矿物掺合料研究进展及存在的问题

矿物掺合料的应用、制备已牵涉到水泥基材料科学研究的各个方面.在现代混凝土技术中,经过一定质量控制的矿物掺合料已成为高性能混凝土不可或缺的组分之一.通过对矿物掺合料研究历史和研究现状的分析,探讨了当前研究的主要缺陷及存在的问题,并展望了下一步的研究方向.     

碳基材料对水泥基材料性能的影响

水泥基复合材料凭借其原料丰富、价格低廉、生产工艺简单、强度高等优点,广泛应用于现代化工程建设.但是这种材料长久以来都有高脆性以及裂缝等一系列的问题.针对这些问题世界各国的研究人员都主要致力于改善水泥基材料的力学性能.但是在目前的情况下,现代建筑对水泥基材料提出了许多新的要求,不仅要有好的力学行为,还要具有尽可能多的附加功能.合适的功能填料的掺入不仅能够使得水泥基复合材料的力学性能和耐久性能得到提升,还能有效地调控水泥基材料的导电率、热导率等一系列其他功能.钢纤维、聚合物纤维和矿物纤维等是之前比较常见的功能掺料,这些材料依靠它们的强度和韧性可以用来改善材料的力学性能.但这些增强材料并不能在结构上改变水泥的水化产物,因此水泥基材料的高脆性及裂缝等问题依存在.而部分碳基材料在掺入到水泥基复合材料中以后可以对水泥基材料实现改性,不仅能从微观方面改变其结构,从而改善力学性能,还可以改善如导电性、导热性等性能.使水泥基复合材料能够尽可能地满足时代的要求.本文在近年来对多种不同的碳基材料掺杂水泥基复合材料研究的基础上,分别总结了不同碳基材料(碳纤维CF、碳黑CB、碳纳米管CNTs、石墨烯GR以及氧化石墨烯GO)对水泥基复合材料性能影响的基本原理,综述了近年来五种材料掺加在水泥基复合材料中的相关研究.此外,本文同时也对这些材料的复合掺入以及互相之间的改性掺入后的效果进行了简单总结,并且同时对水泥基复合材料的研究前景提出了一点看法.     

纳米颗粒对水泥基材料性能影响的研究进展

纳米材料在水泥基材料中的研究和应用还处于初级阶段,但已成为改善水泥基材料性能的一个重要方向。简要介绍了纳米颗粒对水泥基材料的工作性、力学性能、耐久性能的影响,以及纳米材料赋予水泥基材料的新功能,并探讨了纳米颗粒改善水泥基材料结构与性能的机理。     

矿物掺合料早期水化活性的测试和分析

本文采用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)和热重-差热(TG-DTA)分析仪对磨细矿渣微粉、高钙粉煤灰、低钙粉煤灰的早期水化活性进行了系统测试和分析.理论和试验结果分析表明,掺合料取代水泥时,浆体早期抗压强度的提高取决于掺合料自身参与水化反应的速度和水化产物的数量.水化产物在掺合料颗粒表面沉积的速度和浆体中硅酸盐、铝酸盐水化产物的非蒸发水量随掺合料活性的提高而提高.掺合料活性按磨细矿渣微粉、高钙粉煤灰、低钙粉煤灰的顺序降低,将磨细矿渣微粉或高钙粉煤灰与低钙粉煤灰复合,可以克服低钙粉煤灰大掺量取代水泥时混凝土早期强度降低的缺陷,这是提高低钙粉煤灰在高强高性能混凝土中掺量的一个有效措施.     

硅基材料和矿渣应用于水泥基材料的研究进展

水泥基材料是目前使用量最大的建筑材料,在实际应用过程中,水泥基材料会出现损坏,达不到预期的性能要求.水泥水化产物中存在大量结晶的Ca(OH)2,影响各种水泥水化产物之间的粘结性,造成水泥基材料性能的降低.如何增强水泥基材料的性能成了国内外研究的热点,需要找到能够有效改善水泥基材料性能的方法.查阅国内外相关文献发现,将粉煤灰、硅灰、纳米SiO2(因三种材料的主要组分为SiO2,以下统称为硅基材料)或矿渣掺入到水泥基材料中,因其具有火山灰反应,并能起到填充作用,可明显提高水泥基材料的性能.掺合料的加入可降低水泥基材料中Ca(OH)2含量,减小其晶粒尺寸,使C-S-H凝胶的数量增多,改善水泥基材料的孔隙率,提高其性能.粉煤灰和矿渣成分中有部分玻璃态物质,能减少水泥浆体用水量,增加和易性;具有较低的火山灰性,适量掺入能降低水泥浆体的水化速度;含有粉煤灰或矿渣的水泥基材料早期强度较低,后期强度较高.硅灰与纳米SiO2的火山灰活性较高,能促进水化,适量掺入能够使水泥基材料早期强度大幅提高,但后期强度发展较慢;同时也会增大水泥基材料早期收缩,增加其结构开裂的风险.不同掺合料复掺后能产生协同增强效应,可获得性能优异的复掺改性水泥基材料.本文主要介绍了硅基材料和矿渣在水泥基材料中的应用,从反应机理、水化热、强度、孔隙率等方面来阐述其在水泥基材料中的研究现状和相关成果.对目前研究中存在的相关问题进行了分析总结,以期为制备性能优异的水泥基材料提供一定的参考.     

