异形中心体诱发空化射流的数值模拟研究

为了产生更好的空化效果,探索空化射流应用于油罐清洗除锈的新方式,提高清洗除锈的效率和安全性。提出了将异形中心体与锥形喷嘴组合产生空化射流的思路,采Mixture多相流模型,在12 MPa的射流压力下,对含平头柱体、90°锥形柱体和半球柱体3种中心体喷嘴产生的射流流场进行数值模拟,重点对流场压力分布、轴向速度分布和空化体积进行了对比分析。研究表明:含半球柱体喷嘴比另两种异形中心体喷嘴产生更高的射流速度,且存在较大的核心区;含半球柱体喷嘴和含90°锥形柱体喷嘴比含平头柱体产生的空化区域更大,稳定性更好;含90°锥形柱体喷嘴射流产生空化泡扩散距离最长,空化体积最大。     

自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化效应及其射流形态的数值分析

基于自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化效应和多相流模型,建立了自激振荡脉冲射流空化模型。依据自激振荡腔室结构及其几何参数建立了腔室轴对称物理模型,计算得到了振荡周期100ms内自激振荡脉冲射流的空化泡破碎、腔室内两相分布、湍动能分布和速度分布等结果。研究表明：在1.02~2.37ms时,空化泡半径减小,气泡开始径向运动形成泡面加速射流;在2.69~4.67ms时,空化泡面压力达到极限破碎值时气泡开始破碎;在自激振荡周期前25ms,主射流与空气接触边界面形成较强湍动能,自激振荡腔室中心漩涡区逐渐变大,外流场连续射流被割断成多股状射流,射流在喷射轴线附近速度达到并稳定在30~40m/s;在振荡周期的40~90ms,腔室内中心空化气囊形成并开始阻挡主射流运动,喷嘴出口流道出现大面积空化区域,湍动能最大区域集中在下喷嘴出口下游;在振荡后期,随着主射流与空气相互作用及射流贯穿距离增加,主射流速度逐渐趋于稳定且扩散作用减弱。     

一种清洗喷嘴的改进设计与仿真分析

喷嘴是清洗作业中最直接执行部件,国外研究表明空化射流应用于清洗相较于普通射流优势十分明显。因此针对印染行业中鞋面印花网版的清洗改进设计了一种喷嘴,建立了喷嘴的数学模型。利用FLUENT软件分别对原始喷嘴与改进后的喷嘴射流进行单相流场与二相流场的仿真,通过对喷嘴内部流场的压力、速度以及扩散度对比分析。结果表明:两种喷嘴都可以产生有利于清洗作业的空化射流,且优化后的喷嘴空化效果与水射流的动力性能更佳、扩散范围更广,该清洗喷嘴的设计为鞋面印花网版清洗喷嘴的优化提供了合理的依据。     

喷嘴结构参数对流体特性影响的三维流场模拟

为了改善柴油机D6114喷油嘴291 DLLA150 FC PV01内部燃油流动状况,使喷入气缸内的燃油达到较好的雾化质量,在原有喷嘴基础上,针对喷嘴结构参数长径比、喷嘴入口过渡圆角及喷孔锥角设计了9种方案。在CFD(计算流体动力学)软件中建立了喷嘴内部流场的三维模型,对整个流场区域进行了流体动力学模拟计算。分析了喷嘴结构参数对喷孔内部空化程度、湍动能及流速的影响,得出:随着长径比(L/D)的减小,燃油在喷孔中的空化程度增强,湍动能减小,流速增加;随着过渡圆角与直径比(r/D)的增大,喷孔内部流体空化程度增强,流速增大,湍动能减弱;随着喷孔锥角(θ)的增大,喷孔内燃油空化程度加强,湍动能减弱。     

几种异形喷嘴喷射的液气射流泵性能试验研究

液气射流泵常作为一种射流混合设备而广泛应用,为适应不同喷射需要以形成不同的两相混合特性,本文研究了几种异形喷嘴情况下液气射流泵的水力性能,并与当量面积圆形喷嘴喷射情况对比。固定喉管长度及内径不变,更换3种当量面积比的喷嘴进行性能试验,结果表明:对于吸入室形成一定的真空度,圆形喷嘴形式喷射与异形喷嘴喷射比较,需要的工作压力较低。异形喷嘴在较大面积比时,形成的液气射流泵最大气液比大于圆形喷嘴,从射流发散碎裂分析,异形喷嘴能减小喉管长度,本文结论为液气射流泵内气液混合的应用提供了新的射流方法。     

