中国猴头菇栽培菌株的系统进化研究

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)标记对7 个猴头菇之间的亲缘关系进行研究,获得了猴头菇不同菌株的DNA 指纹图谱。结果显示：14 个随机引物中有3 个随机引物的扩增产物的DNA 条带表现出明显的多态性。这3个引物共扩增出44 条带,其中36 条为多态性条带,多态性位点比率为81.81%。同时利用NTSYSpc 2.1 生物软件分析7 个供试菌株之间的遗传相似性,并绘制系统进化树。     

PCR技术结合RAPD图谱鉴定食品中双歧杆菌的研究

通过筛选16S rDNA序列库,设计了一对双歧杆菌属特异性引物P175和P874在试验确定的反应条件下,该引物对能正确区分双歧杆菌和非双歧杆菌。RAPD技术用于种及菌株的鉴定。选用10种引物对9株标准菌株基因组DNA进行扩增,对其指纹图谱分析表明S 256引物扩增的图谱可于双歧杆菌菌种及菌株鉴定的依据。通过对图谱相似性进行聚类分析,揭示了双歧杆菌属基因组的多态性及其遗传发育关系。     

烟草品种的DNA指纹图谱和品种鉴定

随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)是目前常用的DNA指纹图谱技术.采用改进的"ROSE法"提取DNA,并建立了重复性较好的RAPD标准分析条件.在此标准条件下,检测了烟草10个品种材料基因组的多态性.经10个引物扩增,在得到的53条扩增带中,有10个片段为10个材料所共有,多态性达81.1%.其中引物P7的扩增图谱,各品种间可以互相区别,差异明显,可用作烟草10个品种鉴定的DNA指纹图谱.     

不同来源酿酒酵母菌株的随机扩增多态DNA分析

研究中试用了20个随机引物对16株不同来源的酿酒酵母菌株全基因组进行了随机扩增多态DNA分析,其中OPG06,OPG11和OPG20三条适宜引物具有鉴别作用,每一引物均可扩增1～10条DNA片段,大多数片段分子量大小在100～2000bp之间,共扩增出34条RAPD谱带,多态性为85.3%,获得了稳定清晰的菌株RAPD指纹图谱。RAPD分析结果表明,不同来源的酿酒酵母菌株之间的遗传相似系数在37.5%～94.1%之间,反映出较高的遗传差异性,并可通过聚类分析将16株不同来源的酿酒酵母菌株按亲缘关系的远近分为6个类群。结果表明,利用RAPD标记技术在基因水平上对酿酒酵母菌株进行分子鉴定和分型是可行的。     

RAPD在灰平菇菌株亲缘关系研究中的应用

采用RAPD技术分析了5个不同来源的灰平菇栽培菌株的DNA多态性。筛选出的8条随机引物共扩增得到107条带,其中多态性片段为69条,多态性比率为64.4%,说明收集到的灰平菇菌株具有一定的遗传多样性,它们之间存在一定的遗传差异。进一步聚类分析结果显示,当相性达到0.470的水平时,5个菌株聚成2组,第1组为1号(PL-72)、2号(PL-2)、3号(烟平2106)、4号(PL-A2);第2组为5号(PL-AD28)。当相似性达到0.570的水平时,第1组又被分为两个亚组,1号和3号菌株聚为一个亚组,而2号和4号菌株聚为一个亚组。本研究为灰平菇优良品种选育和亲缘关系的研究提供分子生物学依据。     

建立MN-ZLW系列乳酸菌RAPD指纹图谱的研究

为建立MN-ZLW系列乳酸菌指纹图谱,本文利用随机扩增多态性DNA技术(RAPD)对嗜热链球菌MN-ZLW-001、嗜热链球菌MN-ZLW-002和德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种MN-ZLW-003等三株乳酸菌进行了系统研究。经过菌株培养收集、DNA提取、特殊引物PCR扩增以及电泳等实验得出,MN-ZLW-001菌株有8个明显条带,MN-ZLW-002菌株有5个明显条带,MN-ZLW-003菌株有3个明显条带,同时还得出三株菌浓度较高条带分子量分布依次为470 bp、900 bp,750 bp和1 000 bp,说明RAPD技术可建立单一菌株指纹图谱,具有方法简便、快速、经济等优点,能有效分辨单一菌株差异,这对于MN-ZLW系列菌株的知识产权的保护及生产加工具有重要意义。     

低双乙酰酿酒酵母的DNA标记研究

对15株酿酒酵母菌株的外观发酵度、双乙酰生成和还原能力进行了比较,通过随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)和HSP150编码基因的长度多态性对不同酿酒酵母菌株的基因组DNA分子差异进行了分析。结果显示,菌株YZU-APK和SS-05的外观发酵度分别为77.2%和76.8%,双乙酰峰值分别为0.26mg/L和0.25mg/L,并在发酵第8d均降至0.09 mg/L。在46条随机引物中筛选出的2条引物P07和P42能够扩增出具有较好多态性的RAPD指纹图谱,可以将15个酵母菌株分成9个遗传型;对细胞壁热休克蛋白HSP150编码基因的PCR扩增,并根据扩增条带长度的不同可以将15株酵母分成6个遗传型。综合2种分析结果,并对低双乙酰酿酒酵母菌株YZU-APK和SS-05进行DNA分子标记,确定了其基因型分别是(P07:1,P42:1,hsp150:1)和(P07:1,P42:5,hsp150:2)。     

