水中高压脉冲放电机理与效能

水中高压脉冲放电是一种具有潜力的新型水处理技术，这是由于高压脉冲放电具有许多独特的性质。放电过程中会产生许多有利于去除污染物的复杂的物理以及化学反应。作者介绍了一些基本原理，同时综述了近来国内外高压脉冲放电水处理技术的研究发展状况，高压脉冲放电过程的催化强化去除污染物的机理以及灭菌去除污染物的效能。     

非平衡等离子体水处理技术研究进展

回顾了高压脉冲电源的发展概况,对现行研究中使用的非平衡等离子体水处理反应器进行了分类,系统总结了液相、气相和气液两相放电反应器的研究现状,指出了待改进之处和发展趋势。归纳了脉冲放电过程中催化剂的使用状况,分析了催化剂在脉冲放电过程中的作用,指出了不同催化剂在使用过程中存在的问题及进一步研究的方向。     

高压脉冲放电技术去除污水中氮磷

高压脉冲放电技术具有开发费用低、无二次污染等优点。本文考察了多种因素对高压脉冲放电技术去除污水中氮磷的影响。结果表明,最优脉冲放电条件为:峰值电压10kV,频率70Hz,脉冲时间25min,电极间距2cm。在最优脉冲条件下去除污水中氨氮和正磷酸盐,去除率分别为38.35%和28.96%。研究说明高压脉冲放电技术是污水脱氮除磷潜在的有效途径。     

高压脉冲放电等离子体技术在水污染治理中的研究进展

高压脉冲放电等离子体技术在水污染治理中的研究经过20多年的时间取得了一定的成果。作者从该技术的反应原理、在水处理中的效能研究、生产应用的可行性分析和存在的问题与发展几个方面对其作了系统、全面的分析和总结。     

高压液相脉冲放电技术去除船体钢表面SRB微生物膜

对高压液相脉冲放电技术去除船体钢表面附着的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)微生物膜进行了研究。结果表明,高压液相脉冲放电技术所产生的机械冲击波、空化作用、紫外光、高密度等离子体等复合效应对去除SRB微生物膜具有很好的效果。初步确定最佳工艺参数为:放电电压10 kV、储能电容1.5μF,在此条件下,高压液相脉冲放电技术的有效控制时间约为66 h。     

高压脉冲电晕放电等离子体降解水中苯酚

对高压脉冲放电等离子体技术降解水中有机污染物苯酚进行了实验研究,观察了脉冲成形电容、脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率、放电电极直径、放电距离等因素对苯酚降解率的影响;实验结果表明脉冲成形电容有一最佳值;降解率随脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率增大而升高,随放电电极直径和放电距离的减小而增大。当放电处理320min后,废水的TOC下降62．1％。     

高压脉冲放电等离子体处理工业废水实验研究

采用针-板式高压脉冲放电等离子体反应器处理工业废水.考察了脉冲电压峰值、电极间距、氧气通入量等因素对废水CODCr去除率的影响.在脉冲电压峰值为35 kV,电极间距为15 mm,氧气鼓人量为150 mL/min的实验条件下,废水被放电处理150 min,CODCr的去除率可达81.2%.研究表明,高压脉冲放电等离子体技术处理工业废水具有良好的应用前景.     

高压脉冲放电等离子体破乳作用试验研究

为了探索高压脉冲放电等离子体对乳状液的破乳效果及其影响因素,采用自制的高压脉冲放电等离子体反应器对模拟乳状液进行了破乳研究.结果表明高压脉冲放电等离子体破乳比单纯的高压电破乳效果好,后者达到的最大破乳率为66.14%,而前者可达到84.34%.另外,影响因素的最佳水平组合为脉冲电压15 kV,气泡尺寸23μm,气流速度0.35 L/min,时间30 s.     

脉冲电晕放电等离子体技术在水体污染控制中的研究现状及前景展望

低温等离子体技术在水处理领域的应用尚处于研究阶段,但因其处理效率高和无二次污染而有着广泛的应用前景,且脉冲电晕放电等离子体技术又是其中处理效果最好的一种,作者从多个角度阐述了脉冲电晕放电等离子体技术在水污染控制中的研究现状,并进行了前景展望.     