自激振荡脉冲射流喷嘴的修正空化模型

根据自激振荡脉冲射流喷嘴中的空化发生机理,一种考虑剪切力(包括雷诺剪切力和粘性剪切力)和由湍动能产生的压力脉动对空化影响的修正空化模型被提出来提高喷嘴内流场的模拟精度。修正空化模型通过用户自定义函数UDF挂入到Fluent中定义空化压力属性。采用该修正空化模型模拟计算所得到的不同入口压力和腔径条件下的喷嘴出口压力峰值与以往的实验结果吻合得很好,验证了该修正空化模型的正确性。进一步对剪切力和由湍动能产生的压力脉动对空化的影响进行了分析,并且研究了不同入口压力条件下这两个因素对空化发生的影响的强弱程度以及空化初生的能力。     

空化水喷丸工艺中喷嘴几何参数对空化行为影响的研究

空化水喷丸是利用微小空泡群在固体边界附近溃灭时产生的冲击波压力和微射流来强化金属材料表面,而这些空泡群则是由缩放型喷嘴产生的空化射流所提供。因此,缩放型喷嘴的空化性能可直接影响喷丸效果。利用FLUENT计算软件对缩放型喷嘴产生的淹没式空化水射流进行计算机模拟,并模拟分析了喷嘴喉部直径和喷嘴扩张角对流场中空化行为的影响,同时使用Fujifilm压敏试纸对垂直于空化水射流轴线的截面上的冲击压力场进行测量。结果表明,随着喷嘴喉部直径的增大或喷嘴扩张角的减小,流场中的整体汽含率会升高,试验测得的最高冲击压力高达300 MPa。     

气液同轴自激振荡式雾化喷嘴设计与流场分析

利用气液两相作用力和自激振荡效应产生的脉冲压力能够有效提高喷嘴雾化效果。基于气液二相流原理和自激振荡脉冲射流发生机理,将气液二相流原理和自激振荡雾化效应相结合,创新性地提出了气液同轴自激振荡式喷雾方式,设计出了气液同轴自激振荡式雾化喷嘴模型,并分析了新型喷嘴的射流脉动效果和雾化性能。研究结果表明:增加气液同轴后自激振荡雾化喷嘴内部的能量聚集与释放相比以前更加稳定;在相同条件下,相比原始自激振荡雾化喷嘴,气液同轴自激振荡雾化喷嘴出口轴线上速度脉动增长大约13.9%~31%,出口平均速度峰值提高了约24.3%,流场内部气相体积分数增长约23%~30%;气液同轴自激振荡雾化喷嘴内空化现象明显,流场内的紊流和扰动剧烈,具有良好的雾化性能。     

喷孔结构对双旋流气泡雾化喷嘴喷雾特性的影响

研究了喷孔形状对双旋流气泡雾化喷嘴雾化特性的影响规律,分析了圆形孔、椭圆形孔和正方形孔喷嘴对流量特性、索特尔平均直径、粒径分布和粒子速度的影响。结果表明,不同喷孔结构的喷嘴流量特性曲线呈现相同的趋势,随着气液质量流量比的增大,喷嘴出口单位面积下的喷雾流量逐渐减小;相同气液质量流量比下,正方形孔喷嘴流量最大。相同工况条件下,椭圆形孔和正方形孔对比圆形孔的喷嘴具有更加优良的雾化效果,其D32降幅分别为28.2%,35.8%,而正方形孔喷嘴的雾化粒径最小。正方形孔喷嘴的微分分布曲线向左移动,累积分布曲线变陡,说明大颗粒液滴减少,小颗粒液滴所占比例增大,液滴的雾化质量得到改善,正方形孔喷嘴小尺度粒径更多,粒径分布更集中。异形喷嘴的速度大于圆形孔喷嘴的速度;椭圆形孔喷嘴和正方形孔喷嘴的粒子速度分别增加了14.8%和24.4%。     

双腔室自振脉冲喷嘴空化射流数值模拟

以风琴管喷嘴为基础,串联一个谐振腔形成双腔室自激振荡脉冲喷嘴,利用Fluent对其流场进行数值模拟,分析射流靶距、二级谐振腔腔长比、腔径比的变化对空化射流流场的影响。结果表明：谐振腔尺寸过大或过小均会影响涡环结构的形成,进而影响空化效果。当谐振腔腔长比为0.77、腔径比为2.6时,谐振腔内涡环结构对称性好,轴向含气率高,射流速度较高,该结构利于清洗效率的提高。靶面滞止压力可对空化效果产生影响。当射流靶距较小时,在滞止压力的作用下二级谐振腔无涡环结构产生,轴向含气率较低。当靶距增加到18 mm时滞止压力产生的影响减小,轴向含气率明显提高,因此清洗靶距应至少为18 mm。但靶距的增加会降低射流到达靶面的动能,因此最佳靶距应取18 mm。     

