Reduction mechanism of stainless steelmaking dust and carbon pellets

1 INTRODUCTIONThe smelting temperature generally reaches1 600 ℃or higher in stainless steel making opera-tion. Under this condition,approxi mately 1 % 2 %(mass fraction) of the scrap charged into the fur-nace is converted to dust[1]as by-product of steel-making process .It has been assigned as a hazard-ous waste and banned from landfills by variousgovernment regulatory agencies because it containsa lot of heavy metals such as zinc ,lead,cadmium,chromium and nickel , which will be leached …     

Kinetics of isothermal reduction of stainless steelmaking dust pellets

The stainless steelmaking dust pellets were reduced in isothermal temperature condition simulating the direct recycling practice in the stainless steel production and the kinetics of the reduction process was investigated.The pellets were formed after mixing the dust with carbon as the reducing agent and dolomite as the binder and smelting flux. An electric furnace was used to heat the pellets and an electrical microbalance was used to check the mass of the pellets in the reduction process. The reduction rate was calculated according to the data of pellet mass change in consideration of the evaporation of moisture, zinc and lead at high temperature. The results of the experi-ments show that the reduction process is in two consecutive stages. The reduction kinetic models were set up for each stage and the kinetic parameters such as activation energy and frequency factor were determined. The apparent activation energy of the first stage is 21.69 kJ/mol, and this stage is controlled by chemical reaction. The apparentactivation energy of the second stage is 17.35 kJ/mol, and this stage is controlled by the diffusion of carbon monox-ide through the resultants of reaction.     

Modeling thermal conductivity of thermal spray coatings: comparing predictions to experiments

Thermal conductivity plays a critical role in the thermal transport of thermal-sprayed coatings. In this article, a combined image analysis and finite-element method approach is developed to assess thermal conductivity from high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images of the coating microstructure. Images are analyzed with a collection of image-processing algorithms to reveal the microscopic coating morphology. The processed digital image is used to generate a two-dimensional finite-element mesh in which pores, cracks, and the bulk coating material are identified. The effective thermal conductivity is then simulated using a commercial finite-element code. Results are presented for three coating material systems [yttriastabilized zirconia (YSZ), molybdenum, and NiAl], and the results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values obtained using the laser flash method. The YSZ coatings are also annealed, and the analysis procedure was repeated to determine whether the technique can accurately assess changes in coating morphology. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success: Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, 2006.     

Ambient and high-temperature thermal conductivity of thermal sprayed coatings

Aside from its importance as a design parameter for thermal barrier coatings, measuring thermal conductivity of thermal sprayed coatings itself provides a unique method to critically characterize the nature, quantity, and anisotropy of the defect morphologies in these splat-based coatings. In this paper, the authors present a systematic assessment of thermal conductivity of wide range using the flash diffusivity technique. For the case of plasma sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), coatings obtained from wide-ranging initial powder morphologies as well as those fabricated under different particle states were characterized. Both in-plane and through-thickness properties were obtained. Other material systems that were considered include: metallic alloys and semiconductors of interests. Issues such as reproducibility and reliability in measurements were also considered and assessed. Finally, work in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for alternate approaches to characterization of thermal conductivity as well as high-temperature measurements was performed. This article was originally published inBuilding on 100 Years of Success, Proceedings of the 2006 International Thermal Spray Conference (Seattle, WA), May 15–18, 2006, B.R. Marple, M.M. Hyland, Y.-Ch. Lau, R.S. Lima, and J. Voyer, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2006.     

Thermal conductivity of a zirconia thermal barrier coating

The conductivity of a thermal-barrier coating composed of atmospheric plasma sprayed 8 mass percent yttria partially stabilized zirconia has been measured. This coating was sprayed on a substrate of 410 stainless steel. An absolute, steady-state measurement method was used to measure thermal conductivity from 400 to 800 K. The thermal conductivity of the coating is 0.62 W/(m×K). This measurement has shown to be temperature independent.     