超高强水泥基材料的力学及耐久性能

超高强水泥基材料作为一种高性能建筑材料,在建筑工程领域已得到了广泛的关注和应用。简要介绍了超高强水泥基材料的发展历史、制备的基本途径和性能实现的基本原理,并且对近年来国内外学者关于超高强水泥基材料力学性能和耐久性能的研究进展进行了综述。综述内容包括:超高强水泥基材料的抗压强度、抗折强度、弹性模量、泊松比、应力应变曲线,以及超高强水泥基材料的抗渗、抗冻性能和碱骨料反应风险。在对已有文献的综述基础上,简要分析了纤维及养护制度对超高强水泥基材料性能的影响,并提出了超高强水泥基材料工程化的关键措施。     

环境极性对水泥基材料抗低温硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

通过分析甘油对水泥-石灰石粉胶凝材料在低温(5℃)、5%硫酸钠溶液中侵蚀的影响,研究了环境极性对水泥基材料抗低温硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响。结果表明,水泥-石灰石粉试件腐蚀程度随时间增加而加重,腐蚀产物主要为碳硫硅钙石,未掺甘油的试件棱角发生明显脱落;掺甘油降低了腐蚀产物中碳硫硅钙石的生成量,随甘油掺量增加腐蚀产物中碳硫硅钙石的生成量减少,腐蚀程度减轻。甘油可以抑制水泥基材料中碳硫硅钙石的生成,降低环境极性能提高水泥基材料抗低温硫酸盐侵蚀性能。     

不同环境中矿物掺合料混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的研究进展

硫酸盐侵蚀是混凝土耐久性研究的热点之一。矿物掺合料的掺入改变混凝土内部的组成,细化了混凝土的孔结构,对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀起着重要作用。掺合料的化学组成、细度、掺量等对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀均有很大的影响。外界腐蚀环境的不同,矿物掺合料混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的性能也有显著的差别。大量的研究表明,在连续浸泡的硫酸盐溶液中,矿物掺合料只要掺量适当能够提高混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的能力。在干湿循环与硫酸盐溶液共同作用下,矿物掺合料混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的能力有所争议,有些研究表明矿物掺合料能够提高干湿循环条件下混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的能力;然而有些研究结果却呈现相反的结论,这需要进一步探索。     

纤维增强碱激发水泥基材料的研究进展

碱激发水泥力学性能优异,化学耐久性强,是新型胶凝材料。本文综合评述了国内外关于纤维增强碱激发水泥基材料的研究进展,总结了各种纤维对碱激发水泥基材料性能的影响,重点介绍了钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维和玄武岩纤维对碱激发水泥基材料的力学性能、收缩开裂及耐久性的影响,并提出了当前纤维增强碱激发水泥基材料研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

矿渣粉煤灰制备胶凝材料的实验研究

阐述了一种利用矿渣和粉煤灰制备胶凝材料的方法(矿渣和粉煤灰的比表面积为500m2/kg).研究了二水石膏和激发荆的质量分数对该胶凝材料强度的影响,运用扫描电镜分析了该胶凝材料的微观结构和形貌特征.结果表明,当矿渣、粉煤灰、二水石膏和激发剂的质量比为80∶5∶10∶5时可制备出满足现行国家标准的胶凝材料,这对矿渣和粉煤灰的综合利用具有一定的参考价值.     

