Immediate self-image confrontation and changes in self-concept: Erratum.

Reports an error in the article "Immediate Self-Image Confrontation and Changes in Self-Concept" by Harry S. Boyd and Vernon V. Sisney (Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1967[Jun], 31[3], 291-294). On page 292, column 2, line 18, the sentence should read as follows: "The S was given a standardized interview which was designed to elicit a relatively high level of involvement and which lasted approximately 10 minutes." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1967-10493-001.) Changes in self-concept and concepts of interpersonal behavior of inpatients on a psychiatric ward were measured by Leary's interpersonal check list following self-image confrontation via video tape, and compared with a control group which was not given the self-image confrontation. Hypotheses regarding directions and kinds of change were developed and were supported. Interpersonal concept of the self, the ideal self, and the public self became less pathological and less discrepant with one another following the self-image confrontation, and differences between experimental and control groups remained significant 2 wk. later, with 1 exception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gestalt therapy: Some aspects of self-support, independence and responsibility.

Administered tests devised to measure self-concept, expressed value system, and fantasy production (e.g., Leary Interpersonal Check List and TAT) to 7 college students before and after Gestalt awareness training and to 7 Ss who received no treatment. Experimental Ss showed increased positive self-concepts, but their personal values remained unaffected, and their fantasy productions reflected significantly less independence, self-support, and responsibility. Results are interpreted in 2 ways: (1) Training may affect individuals beneficially on only a superficial and mutable level of personality—self concept—while personal values remain unaltered; fantasy production may even contraindicate training. (2) Training may have the desired effect on all levels, but insufficient time prevented Ss from moving beyond the "impasse," the crucial time when resistance sets in and people "prevent" themselves from using their resources. (47 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and validation of a measure of interpersonal strengths: The Inventory of Interpersonal Strengths.

An Inventory of Interpersonal Strengths (IIS) was developed and validated in a series of large college student samples. Based on interpersonal theory and associated methods, the IIS was designed to assess positive characteristics representing the full range of interpersonal domains, including those generally thought to have negative qualities (e.g., introversion, coldness, submissiveness). The 8 subscales (octants) of the 64-item IIS demonstrated good circumplex features and reliability. Tests comparing Big 5 interpersonal factors, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP), Battery of Interpersonal Capabilities (BIC), and other interpersonal measures demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity and shared interpersonal structure. The IIS accounted for significant additional variance in life satisfaction and quality of personal relationships beyond the IIP and the BIC. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self- and Peer Perspectives on Pathological Personality Traits and Interpersonal Problems.

This study compares the relationship between personality disorders and interpersonal problems as obtained by self-report and peer-report measures. Participants (N=393) were administered self- and peer-report versions of the Peer Inventory for Personality Disorder and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-64. Canonical analyses demonstrated similar relationships between personality disorder features and interpersonal problems as measured by either self or peer. Analyses between self and peer found little shared variance across sources, indicating a large method variance. Results indicate that although similar constructs are identified by self and peers in their understanding of personality pathology and associated interpersonal problems, self-report information overlaps very little with information obtained from peers, underscoring the importance of obtaining multiple sources of information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Client-therapist complementarity: An analysis of the Gloria films": Correction.

Reports an error in "Client-therapist complementarity: An analysis of the Gloria films" by Donald J. Kiesler and Chesley S. Goldston (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1988[Apr], Vol 35[2], 127-133). The date of receipt indicated for the revision of this article was incorrect. The correct date of receipt is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-36446-001.) In this investigation of Shostrom's (1966) psychotherapy demonstration films, we used a checklist inventory measure derived from the 1982 Interpersonal Circle to examine the interpersonal behavior of Gloria, her three therapists, and their respective transaction patterns. Groups of undergraduate raters observed the three films, after which they rated the interpersonal behavior of either Gloria or the therapist. Analyses of Interpersonal Circle axes and segment scores revealed significant differences in the interpersonal behaviors of the three therapists with Gloria and of Gloria with the three therapists. Analyses of transactional patterns showed departures of Gloria's behaviors from the perfect complementary fit predicted from each of the therapist's interpersonal profiles, especially for behaviors categorized on the hostile half of the Interpersonal Circle. Discussion emphasized the complex of dyadic mix and other contextual factors that need to be addressed in future interpersonal studies of psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy

The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) has been used to identify dysfunctional patterns in interpersonal interactions. Interpersonal problems can be organized in two dimensions, and the two-dimensional space can be divided into eight equal sectors (octants). Subscales of the IIP describe each of these octants. The instrument has been used to identify (a) interpersonal problems that are discussed most often in a brief dynamic psychotherapy and (b) problems that are treated most easily. The results show that problems in the "exploitable" octant improve most frequently, whereas problems in the "dominating," "vindictive," and "cold" octants do not improve as readily. Attachment styles in adulthood were examined (following a model proposed by Bowlby), and different attachment styles were found to correspond to different types of interpersonal problems. Finally, these variables were related to the ability to describe other people clearly. The article also discusses implications for brief dynamic psychotherapy.     

The 1982 Interpersonal Circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions.