高压脉冲放电等离子体处理钻井液废水

通过研究得到一种利用高压脉冲放电等离子体对钻井液废水进行快速降解的方法 ,设计出兼有气液两相放电及液相放电2种放电条件的针孔-筒式放电电极结构。利用高压脉冲放电系统对钻井液废水进行处理,结果表明,当放电电压为35 k V,放电频率为80 Hz,脉冲宽度为60 ns,鼓入空气流量为2 L/min,Fe2+投加量为0.15 mmol/L,放电时间为120 min时,COD去除率达到90.5%,具有较好的处理效果。     

B.t.β-环糊精包合物的制备及其杀虫效果

制备出苏云金芽孢杆菌（B．t．）β-环糊精包合物,并对包合物进行了差热分析,证明B．t．原粉被β-环糊精包合。室内生物活性测定结果表明,当B．t．原粉与β-环糊精质量比为0．5：2时,包合物对棉铃虫2龄幼虫的杀虫活性最高,确定包合物中B．t．原粉与肛环糊精的最佳质量比为0．5：2。盆栽药效试验结果表明,当B．t．原粉制成环糊精包合物后,与B．t．原粉和B．t．制剂相比,对小菜蛾的防效明显提高。药剂处理后1、3、7d,B．t．环糊精包合物对小菜蛾的防效分别为41．67％、61．54％和60．00％,而B．t．原粉和制剂的防效分别为23．61％、38．46％、32．00％和31．94％、52．31％、46．00％。     

Refractory compounds of basic composition for the monolithin lining of steel-teeming ladles

Conclusions Questions of the method of production of basic ramming compounds at Panteleimonovka Refractory Plant and their use in the monolithic lining of the walls of 160-ton steel-teeming ladles of the No. 2 Converter Shop of Kirvoi Rog Steel Combine are considered.An analysis of the wear of the lining during service showed that it occurs as the result of spalling of the sintered zone and salamandering of the lining. The use of a movable thermally insulated lid made it possible to hold the temperature of the ladle lining within limits of 730–1120°C between heats and to obtain a basic rammed lining life of 21–39 heats as opposed to an average life for the shop of 14.8 heats.A reserve for increasing the ladle basic lining life is optimization of the thermal conditions of its service, including high-temperature heating of the lining before pouring of the metal, the use of thermally insulated lids with the minimum consumption of time for placing of them, an increase in the life of the well refractory to the life of the walls and bottom, and elimination of cooling of the lining between heats.A Discussion: Problems of the Production and Use of Refractories for the Lining of Steel-Teeming Ladles. [For the start of the discussion see No. 8 (1988) and for the continuation Nos. 9–12 (1988) and Nos. 1–3, 5, and 7 (1989).]Deceased.I. I. Glaka, N. F. Drobot, N. V. Kurmaz, B. P. Zinchenko, S. A. Poznyak, I. M. Ryaboshapkin, V. V. Slushko, A. A. Chulkov, Yu. Bormatov, S. I. Vanchyuk, V. I. Dobrovol'skii, B. G. Zhuravel', N. I. Kiyan, L. I. Nekrasov, N. M. Sokolov, P. V. Khomenko, G. A. Nikitenko, S. Dorgobuzov, P. I. Valiev, N. N. Gorbatko, V. I. Kovalenko, and M. I. Lyakhov of Krivoi Rog Steel participated in the preparation and tests of the basic monolithic linings.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 1–4, August, 1989.     

国外生物降解聚合物的种类及主要组分

据１９９６～１９９８年国外有关文献的汇集,由美,日,德等国主要研制,生产的生物降解聚合物种类为：１,单一型生物降解聚合物;（１）合成酯（酸）类;（２）淀粉基材料;（３）天然高分子材料;２、复合型生物降解聚合物;（１）不同种类的烃基互聚物;（２）烃酯（酸）／聚酯（３）脂肪族聚酯／芳香族聚酯共聚物;（３）淀粉基复合型,（５）光／生物降解聚合物;３、可生物降解水溶性聚合物。     

Book Reviews

Physico-Chemical Basis of Formation of Non-Woven Materials, V. 6. Tikhomirov, Legkaya lndustriya Publ. Moscow 1969. 328 pp. Rub. 2.29.

ADHESIVES FOR METALS. THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY, Nicholas J. DeLollis. Industrial Press Inc., New York 1970. 230 pp. $15.00.     