矿物外加剂对丁苯聚合物/水泥复合胶凝材料凝结硬化过程的影响及机制

为了比较沸石、纳米二氧化硅和稻壳灰这3种矿物外加剂对丁苯聚合物/水泥复合胶凝材料凝结硬化过程作用的差异,分别采用这3种矿物外加剂为调凝材料,并从凝结时间、早期强度、水化进程以及水化产物等角度比较3种矿物外加剂对丁苯聚合物/水泥复合胶凝材料的影响。结果表明,3种矿物外加剂都能促进复合胶凝材料的凝结硬化,大幅缩短凝结时间,提高早期强度。但3种矿物外加剂的调凝效果互不相同,调凝机理也有差异:沸石对AFt的生成有较大的促进作用,它不仅能促进C3A的水化,自身也能与Ca(OH)_2反应生成AFt和CSH凝胶;而纳米二氧化硅和稻壳灰对C3S水化的促进作用较强,自身也会与Ca(OH)_2反应生成CSH凝胶。     

Leaching behaviour of major and trace elements from concrete: Effect of fly ash and GGBS

The leaching of major and trace elements from concrete made with Portland cement, fly ash and GGBS (ground granulated blast-furnace slag) was studied using pH static availability and tank leach tests. The release of substances during the tank leach test occurs by surface dissolution of phases at the concrete surface and diffusion inside the concrete, the amounts depending on the phases controlling solubility and concrete porosity. Alkali release is controlled by diffusion and is thus reduced by lower water/binder ratios and the replacement of Portland cement by fly ash. Ca, Al and S release occurs mainly by surface dissolution of portlandite and AFt/AFm, respectively. The release of V is determined by surface dissolution of V substituted ettringite and/or calcium vanadate. Although fly ash can increase the total V content of concrete, enhancing release, only 2% of the total V content in concrete was available for release.     

矿物掺合料对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性的影响综述

矿物掺合料因对改善混凝土抗氯离子渗透性有着较为显著的作用而获得了研究者的广泛关注。综述了近年来国内外关于矿物掺合料对混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀能力影响的研究进展,分析并总结了粉煤灰、硅灰、矿渣等矿物掺合料单掺和复掺的情况下,对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。同时,通过分析混凝土抗氯离子渗透性相关测试方法的优缺点,并对比不同研究者的测试结果,对需要进一步研究的相关问题提出了建议。     

Durability performance potential and strength of blended Portland limestone cement concrete

This paper describes a study on the durability potential and strength of composite Portland-limestone cement (PLC) concrete mixtures blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and/or fly ash (FA). Their performance was compared against ordinary Portland cement, plain PLC and Portland-slag cement concrete mixtures. Using the South African Durability Index approach, results indicate reductions in the penetrability of the composite PLC blends compared to the other mixtures. The durability indicators are chloride conductivity, gas (oxygen) permeability and water sorptivity. Compressive strength of the composite PLC mixtures containing both GGBS and FA showed competitive performance with the comparative mixtures, but FA blended PLC mixtures had diminished compressive strength values. The paper also presents considerations on the practical implications of using blended PLC concrete mixtures.     

Frost resistance and microstructure of Engineered Cementitious Composites: Influence of fly ash and micro poly-vinyl-alcohol fiber

One of the most damaging environmental conditions to concrete structure is cyclic freezing and thawing. This paper discusses the influence of the high volumes of fly ash (FA) and micro poly-vinyl-alcohol (PVA) fibers on the cyclic freeze-thaw resistance and microstructure of the Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). ECC mixtures with two different FA-cement (FA/C) ratios (1.2 and 2.2 by weight), and at constant water-cementitious materials (fly ash and cement) ratio of 0.27 are prepared. To compare the behavior of ECC with ECC matrix, all of the preceding properties are also investigated for ECC matrix mixtures of same composition without PVA fiber. For frost resistance, mixtures are exposed to the freeze and thaw cycles up to 300 cycles in accordance with ASTM C666, Procedure A. Experimental tests consist of measuring the residual mechanical properties (flexural strength, mid-span beam deflection and flexural stress - deflection curve), ultrasonic pulse velocity and mass loss. The roles of PVA fibers and FA are discussed through the analysis of microstructure and fiber-matrix interactions as function of frost exposure. The microstructural characterization by measuring pore size distributions is examined before and after exposure to frost deterioration by using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The air-void characteristics of mixtures are also studied using linear transverse method. Test results confirm that both ECC mixtures with high volumes of FA remain durable, and show a tensile strain capacity of more than 2% even after 300 freezing and thawing cycles. On the other hand, before completing 300 freezing and thawing cycles, matrix (ECC without fiber) specimens have severely deteriorated, requiring removal from the freeze-thaw machine. Therefore, results indicate that the addition of micro PVA fiber to the ECC matrix substantially improved the frost resistance. The results of freeze-thaw tests also indicated that the reduction of residual physical and mechanical properties with increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles is relatively more for ECC mixture with FA/C ratio of 2.2 than for ECC mixture with FA/C ratio of 1.2.     