Integrates previous theory and research addressing interpersonal complementarity, a construct that is central to refined and extended research and clinical applications of interpersonal theory. The 1982 Interpersonal Circle is presented, which the present author constructed as a comprehensive taxonomy of the domain of 2-dimensional interpersonal behavior. The 1982 Circle integrates and expands the content of 4 major adult interpersonal measures (the Interpersonal Check List, the Interpersonal Adjective Scales, the Interpersonal Behavioral Inventory, and the Impact Message Inventory) to provide a circle taxonomy consisting of 16 segments 128 subclasses, 2 levels, and 350 bipolar items. Previous conceptions of interpersonal complementarity are reviewed and, using the 1982 Circle as a theoretical and operational guide, 11 propositions of complementarity as they apply in personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy are derived. (108 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preferred interpersonal distance as a function of locus of control orientation in chronic schizophrenics, nonschizophrenic patients, and normals.

Used a new instrument, the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance scale, to reassess the relationship between psychopathology and interpersonal distance. It was predicted that, since schizophrenics are more external than normals and since externality has been shown to be related to greater preferred distance from others, 20 female schizophrenics theoretically should prefer greater distance, in general, from interpersonal stimuli. 20 female nonschizophrenic patients were included as controls for the "externalizing" effects of hospitalization. Results show that schizophrenics were more external than nonschizophrenics, who were more external than 20 normals. Preferred distance from interpersonal stimuli as measured by the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance scale was greatest for schizophrenics and least for normals. Implications for future research and treatment of schizophrenic patients are discussed. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

It takes one to know one: Interpersonal sensitivity is related to accurate assessments of others' interpersonal sensitivity.

Interpersonal sensitivity (emotional and social) is the ability to accurately assess others' abilities, states, and traits from nonverbal cues. The authors predicted that individuals' interpersonal sensitivity would be related to accurate judgments of friends' interpersonal sensitivity. Fifty participants were recruited, each bringing a friend to participate in performance-based, self-report, and other-rating measures of emotional and social sensitivity. Interpersonal sensitivity was related to accurate judgments of others' interpersonal sensitivity (the "it-takes-one-to-know-one effect"). Neither gender nor acquaintanceship was directly related to accurate judgments of interpersonal sensitivity, nor did either variable moderate the it-takes-one-to-know-one effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Efficacy and technical complications of long-term continuous intraspinal infusions of opioid and/or bupivacaine in refractory nonmalignant pain: a comparison between the epidural and the intrathecal approach with externalized or implanted catheters and infusion pumps

Presents a cognitive-interpersonal framework for child psychotherapy derived from attachment theory. Interpersonal schema, conceptualized as expectations regarding others' probable responses to the self, are posited as a key mediating mechanism linking past interpersonal experience with current social-emotional functioning, and as an important target for intervention. Three schema-based models of pathogenic process are examined: preemptive information-processing, schema-triggered affect, and schema-primed interpersonal and emotion-regulation strategies. Implications for assessment of and intervention with interpersonal schema are considered. Preventive, compensatory, and remedial intervention strategies are proposed.     

Client-therapist complementarity: An analysis of the Gloria films.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 35(4) of Journal of Counseling Psychology (see record 2008-10690-001). The date of receipt for this article was incorrect. The correct date of receipt is provided in the erratum.] In this investigation of Shostrom's (1966) psychotherapy demonstration films, we used a checklist inventory measure derived from the 1982 Interpersonal Circle to examine the interpersonal behavior of Gloria, her three therapists, and their respective transaction patterns. Groups of undergraduate raters observed the three films, after which they rated the interpersonal behavior of either Gloria or the therapist. Analyses of Interpersonal Circle axes and segment scores revealed significant differences in the interpersonal behaviors of the three therapists with Gloria and of Gloria with the three therapists. Analyses of transactional patterns showed departures of Gloria's behaviors from the perfect complementary fit predicted from each of the therapist's interpersonal profiles, especially for behaviors categorized on the hostile half of the Interpersonal Circle. Discussion emphasized the complex of dyadic mix and other contextual factors that need to be addressed in future interpersonal studies of psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Interpersonal psychotherapy of depression.

Reviews the book, Interpersonal psychotherapy of depression by Gerald L. Klerman, Myrna M. Weissman, Bruce J. Rounsaville, and Eve S. Chevron (1984). The authors state their intention to "describe the theoretical and empirical basis for interpersonal psychotherapy of depression," and also "offer a guide to the planning and conduct of the therapy." They do both, and waste no words. The book is organized into three parts. In the first part, the authors present an overview of the theory of the interpersonal approach of the use of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression, objectively offer both favorable and unfavorable findings from completed studies, and outline several studies in progress. The chapters in Part Two clarify how one conducts interpersonal therapy of depression. Part Three addresses the combination of psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy and the professional requirements of the therapist. This book is clearly written, well referenced, and easily understood by beginners who might not have the perspective, as well as by busy veterans who want to learn something new without plowing through mountains of theory and data. It would be useful for students in training, and extremely valuable to the legions of relatively inexperienced front-line mental health center therapists who are required to use time-limited approaches with depressed patients, often without having much structure for what they are doing. More experienced therapists who treat ambulatory depressed patients will add to their clinical skills and enjoy the process. The authors have turned their manual into a useful book that competes most favorably with other texts on short-term approaches to therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Use of videotaped feedback in altering interpersonal perceptions of married couples: A therapy analogue.