钢铁厂烧结机头灰中铅的配位浸出行为与综合回收

针对钢铁厂烧结机头灰中富含铅、铁、碳、钾、氯等多种有价元素的特点,根据氯离子与铅配位的特性,采用配位浸出的方式实现铅与铁、碳等元素的选择性分离回收。SEM-EDS、XRD等研究分析表明,烧结机头灰中铅主要以絮状的KPb₂Cl₅等物相吸附于铁氧化合物、硅铝酸盐和碳颗粒表面,铁主要以Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄物相存在。实验考察了溶液pH值、温度、氯离子浓度、浸出时间和液固比等因素对铅浸出率的影响。研究表明,在溶液pH值为3.0,浸出温度为80℃,氯离子浓度为6 mol/L,液固比(mL/g)为10:1,浸出时间为2 h的优化条件下,烧结机头灰中铅化合物与氯发生配位溶解反应生成PbCl_i^2-i(i=1～4)等易溶解的络合离子,实现铅的浸出,铅浸出率为95.7%;而烧结机头灰中对钢铁冶炼有用的铁、碳、硅、铝等元素不被浸出,富集在浸出渣中,较好地实现了选择性浸出。浸出液中的铅经冷却结晶、洗涤纯化后,获得纯度为99%的氯化铅产品...     

高炉尘泥化学除锌

为了降低经物理分选后的高炉精泥中锌的含量,对高炉精泥进行化学浸出除锌研究,考察浸出剂、浸出时间、温度、液固比和搅拌速度等对浸出的影响,并进行理论分析。结果表明：硫酸对锌的浸出率最高,氯化铁次之,氨水最低;在合适的浸出条件下：液固比8-1,温度20℃,硫酸浓度125 g/L,浸出时间35 min和搅拌速度150 r/min,锌浸出率为73.9%,高炉精泥中的锌含量从1.46%降低到0.38%。对硫酸浸出脱锌的动力学和反应机制的研究表明,浸出过程遵从1-2α/3-（1-α）2/3=kt,浸出反应的活化能为8.89 kJ/mol,属于扩散控制过程。     

High-temperature thermal conductivity of ceramic fibers

The ceramic fibers VK-60, ABK, and VK-80 produced by steam blowing and nozzle dissemination methods have been investigated for the effect of nonfibrous material content, pressure, and temperature on the thermal conductivity at ambient and higher temperatures. It was noticed that with an increase in the aluminum content of the ceramic fibers the thermal conductivity of the material decreased while the insulation properties improved. The VK-80 fibers have the lowest and the VK-60 fibers the highest value of thermal conductivity at ambient temperature. At ambient temperature, the value of thermal conductivity increased with an increase in pressure for all analyzed fibers. ABK fibers showed the least increase and VK-80 registered an increase of about 10% in the values of thermal conductivity for pressures ranging from 0.6 to 6.6 kN/². However, beyond a pressure of 6.6 kN/m², the thermal conductivity of all samples increased. To assess the insulation properties of investigated fibers, the thermal conductivity was measured at different temperatures up to 800 °C. From the obtained results, it was concluded that all three types of fibers have a good potential for future applications, showing good performance in the investigated temperature range.     

回收铝电解炭渣中电解质的研究

研究了回收铝电解炭渣中电解质的焙烧工艺,重点探讨了焙烧温度、停留时间、添加剂加入量对炭渣焙烧工艺的影响,分析了各影响因子与反应率之间的变化关系.在细粒料-回转窑焙烧条件下获得了较高的反应率,回收电解质纯度大干99%,杂质含量低于0.5%,可直接作为铝电解原料.     

Volatilization of zinc and lead in direct recycling of stainless steel making dust

The volatilization of zinc and lead from the stainless steel making dust pellets in the direct recycling procedure was conducted by using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer and a Tamman furnace in the nitrogen atmosphere respectively. The results show that the temperature has a significant effect on the volatilization rates of zinc and lead,and the carbon content in the pellets has no effect on the volatilization process. The volatilization of zinc is controlled by the chemical reaction between zinc oxide and carbon monoxide, while the volatilization of lead is controlled by the evaporation from liquid phase to the atmosphere. The volatilization of zinc and lead mainly happen at about 1000℃ according to non-isothermal experiment.     

