刻的极性,实现故障选线,在线路参数未知的情况下,采用合闸时产生的操作过电压行波在线测量行波波速,单相接地故障发生后,利用HHT寻找电压行波瞬时频率突变时刻,并运用单端测距法实现对架空线、电缆和电缆-架空线混合线路故障定位。最后,对算例进行数值仿真,仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性和实用性。     

ANN-based techniques for estimating fault location on transmissionlines using Prony method

A system is proposed to locate faults on transmission lines using the traveling wave phenomenon. Prony method is used to analyze the voltage or current signal at the local bus and extract its modal information. This information represents the traveling wave generated by the fault and can be used to estimate its location. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to estimate the fault location based on the modal information. Two schemes are presented: the first with a voltage input signal; and the second with a current input signal. Training and testing data are obtained by ATP-EMTP simulations. Tests were done to study the effect of fault resistance variation and fault incidence angle on both schemes. The system has the advantages of utilizing single-end measurements, using either a voltage or current signal; no pre-fault data is required     

基于回路直流电阻测量的输电线路单相接地故障离线故障定位

首先基于线路绝缘电阻测量进行故障检测和诊断——识别故障类型和故障相,然后针对发生率最高的单相接地故障,提出基于回路直流电阻测量的离线故障定位方法.定位前先对线路直流电阻和大地回路电阻进行测量,随后考虑接地电阻影响,分别利用故障相构建两回独立电压方程组,通过求解方程组计算故障距离.基于PSCAD/EMTDC搭建仿真模型进...     

基于小波变换的超高速行波保护和故障定位算法

提出了利用故障后产生的电流行波实现输电线路超高速保护和高精度故障定位的算法。借助于小波分析工具,将电流行波信号进行小波变换,通过分析线路两端电流行波初始波头模极大值的极性来判别区、内外故障;同时利用模极大值对应的时间差来实现故障距离的测定。论文详细分析了影响行波保护和故障定位的各种因素,提出了相应的应对措施。大量的PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明,算法能够实现线路超高速保护和高精度故障定位双重功能。     

One-end fault location method for untransposed four-circuit transmission lines

This paper presents a fault location method suitable for untransposed four-circuit parallel transmission lines using the data available at one end of the line. The proposed method employs an accurate distributed parameter line model that fully accounts for mutual coupling between all the lines and shunt capacitance effects. The fault location algorithms are developed in phase-components, one for the case where the fault is in any one of the circuits, the second for the case where the fault involves any two circuits and the third for the case where the fault involves more than two circuits. The proposed method is tested using the transient data obtained by simulating a 500-kV four-circuit overhead transmission line under different fault conditions. The simulations are done using the software “DIgSILENT PoweFactory”. Results obtained indicate that the method is capable of estimating the fault distance with high accuracy for various fault conditions. Also the robustness of the fault location method is investigated.     

Fault location scheme for combined overhead line with underground power cable

This paper presents a fault location scheme for transmission systems consisting of an overhead line combined with an underground power cable. The algorithm requires phasor measurements data from one end of the transmission line and the synchronized measurements at the most far end of the power cable. Fault location is derived using distributed line model, modal transformation theory and Discrete Fourier Transform. The technique can be used on-line or off-line using the data stored in the digital fault recording apparatuses. The proposed scheme has the ability to locate the fault whether it is in the overhead line or in the underground power cable. In addition to, the proposed scheme gives an accurate estimation of the fault resistance at fault location. Extensive simulation studies carried out using MATLAB show that the proposed scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location under various fault conditions.