38 young married college-student couples participated in a therapy analog study designed to assess the effect of focused videotaped and verbal feedback, compared with that of verbal feedback only or of no feedback, as a means of altering interpersonal perception. The experiment followed a pretest-experimental-treatment-posttest design, with change measured by the perspectives of interactional behavior (using a modification and combination of Leary's Interpersonal Checklist and Laing's interpersonal perception method). Results indicate that videotaped feedback altered perceptions to a significantly greater degree than either of the other 2 conditions, with no significant differences between the effect of verbal feedback and no feedback. The changes occurred in perspectives pertaining to the self but not those pertaining to spouse. Implications and limitations of the results as they relate to marital and family therapy are discussed. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Depression, interpersonal standard setting, and judgments of self-efficacy.

Investigated the relationship between standard setting and judgments of self-efficacy in the domain of interpersonal functioning for depressed and nondepressed Ss. Consistent with a self-control model of depression, a large discrepancy between personal standards and judgments of personal efficacy for performance was postulated to be related to depression. Undergraduate students who scored above 13 on 2 administrations of the Beck Depression Inventory composed the depressed group. 39 depressed and 39 nondepressed students rated their minimal standards for adequate interpersonal performance, its importance to them, and their judgments of self-efficacy for the same tasks, using the Interpersonal Concerns Questionnaire. Depressed Ss showed a larger discrepancy between strength of interpersonal standards and strength of self-efficacy than did normal Ss. Depressed Ss expressed a lower strength of self-efficacy than did nondepressed Ss, but they did not differ on their interpersonal standards. Importance and the strength for standards are consistent with recent extensions of P. M. Lewinsohn's (1974) model of depression, which suggests that disruptions in self-evaluation are related to lowered judgments of self-efficacy for depressed Ss. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A new method for assessing the interpersonal behavior of psychopathic individuals: Preliminary validation studies.

Two studies examined whether increased attention to interpersonal behaviors would improve assessments of the personality core underlying psychopathy. After item analysis, 21 items measuring interpersonal interactions and nonverbal behaviors associated with psychopathy were retained as the Interpersonal Measure of Psychopathy (IM-P). Federal prison inmates (Study 1, N?=?98) and undergraduates (Study 2, N?=?92) were rated on occurrence of these behaviors during an interview conducted to complete either Hare's Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL-R) or Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV). In both studies, IM-P scores correlated more highly with PCL Factor 1 than with PCL Factor 2 scores. Regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for demographic variables and PCL factor scores, IM-P scores predicted interviewer emotional responses and participants' adult fighting (Study 1) and ratings of participants' interpersonal dominance (Study 2). Thus, measurement of interpersonal behavior appears to permit improved prediction of several criteria linked to the personality core of psychopathy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emphasis on Interpersonal Factors in a Dynamic Model of Relapse.

Comment on "Relapse Prevention Needs More Emphasis on Interpersonal Factors" by Stanton (see record 2005-05480-011) which is a comment on the original article "Relapse Prevention for Alcohol and Drug Problems: That Was Zen, This Is Tao" by Katie Witkiewitz and G. Alan Marlatt (see record 2004-14303-002). In the current comment the authors of the original article respond to Stanton. Witkiewitz and Marlatt acknowledge that Stanton's comment is an important and thoughtful extension of the dynamic model of relapse they originally proposed. Stanton reviewed empirical research on the proximal role of social support in lapse events and provided a careful consideration of why interpersonal dynamics may serve as phasic processes within high-risk situations for relapse. Clearly the data provide support for an emphasis on interpersonal precipitants in the model. It is important to note that the relationship between interpersonal factors and treatment outcomes is not straightforward. The authors agree with Stanton that the dynamic relationship between interpersonal factors and relapse is an important area of future research. In general, the dynamic model of relapse that they proposed should be treated as an empirical question, and they encourage more critical thinking about, and revision of, the model. The field may benefit greatly by returning to the study of individual differences, systemic relapse processes, and the individual dynamics of treatment failure, as well as the protective factors that are predictive of treatment success. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Understanding reactions to feedback by integrating ideas from symbolic interactionism and cognitive evaluation theory.

Studies 1 and 2 examined how interpersonal and objective feedback influenced targets' perceptions of performance, ability, and effort. Interpersonal feedback was more influential when objective feedback was intermediate than when it was high or low. Path analyses indicated that reflected appraisals entirely mediated influences of interpersonal feedback on self-perceptions and partially mediated influences of objective feedback on self-perceptions. Study 3 presented targets with high or low evaluations of ability and effort and intermediate objective feedback. Ability feedback and objective feedback influenced self-perceptions of ability and intrinsic interest. Effort feedback influenced only self-perceptions of effort. Links among feedback, reflected appraisals, self-perceptions, intrinsic interest, and performance-related behaviors confirmed predictions of symbolic interactionism and cognitive evaluation theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)