Effect of heat treatment on the thermal conductivity of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

The effect of heat treatment on the thermal conductivity of plasma-sprayed Y₂O₃ stabilized ZrO₂ (YSZ) and Al₂O₃ coatings was investigated. A heat treatment of 1300 °C in flowing argon for 50 h was found to significantly increase the thermal conductivity of the coatings when compared to measurements in the assprayed condition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination of the microstructures of the coatings in the as-sprayed and heat-treated conditions revealed that sintering of microcracks at the splat interfaces was the main cause for the increase in thermal conductivity. In the YSZ coatings, complete closure of microcracks was frequently observed. In contrast, microcrack closure in the Al₂O₃ coatings was characterized by the isolated necking of particles across a microcrack rather than complete closure. A model for thermal conductivity in a solid containing oriented penny-shaped cracks was used to explain the observed increase in thermal conductivity after heat treatment.     

Predicted interfacial thermal conductance and thermal conductivity of diamond/Al composites with various interfacial coatings

The interfacial thermal conductance (ITC) and thermal conductivity (TC) of diamond/Al composites with various coatings were theoretically studied and discussed. A series of predictions and numerical analyses were performed to investigate the effect of thickness, sound velocity, and other parameters of coating layers on the ITC and TC. It is found that both the ITC and TC decline with increasing coating thickness, especially for the coatings with relatively low thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, if the coating thickness is close to zero, or quite a small value, the ITC and TC are mainly determined by the constants of the coating material. Under this condition, coatings such as Ni, TiC, Mo 2 C, SiC, and Si can significantly improve the ITC and TC of diamond/Al composites. By contrast, coatings like Ag will exert the negative effect. Taking the optimization of interfacial bonding into account, conductive carbides such as TiC or Mo 2 C with low thickness can be the most suitable coatings for diamond/Al composites.     

Furnace cyclic oxidation behavior of multicomponent low conductivity thermal barrier coatings

Ceramic thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) will play an increasingly important role in advanced gas turbine engines due to their ability to further increase engine operating temperatures and reduce cooling, thus helping achieve future engine low emission, high efficiency, and improved reliability goals. Advanced multicomponent zirconia (ZrO₂)-based TBCs are being developed using an oxide defect clustering design approach to achieve the required coating low thermal conductivity and high-temperature stability. Although the new composition coatings were not yet optimized for cyclic durability, an initial durability screening of the candidate coating materials was conducted using conventional furnace cyclic oxidation tests. In this paper, furnace cyclic oxidation behavior of plasma-sprayed ZrO₂-based defect cluster TBCs was investigated at 1163°C using 45 min hot-time cycles. The ceramic coating failure mechanisms were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with x-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis after the furnace tests. The coating cyclic lifetime is also discussed in relation to coating processing, phase structures, dopant concentration, and other thermo-physical properties.     

焊接过程热传导系数反演法

由传热学基本方程，推导出了由温度场全场信息反演热传导系数的数学模型。证明了焊接过程热传导系数反演法的可行性。结合红外热象法与热电偶测量了LY2铝合金固定TIG点焊过程的焊接温度场。参照温度场全场信息，通过计算分别获得了加热和冷却过程热传导系数随温度变化曲线。结果表明，焊接过程中温度变化方向对热传导系数的影响是显著的，即出现“滞后”现象。此方法可为准确模拟焊接温度场、应力应变场奠定基础。     