Influence of a fine glass powder on the durability characteristics of concrete and its comparison to fly ash

A detailed investigation carried out to ascertain the durability characteristics of fine glass powder modified concretes is reported in this paper. Tests were designed to facilitate comparisons between concretes modified with either glass powder or fly ash at the same cement replacement level. The optimal replacement level of cement by glass powder is determined from strength and hydration tests as 10%. The later age compressive strengths of glass powder and fly ash modified concretes are seen to differ by only 5%. The durability characteristics are ascertained using tests for rapid chloride permeability, alkali–silica reactivity, and moisture transport parameters. The chloride penetrability values indicate some amount of pore refinement. The potential of glass powder to reduce the expansion due to alkali–silica reaction is established from tests conducted in accordance with ASTM C 1260, but fly ash is found to perform better at similar replacement levels. Glass powder–fly ash blends that make up a 20% cement replacement level are found to be as efficient as 20% fly ash in reducing expansion. The control concrete is seen to exhibit the lowest overall moisture intake after 14 days of curing, and fly ash concrete the highest, with the glass powder concrete in between. The trend is reversed at later ages, demonstrating that both the replacement materials contribute to improved durability characteristics. The sorptivity and moisture diffusion coefficient values calculated from the moisture intake-time data also demonstrate a similar trend. These studies show that fine glass powder has the potential to improve the durability of concretes.     

Performance characteristics of concrete based on a ternary calcium sulfoaluminate–anhydrite–fly ash cement

This paper reports an assessment of the performance of concrete based on a calcium sulfoaluminate–anhydrite–fly ash cement combination. Concretes were prepared at three different w/c ratios and the properties were compared to those of Portland cement and blast-furnace cement concretes. The assessment involved determination of mechanical and durability properties. The results suggest that an advantageous synergistic effect between and ettringite and fly ash (Ioannou et al., 2014) was reflected in the concrete’s low water absorption rates, high sulfate resistance, and low chloride diffusion coefficients. However, carbonation depths, considering the dense ettringite-rich microstructure developed, were higher than those observed in Portland cement concretes at a given w/c ratio. It was concluded that the amount of alkali hydroxides present in the pore solution is as important factor as the w/c ratio when performance of this type of concrete is addressed.     

矿物掺合料对地聚合物抗冻性能的影响

以碱激发偏高岭土制备地聚合物混凝土,分别研究了掺入15%的钢渣、矿渣或粉煤灰的地聚合物混凝土的力学抗压强度和抗冻性能,测试了地聚合物混凝土的真空饱水体积吸液率,运用XRD、SEM和DSC-TG等测试方法分析了矿物掺合料对地聚合物微观结构和水化产物的影响。结果表明:钢渣或矿渣能有效提高地聚合物混凝土的抗压强度,而粉煤灰的掺入使其强度稍有降低;地聚合物表观形貌中存在较多的孔洞和微裂缝导致其抗冻性能较差,掺入钢渣或者矿渣后地聚合物形成了新的产物C-S-H凝胶、C-A-S-H凝胶等并填充在结构中形成更加密实的板状结构,降低了地聚合物混凝土冻融破坏速率,五次冻融循环后地聚合物的相对强度均在90%以上,抗冻性能得到提高;粉煤灰降低了制备地聚合物混凝土的用水量且未水化的粉煤灰颗粒镶嵌在结构中增加了其密实性和抗冻性能,五次冻融循环后相对强度为86.9%,基准组的相对强度仅为79.7%。     

Residue strength,water absorption and pore size distributions of recycled aggregate concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures

In this paper, the effects of high temperature exposure of recycled aggregate concretes in terms of residual strengths, capillary water absorption capacity and pore size distribution are discussed. Two mineral admixtures, fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace (GGBS) were used in the experiment to partially replace ordinary Portland cement for concrete production. The water to cementitious materials ratio was maintained at 0.50 for all the concrete mixes. The replacement levels of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates were at 0%, 50% and 100%. The concretes were exposed separately to 300 °C, 500 °C and 800 °C, and the compressive and splitting tensile strength, capillary water coefficient, porosity and pore size distribution were determined before and after the exposure to the high temperatures. The results show that the concretes made with recycled aggregates suffered less deteriorations in mechanical and durability properties than the concrete made with natural aggregates after the high temperature exposures.