Effect of geometrical parameters on submerged cavitation jet discharged from profiled central-body nozzle

The flow characteristics of cavitation jets are essential issues among relevant studies. The physical properties of the jet are largely determined by the geometrical parameters of the nozzle. The structure and cavitation jets characteristics of the angular-nozzle and the self-resonating cavitation nozzle have been extensively studied, but little research is conducted in the central-body cavitation nozzle mainly because of its hard processing and the cavitation jet effect not satisfactory. In this paper, a novel central-body nozzle (a non-plunger central-body nozzle with square outlet) is studied to solve above problems. Submerged jets discharged from the novel central-body nozzle are simulated, employing the full cavitation model. The impact of nozzle configuration on jet properties is analyzed. The analysis results indicate that when central-body relative diameter keeps constant, there is an optimal contraction degree of nozzle’s outlet, which can induce intense cavitation in the jet. The central-body relative diameter also affects jet profiles. In the case of large central-body relative diameter, most of the bubbles settle in the jet core. On the contrary, a smaller relative diameter makes bubbles concentrate in the interface between the jet and its surrounding fluid. Moreover, the shorter outlet part allows the cavitation zone further extend in both the axial and racial directions. The research results further consummate the study on the central-body nozzles and the correlation between cavitation jet and the structure, and elementarily reveal the mechanism of cavitation jet produced in a non-plunger novel central-body nozzle and the effect of the structure parameters on the cavitation jet, moreover, provide the theoretical basis for the optimal design of the nozzle.     

以油洗油的清罐设备与技术研究

基于原油储罐清洗与回收技术,介绍了清罐设备成套技术和关键点,其中包括:以油洗油的工艺路线、清罐成套设备的技术特点、空化射流喷嘴的设计与试验研究和三维旋转喷枪油射流打击力的有效利用等。通过对喷嘴中置入喷嘴芯形成的空化射流试验证实:将传统管风琴式喷嘴的射流射程提高了20%以上,仅此一点,极大地提高了罐底油泥的破碎效率。     

基于自激振荡脉冲效应的雾化喷嘴出口流道空化特性研究

喷嘴结构及射流运动参数对液体空化流动状态有重要影响。基于空化泡溃灭的雾化机理和自激振荡脉冲喷嘴出口流道空化过程,分析空化效应对自激振荡脉冲射流雾化效果的影响。依据自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴结构,分析射流来流速度和脉动压力对喷嘴出口流道空化效应的影响,提出利用来流雷诺数和脉动特征值表征喷嘴出口流道空化程度,并根据自激振荡脉冲喷嘴有限元分析得到喷嘴出口流道较好空化状态的来流雷诺数和喷嘴腔室长径比。研究结果表明:当来流雷诺数在2.14×10~5~3.05×10~5内逐渐增大时,自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴出口流道液相体积分数先减小后增大,相应的空化程度先增大后减小。雷诺数在2.44×10~5~2.75×10~5内可以使喷嘴出口流道形成较好空化效应,尤其在2.44×10~5附近时喷嘴出口流道出现最好的空化状态;脉动特征值与喷嘴出口流道处脉动压力幅值差成正比,随着自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴腔室长径比增大,脉动压力幅值差值先减小后增大。当喷嘴腔室长径比为0.60~0.70时,喷嘴出口流道空化状态较好。计算结果为自激振荡脉冲射流雾化喷嘴设计提供了理论依据。     

Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Free Water Jet by a Central-body Nozzle

The recent research about cavitation jet mainly focuses on the organ-pipe nozzle and triangular nozzle.The research content mainly includes the optimized design about the structure of nozzles,the observation and flow analysis about the cavitation jet in the water,and the theory of rock attacked by the cavitation jet,while the energy characteristic of the free jet is not studied yet.In China,the research about the central-body nozzle is almost empty.For the purpose of studying the energy characteristic and the structure of free water jet discharged from central-body nozzle,an experiment with phase Doppler particle anemometry(PDPA) technology is carried out to measure the free water jet flow,which is produced by a central-body nozzle under the jet pressure of 15 MPa.While five sections with different axial distances from the nozzle outlet are selected for data process and analysis,the axial and radial velocity and the droplets of the particle size are studied.Meanwhile,numerical calculation of corresponding flow field is conducted by using volume of fluid(VOF) multiphase model,and the jet flow feature is discussed.The experimental and calculating results show that the axial velocity of high speed jet flow dissipates slowly in the air,and the core area and diffused area are discovered.The diameter of droplet in the core area is small,and jet energy is concentrated,while in the diffusion area,water is mingled with ambient air and radial velocity is relatively large.Obvious low-pressure area exists behind the central body and potential cavitation may occur in that area.The proposed research reveals the energy characteristic of free jet discharged from central-body nozzle,provides the theoretical basis for preestimating erosion feature of the central-body nozzle and also the theoretical foundation for revealing the mechanism of erosion.     