纳晶Cu-Ag双峰材料热传导行为特性研究

采用热压烧结法制备了具有双峰结构的纳晶Cu-Ag复合材料和纳晶Cu金属材料,采用激光法测定了试样在不同温度(200~400 K)下的热导率。测量结果显示,2种纳晶金属材料热导率随晶粒尺寸的增加而增加,并且随温度的降低而减小。在300 K下平均晶粒尺寸为150 nm的纳晶Cu-Ag双峰材料试样的热导率为163.45 W/m·K,分别占粗晶Cu和粗晶Ag的40.7%和38.1%。本研究引入并改进了卡皮查热阻理论模型对试样热导率进行了数值计算,计算结果与实验数据基本一致,纳晶Cu-Ag双峰材料热导率明显低于单晶Cu/Ag块体,纳晶金属材料热导率随着晶粒尺寸的增加而增加,验证了纳晶Cu-Ag双峰材料热导率在一定的晶粒尺寸范围内具有尺寸效应。     

纳米流体的热导率及其模型的研究进展

纳米流体作为一种新型高效换热工质展现出良好的换热性能引起了许多研究者的关注.综述了纳米流体的制备方法、热导率测量方法、热导率提高机制、热导率模型.重点介绍和讨论了纳米流体热导率提高的机制、热导率模型的研究进展,并对纳米流体的未来研究进行了展望.指出了需要进一步发掘导致研究结果多样性的潜在机制,合理改进热导率模型,能够合...     

应变影响下单晶Ge薄膜热导率分析

利用非平衡态分子动力学模拟方法研究了应变对Ge薄膜热导率的影响。结果表明系统应变对单晶Ge薄膜热导率产生明显影响,热导率随着拉伸应变的增大而减小,随着压缩应变的增大而增大,得出声子速率降低以及薄膜表面重构是产生该模拟结果的内在原因。同时,采用修正的Callaway模型对NEMD结果进行理论验证,两种方法得到的结果吻合得较好。理论结果表明应变弛豫时间对Ge单晶薄膜的热导率产生了重要影响。     

Calculation of thermal stress field with non-linear surface heat-transfer coefficient during quenching

The heat conduction equation in a coupled thermo-inelastic body, was derived by means of the irreversible thermodynamics and the measured data of the inner dissipation for metal. The coupled coefficients, which are dependent on temperature and inelastic strain rate, can be determined by the measured data of inner dissipation for metal. The functional of a coupled thermal inelastic problem was derived by means of nonlinear functional analysis theory. Finally, it is proved that the critical points of the functional are the solutions of coupled thermal inelastic equations.     

化合物相的析出对Mg-Sn二元合金导热性能的影响

研究了添加不同含量的Sn(3%,6%,9%,质量分数)对铸态、固溶态及时效态Mg-Sn二元合金导热性能的影响。结果表明,铸态及固溶处理态Mg-Sn合金的热导率均随着Sn元素含量的增加不断降低,其中Sn含量最多的固溶态Mg-10Sn合金所对应的热导率降低至52.6 W/(m·K);同固溶态合金相比,相同溶质含量的铸态合金的热导率更高。Mg-Sn合金的热导率随时效的进行逐渐升高,Mg-3Sn、Mg-6Sn及Mg-10Sn合金的热导率分别最终可达到125、120及110 W/(m·K)。分析表明,镁合金热导率的不断升高可以归结于基体的纯化效应,Sn元素的原子大小、核外电子分布以及化合价等均会对Mg-Sn合金的导热性能产生影响。     

镀钨金刚石/铜复合材料的制备及导热性能（英文）

使用热扩散法在金刚石表面镀钨,并采用不同工艺参数制备镀钨金刚石/铜复合材料,观察不同样品的微观形貌,并使用激光闪射法测量样品的热导率,探索制备高热导率金刚石/铜复合材料的最佳工艺参数。研究结果表明,在金刚石表面镀钨可以改善界面结合,当镀覆时间为60 min时,镀层完整、均匀、平整,样品的热导率达到486 W/(m·K)。镀层的完整性和均匀性比镀层厚度更为重要。进一步对镀钨金刚石进行退火处理后,镀层与金刚石之间的冶金结合增强,制备得到的复合材料的热导率提高到559 W/(m·K)。