低温烧结SrTiO3陶瓷晶界层电容器材料的掺杂分析

借助于晶格常数的精确测定、透射电子显微镜及其电子衍射和X射线能谱分析,结合材料性能,对还原气氛中低温一次烧结的srTiO_2陶瓷晶界层电容器材料的掺杂状况进行了分析。结果表明Li~+不能进入srTiO_2晶格的填隙位置形成施主。在Nb_2O_5和Li_2O同时存在的情况下,也没有产生施主-受主相互补偿进入晶格的现象,而是Nb_2O_5进入晶格起施主作用使晶粒半导化,Ll_2O偏析在晶界上,与聚集在晶界上的SZO_2一起形成活性液相,促进烧结的进行,并形成复杂的锂硅酸盐化合物产生绝缘性的晶界,从而形成晶界层电容器的显微结构,这是能够在低温下一次烧成SrTiO_2陶瓷晶界层电容器材料的根本原因。     

添加剂对SrTiO3基复合功能陶瓷材料性能的影响

研究了Y2O3、MnCO3、H3BO3和CaCO3添加剂对SrTiO3基复合功能陶瓷材料性能的影响。结果表明,施主Y∧3 的掺杂可促进SrTiO3材料的半导化,通过显微结构观察,当Y含量为1.2%摩尔分数时晶粒最大且较匀致,故Y2O3掺杂量佳为1.2%摩尔分数,受主Mn∧2 倾向于晶界处偏析,有助于形成材料的晶界势垒,提高材料的压敏非线性系数,降低漏电流LL,MnCO3掺杂以0.12%摩尔分数最佳。由于H3BO3具有降低烧结温度,拓宽烧成温度范围,在较低温度时产生液相,使晶粒生长充分、匀致,但产生液相过量又会制约晶粒生长。H3BO3掺杂以1%摩尔分娄为宜。少量的CaCO3有助熔作用,而CaCO3本身又具有晶粒细化作用,过量的CaCO3还使晶粒粗大,通过显微结构观察得到证实,CaCO3掺杂以0.05%摩尔分数为宜。     

Li_2ZnTi_3O_8掺杂对0.7CaTiO_3-0.3NdAlO_3微波介质陶瓷低温烧结及介电性能的影响

采用固相合成法制备0.7CaTiO_3-0.3NdAlO_3微波介质陶瓷,研究添加不同含量的Li_2ZnTi_3O_8,在不同的烧结温度下,对其烧结特性和微波介电性能的影响。结果表明,掺入Li_2ZnTi_3O_8烧结温度降低了150℃;Li_2ZnTi_3O_8不同添加量下,其介电常数随烧结温度升高而增大,但增加不明显;而随着添加量的增加,其介电常数也随之增大。品质因素随着烧结温度升高而升高,随着Li_2ZnTi_3O_8添加量的增大而降低。添加1 wt%Li_2ZnTi_3O_8的陶瓷样品在1400℃烧结,性能最佳,介电常数达到46,品质因素可达到25000 GHz。     

Ti/Sr比对SrTiO_3晶界层电容器性能的影响

采用空气中一次烧成工艺,通过性能测定、SEM观察,研究了Ti/Sr比与SrTiO_3晶界层电容器材料试样的烧结性能、半导化、显微结构及介电性能之间的关系。结果表明,Sr过量试样的烧结及半导化过程与Ti过量的均有很大差异,这主要与烧成过程中液相量的变化规律有关。Ti/Sr比及烧成温度对试样的显微结构有明显影响,因而也影响了试样的介电性能。     

Ti／Sr比对SrTiO3晶界层电容器性能的影响

采用空气中一次烧成工艺，通过性能测定、SEM观察，研究了Ti/Sr与SrTiO3晶界层电容器材料试样的烧结性能、半导化、显微结构及介电性能之间的关系。结果表明，Sr过量试样的烧结及半导化过程与Ti过量的均有很大差异，这主要与烧成过程中液相量的规律有关。Ti/Sr比及烧成温度对试样的显微结构有明显影响，因而也影响了试样的介电性能。     

Ti/Sr比对低温烧结SrTiO_3陶瓷晶界层电容器材料的影响

本文研究了Ti/Sr比对低温一次烧结的SrTiO_3陶瓷晶界层电容器材料性能和显微结构的影响.结果发现Ti/Sr比在一定范围内变化时,不影响材料烧结和半导化的温度范围.Ti/Sr比的作用还与施主杂质的添加量以及烧结条件有很大关系.在良好的烧结条件下,SrO过量(Ti/Sr<1.00)有利于晶粒生长和获得高的有效介电常数.但SrO和TiO_2这些杂质相的存在降低了晶界绝缘层的绝缘性,增加了介电损耗.     