Experimental investigation on noise of cavitation nozzle and its chaotic behaviour

The researches of cavitation noise mainly focus on the incipiency and developing of cavitation to prevent the cavititation erosion in the hydraulic machinery, while there is few report about the collapse strength of cavitation bubbles produced by water jet through the cavitation nozzle to utilize efficiently the collapse energy of cavitation bubbles. The cavitation noise signals are collected with hydrophones for the cavitation nozzle and general nozzle at the target position and the nozzle exit separately in the conditions of different standoff distance. The features of signal’s frequency spectrum and power spectrum are analyzed for various nozzles by way of classical methods. Meanwhile, based on chaotic theory, phase space reconstruction is processed and the maximum Lyapunov index is calculated separately for each cavitation signal’s time series. The results of chaotic analysis are compared with the one of conventional analysis. The analyzed data show that there are the marked differences at the spectrum between the cavitation nozzle and general nozzle at the target position while the standoff distance is 35 mm, which mainly displays at the high frequency segment (60-120 kHz). The maximum Lyapunov index calculated appear at standoff distance 35 mm, which is an optimum standoff distance for the most bubbles to collapse at the target. At the nozzle exit, the noise signal of cavitation nozzle is different from the general nozzle, which also displays at the high frequency segment. The results demonstrate that the water jet modulated by the cavitation nozzle can produce effectually cavitation, and at the target position the amplitude and energy of noise spectrum in high frequency segment for cavitation nozzle are higher than conventional nozzle and the Lyapunov index of cavitation nozzle is larger than conventional nozzle as the standoff distance is less than 55 mm. The proposed research reveals that the cavitation noise produced by collapse of cavitation bubbles attributes mainly to the high frequency segment     

收缩-扩散型喷嘴内高速泡液流稳态解的分岔

空化水射流技术的关键是空化喷嘴 ,实验证明空化喷嘴出口形状对喷嘴的空化效果影响很大。对在具有收缩 扩散形状的喷嘴内高速泡液流稳态解的分析表明 :泡液流中很小的空隙率亦强烈地影响着其流动特性。当空隙率为临界值αc=1.895 993× 10 -4时 ,泡液流稳态解出现分岔现象。收缩 扩散型出口形状更利于喷嘴产生空化     

空化水喷丸工艺中空化行为的数值模拟与验证

空化水喷丸工艺是用于金属材料表面改性的一项新技术,该工艺中的空化行为涉及高速、高压、相变、湍流、非定常特性等复杂多变情况,对该工艺中的空化行为及冲击压力场分布规律的探索一直是该领域的重点和难点。利用FLUNET6.3流体计算软件对淹没式空化射流中喷嘴内外的流场特性进行模拟分析,获得流场内的速度、静压和汽含率分布规律,同时使用Fujifilm压敏纸对空化水喷丸工艺中沿空化射流方向上的冲击压力场的分布规律进行试验测定。研究结果表明空化水喷丸工艺中的淹没式空化射流在缩放型喷嘴内外形成剧烈的空化现象,空泡群溃灭瞬间产生的冲击波压力高达300 MPa以上。     

伺服阀前置级流场气穴现象的仿真及试验研究

针对液压阀中的气穴现象会引起液压阀的噪音、性能恶化,甚至导致液压阀失效等问题,对伺服阀前置级喷嘴和挡板之间流场中的气穴现象进行了研究.利用Pro/E软件对流场进行了三维建模,用前处理软件Gambit对三维模型进行了网格划分及边界条件设置,利用标准k-ε模型和混合气穴模型建立流场的数学模型,运用FLUENT软件对不同喷嘴入口流速下流场的分布特性及气穴特征进行了仿真分析;同时利用高速摄像机对喷嘴挡板之间的流场分布进行了观测和记录.研究结果表明,在低雷诺数流动条件下,气穴开始在喷嘴外壁和挡板前端的边缘形成;随着雷诺数的增大,在挡板弯曲的附体气穴逐渐长大并随着射流流速的增加出现云状的气穴.将不同流动条件下流场结构和气穴分布的数值计算结果与试验观测结果进行比较,两者基本吻合,说明伺服阀前置级流场气穴仿真模型和数值计算方法是可靠的.