九种致癌染料剥色工艺的优化

针对纺织品上可能存在的九种致癌染料(C.I.酸性红26、C.I.分散橙11、C.I.分散黄3、C.I.分散蓝1、C.I.直接蓝6、C.I.直接黑38、C.I.直接红28、C.I.碱性红9、C.I.碱性紫14),本文研究并比较了不同剥色工艺对不同致癌染料剥色效果的影响.并提出选用加入尿素的甲醇作为剥色剂,使用超声功率为100W的超声波在70℃处理30分钟可以获得比较理想的剥色效果.     

The ruthenium(VIII)-catalysed oxidation of Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal: An application of g.c.-FT-i.r. spectroscopy for structural analysis

The oxidation of Illinois No. 6 coal proceeds readily with ruthenium(VIII) to provide a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. The acids were converted into their methyl esters for analysis by g.c.-m.s. and g.c.-FT-i.r. spectroscopy. Mono-, di-, tri- and tetracarboxylic acids are the principal products of the oxidation of this bituminous coal. The g.c.-FT-i.r. approach has enabled the detection of several different lactones that have not been observed previously. The results imply that cyclic ethers are present in low abundance in Illinois coals.     

Analysis of upgraded SRC-11 and H-coal liquid products

Upgraded coal-derived liquids obtained from catalytic hydroprocessing of SRC-11 and H-coal syncrudes have been studied by i.r., p.m.r., g.c.-m.s., and silica gel chromatography. With increase in residence time, nitrogen, oxygen and aromatics decrease, while naphthenes increase substantially. All the upgraded liquids show low viscosity at 298 K (1.3–1.4 mN s m^?2), even though saturate and aromatic fractions varied with processing severity. In the aromatic-1 fraction, 1 -ring aromatics increase, and 3-ring aromatics decrease, with increase in severity of hydroprocessing. G.c.-m.s. analyses indicate a marked qualitative similarity for saturate and aromatic fractions irrespective of syncrude source. Only the heavier end of the aromatic-1 fraction is noticeably different. Tentative identifications based on m.s. and g.c. retention times are made for most of the significant components. 600 M Hz p.m.r. spectra of the upgraded SRC-11 and H-coal liquids appear identical, but the n.m.r. difference technique revealed slight differences between the two liquids in concentrations of certain species.     

Characterization of coals and coal oxidation by magic-angle 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy

Magic-angle ¹³C n.m.r. spectra have been obtained for a series of vitrinite concentrates. Proper modification of the cross-polarization pulse sequence allows separation of protonated and nonprotonated carbon resonances. This technique is used to determine the relative fraction of nonprotonated aromatic carbons for each of the vitrinites, a parameter observed to decrease with increasing rank. Another parameter, related to the aromatic hydrogen content, is also calculated from these data and the results correlate with those from Fourier transform i.r. spectroscopy. The methods used for analysis of the vitrinite concentrates were then applied to the low-temperature oxidation of coal. The fractional aromaticity as determined by n.m.r. increases with longer oxidation times, indicating preferential attack on aliphatic structures. Here the FT-i.r. results are in quantitative agreement with those from n.m.r. Finally, the advantages of using various pulse sequences to extend the range of magic-angle n.m.r. and of combining FT-i.r. and n.m.r. results are discussed in the context of their potential for coal science.     

Mechanical properties of zirconium dioxide single crystals intended for structural applications

Conclusions New structural materials (single crystals obtained from partially stabilized zirconium dioxide) were studied. It was established that their physical and mechanical properties are certainly comparable to those of the other structural materials. We obtained new information regarding the mechanical behavior of the single crystals of zirconium dioxide that would facilitate further development of the technology of these materials and guide the studies on the mechanisms of their resistance to mechanical forces under different loading conditions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 8, pp. 14–17, 1991.The authors wish to thank V. I. Aleksandrov, M. A. Vishnyakov, Yu. K. Voron'ko, and V. F. Kalabukhov for participating in the research work concerning crystal growth and V. I. Galenko, A. V. Drozdov, A. V. Cheboryukov, and A. I. Fesenko for carrying out mechanical testing.     

NMR- und UV-VIS-Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Push-pull-Butadienen

N.M.R. and U.V.-VIS Spectroscopic Investigations on Push-pull Butadienes ¹³C-n.m.r., d-n.m.r. and u.v.-vis spectroscopical data show that the push-pull character of the investigated butadienes is lowered by substitution at the carbon atom in 3-position of the butadiene chain.