掺Li_2O–B_2O_3–SiO_2玻璃低温烧结MgTiO_3–CaTiO_3陶瓷及其微波介电性能

研究了Li_2O–B_2O_3–SiO_2玻璃(LBS)对MgTiO_3–CaTiO_3(MCT)介质陶瓷烧结特性、相组成和介电性能的影响,分析了MCT陶瓷与银电极的共烧行为。结果表明通过液相烧结,LBS能有效降低MCT烧结温度至890℃。X射线衍射结果显示有Li_2MgTi_3O_8、硼钛镁石以及Li_2TiSiO_5等新相生成。随着LBS添加量的增大,陶瓷致密化温度和饱和体积密度降低,介电常数εr、品质因数与谐振频率乘积Q×f也呈现下降趋势,频率温度系数τf向负值方向移动。添加质量分数为20%的LBS的0.97MgTiO3–0.03CaTiO3陶瓷在890℃烧结4h,获得最佳性能εr=16.4,Q×f=11640GHz,τf=–1.5×10–6/℃。陶瓷与银电极共烧界面结合状况良好,无明显扩散。该材料可用于制造片式多层微波器件。     

烧结和退火对β″-Al_2O_3的钠离子电导率和显微结构的影响

通过Li_2O稳定、原始化学组成(wt％)为9.6％Na_2O,0.72％Li_2O和89.68％Al_2O_3的β″-Al_2O_3陶瓷的制备过程,研究了升温速率与陶瓷致密化的关系;并探讨了烧成和退火制度对所制得的β″-Al_2O_3陶瓷的钠离子电导率和显微结构的影响。在快速升温和1600℃烧结5min以后,在低于1510℃的温度下再经过适当时间的退火,可以获得相对密度>98％,晶粒尺寸在20～30μm的均匀显微结构的烧结体。其β″-Al_2O_3相几近100％,Na~+离子电阻率约为6.5Ω·cm(350℃);在275～420℃的温度范围内,Na~+离子的电导活化能为5.63kcal/mol。     

烧结助剂对硼硅钙微晶玻璃结构和介电性能的影响

研究了烧结助剂P2O5和ZnO对CaO-B2O3-SiO2(CBS)玻璃粉末的助烧作用及其对材料的相组成、显微结构和介电性能的影响.结果表明:未添加烧结助剂在1000 ℃烧成的样品晶粒粗大(1～3 μm),且结构疏松.复合添加2%(质量分数,下同)P2O5和0.5%ZnO后,850℃烧成的CBS微晶玻璃中,包含有β-CaSiO3,α-SiO2和CaB2O4 3种晶相,晶粒发育细小均匀,粒径为0.5 μm左右,具有一定量的玻璃相,且结构致密.加烧结助剂制得的样品在10 MHz下,相对介电常数εr为6.38,介电损耗tanδ为0.001 8.加复合烧结助剂P2O5和ZnO有效地降低了CBS玻璃粉末的烧结温度(低于900 ℃),可实现银、铜电极共烧.烧结助剂的作用机理是P2O5促进了液相的生成,ZnO则具有提高液相的粘度,增大烧结温度范围,细化晶粒和防止样品变形的作用.     

添加Li_2O的CaO-B_2O_3-SiO_2系微晶玻璃的性能研究

以Li_2O为烧结助剂,采用DTA、XRD、SEM等分析手段研究了添加1.0～2.5 wt%Li_2O对CaO-B_2O_3-SiO_2(CBS)系微晶玻璃性能的影响.结果表明:Li_2O降低了CBS系微晶玻璃的玻璃转变温度和析晶温度.未添加Li_2O的试样在930 ℃烧结,而添加Li_2O的试样可以在820 ℃以下烧结,Li_2O显著降低了试样的烧结温度.当Li_2O添加量为1.0wt%时,试样可以在760～820 ℃范围内烧结,800 ℃烧结试样介电常数为5.71,介电损耗为0.0024(测试频率为10 MHz).     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.