木霉的RAPD分析

运用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对18个木霉菌株进行基因组DNA多态性分析.扩增结果表明,18个引物均反映出18个菌株间的遗传多态性,供试18个木霉菌株的RAPD分析与其生防效果之间不存在相关性.引物OPA-04与OPA-13对木霉菌全基因组DNA具有特征性分子标记.聚类分析结果表明,种间的聚类分析结果与形态鉴定的结果趋于一致.以欧氏距离5.0～5.5为适宜的阀值范围,RAPD遗传标记木霉菌可以作为该菌分类的有效手段之一.     

双孢蘑菇RAPD标记的遗传多样性分析

随机抽取108个随机引物对40个双孢蘑菇栽培菌株的DNA进行RAPD-PCR扩增实验,发现有71个随机引物能够扩增出清晰的、稳定的、具有多态性的RAPD条带。结果表明,71个随机引物共扩增出567条DNA带,平均每个引物扩增出7.99条DNA带,其中434条DNA带具有多态性,占总数的76.5%。基于RAPD-PCR扩增资料,采用欧氏距离平方系数和组间连接法,应用SPSS 11.0软件进行聚类分析,探讨40个品种间的亲缘关系与类群划分。当取欧氏距离平方系数阈值为20.5时,所有品种分为三大类;当取欧氏距离平方系数阈值取8.5时,40种双孢蘑菇菌株可被分为6个类群,此结果与双孢蘑菇菌株群的同工酶分类研究结果相当吻合。     

克罗诺杆菌的随机多态性扩增DNA(RAPD)基因分型研究

研究了克罗诺杆菌标准菌株和样品中分离菌株的分子特征,为克罗诺杆菌的种间鉴别和分子溯源提供一种有效手段。采用随机引物扩增多态性DNA分析对38株菌株进行基因分型。筛选出1条随机引物,每一菌株可扩增出1～7条DNA片段,片段在400-3500bp,可将8株标准菌株的种间区分开来。以相似性50%为标准,38株克罗诺杆菌按照其遗传差异可以分为8个基因型类群。所建立的RAPD技术可用于克罗诺杆菌的种间鉴别和分子溯源研究。     

Identification of bifidobacteria from dairy products and evaluation of a microplate hybridization method

Sixteen strains of Bifidobacterium isolated from 15 dairy products such as yogurt, cultured milk, butter and cheese were characterized on the basis of phenotypic characteristics and DNA similarities were examined by a microplate hybridization method. Three of the strains were identified as Bifidodobacterium longum, one strain was identified as Bifidobacterium bifidm, and one strain was assigned to the species Bifidobacterium breve on the basis of phenotypic characteristics, and this identification was confirmed by the analysis of DNA similarities. The remaining 11 strains could not be identified by examining their phenotypic characteristics and, contrary to the product label information, these strains were identified as Bifudidobacterium animalis on the basis of DNA similarities. The applicability of the colorimetric hybridization method in micro dilution wells to genetic identification of Bifidobacterium species was also studied.     

Technical note: Use of RFLP to characterize Lactococcus lactis strains producing exopolysaccharides

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is used to differentiate microorganisms by analysis of their DNA restriction patterns. A modified RFLP procedure is proposed for the rapid characterization of Lactococcus lactis strains producing exopolysaccharides (EPS). The availability of such effective cataloging system is likely to benefit research aimed at identifying lactococcal strains that produce novel EPS.     

Cloning of the bile salt hydrolase (bsh) gene from Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 345 and chromosomal location of bsh genes in food enterococci

Enterococcus faecium strain FAIR-E 345 isolated from food was shown to possess bile salt hydrolase (Bsh) activity in a plate screening assay and by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The bsh gene was cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis revealed that it encoded a protein of 324 amino acids, with pI 4.877. A bsh gene probe was prepared from the cloned bsh gene and was used for probing plasmid and total genomic DNA of Bsh-positive enterococci isolated from food to determine the genomic location of their bsh genes. This probe was able to detect the bsh gene among total genomic DNA preparations but not from plasmid preparations of 10 plasmid-bearing Enterococcus strains. However, the probe could detect the bsh gene from total genomic DNA preparations of 12 Enterococcus strains that did not contain detectable plasmid DNA. In no cases did the probe hybridize with plasmid DNA preparations, suggesting that the bsh gene among enterococci is probably generally chromosomally encoded. This presumptive chromosomal location of bsh genes among food enterococci suggests that transfer of this trait by conjugative plasmids is unlikely.     

Detection and identification of tyrDC + enterococcal strains from pasteurized commercial cheeses

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify strains of Enterococcus from commercial cheeses and then analyze their abilities to produce biogenic amines. The genotypic variability, studied by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, showed a high degree of homogeneity among enterococcal strains. Afterward, genotypic analysis indicated that all strains contain genes encoding a tyrosine decarboxylase. Our results indicate that a potential health risk exists if the enterococcal strains are able to survive the pasteurization of milk or appear as post-pasteurization contaminants. These results highlight the importance of the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) to minimize the risk of hazards associated with post-contamination during cheese elaboration     

Comparison of DNA sequencing analysis with phenotyping test for identification of yeasts isolated from foods

The identification of 20 strains of yeasts isolated from foods by means of DNA sequence analysis with two kinds of universal primers for the rDNA region was examined, and the results were compared with those of the conventional phenotyping test using API 20C AUX. In the analysis of the 26S region, all 20 yeast strains tested were identified at the species level. In the ITS1 region, 16 strains were also classified at the species level. In addition, all results of DNA sequence analysis were consistent with those of the phenotyping test at the genus level. Furthermore, DNA sequence analysis was able to identify causative yeasts observed in two suspect foods, though phenotyping tests alone failed to identify them.     

东北酸菜中乳酸菌的分离鉴定与耐酸性菌株的筛选

为筛选出高耐酸性乳酸菌,通过形态学观察和随机扩增多态性DNA标记分析技术,对自然发酵酸菜中分离纯化的乳酸菌菌株进行初步鉴别,随后利用16S rDNA序列同源性分析进行种属鉴定,并筛选在pH 3.0条件下存活率较高的菌株。结果表明,72 株分离乳酸菌包括62 株乳杆菌和10 株乳球菌,其中有21 株菌的指纹图谱不相同,经鉴定,分别为乳肠球菌（Enterococcus lactis）、弯曲乳杆菌（Lactobacillus curvatus）、米曲霉乳杆菌（L. oryzae）、短乳杆菌（L. brevis）、副干酪乳杆菌（L. paracasei）、棒状乳杆菌（L. coryniformis）。pH 3.0条件下存活率在75%以上的菌株有8 株,管家基因rpoA序列同源性分析结果表明高耐酸性的两株菌株为植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum）,为开发功能性乳酸菌食品提供了一定理论支持。     

Screening of cider yeasts for sparkling cider production (Champenoise method)

A total of 350 colonies isolated from a cider cellar in Asturias (Spain) were identified by rDNA ITS-RFLP restriction analysis. Saccharomyces spp. strains were characterized by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction analysis. Fifty-four different Saccharomyces spp. strains were identified and tested to ascertain their capacity to carry out secondary fermentation of sparkling ciders. The screening of yeasts to determine their principal enological characteristics (tolerance to ethanol, production of volatile acidity and hydrogen sulphide) was accomplished by means of rapid, non-expensive assays (plate agar). As a result, 13 (24%) of the 54 initial Saccharomyces spp. yeast strains were eliminated. The technological properties assessed were flocculation capacity, ethanol and sulphite tolerance, and production of major volatiles. Ten Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were characterized as true flocculants; all of these strains were able to grow in ethanolic medium and in the presence of 200mg/l of sulphite. Applying cluster analysis to the production of amyl alcohols, isobutanol, propanol and 2-phenylethanol, the strains were classified in two natural groups. Two flocculent yeast strains referred to as 3' and 50', representative of the each statistical group, were selected together with two reference strains (Saccharomyces bayanus C6 and S. cerevisiae Levuline CHP) to elaborate four sparkling ciders by the Champenoise method. The analysis of variance (p<0.01) among ciders revealed that glycerol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, methanol, propanol, i-butanol and 2-phenylethanol were significantly influenced by the secondary yeast strain. The results of sensory analysis indicated that all the sparkling ciders were scored as good. No significant differences among sparkling ciders were found for odour attributes and taste intensity.     

Specific identification of Candida albicans by hybridization with oligonucleotides derived from ribosomal DNA internal spacers

In order to develop DNA probes for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of the pathogenic yeast species Candida albicans, we carried out comparative sequence analysis of the two internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) units of C. albicans and the closely related pathogenic species C. tropicalis. While overall sequence similarity between the two species was considerable (65–75%), both ITS1 and ITS2 were found to contain distinct regions with sufficient sequence divergence to make them suitable as specific target sites for the identification of C. albicans. On the basis of these results one ITS1-derived ( ANAB1 ) and two ITS2-derived ( ANAB2 and ANAB3 ) oligonucleotides were selected, chemically synthesized, and used as hybridization probes. Their specificity and reliability were evaluated in dot-blot hybridization experiments with total genomic DNA from 13 strains of medically important Candida species, six strains of other yeast genera associated with man and animals, and ten strains previously identified as C. albicans by phenotypic criteria. Under well-defined hybridization conditions the three probes hybridized exclusively with DNA derived from strains belonging to the species C. albicans, thus demonstrating their potential clinical usefulness. The failure of four of the (presumed) C. albicans strains to show hybridization to the ITS probes sheds doubt upon their taxonomic classification, which is reinforced by other phenotypic aspects of these strains.