英国核电的未来——英国能源综述标志着对核电态度的积极转变

【英国《国际核工程》2002年4月刊报道】 英国政府有关部门提交了一份报告,英国能源领域对未来能源政策提出了详尽的建议。今后的能源战略重点放在确保电力供应和确保能源系统在环境方面是可持续发展的,以及为实现上述目标对潜在成本进行充分考虑的方法。 据报道,英国很有可能在下个世纪大幅度削减碳排放量。这需要一些政策来支持开发低成本和低碳的新能源。为实现预期的碳削减,还需要电力部门以外的其他行动包括:到2020年把可再生能源目标在现有装机容量基础上提高20%,到2010年使能源效率提高20%,到2020年再提高20%。 根据报告,估计普遍认…     

中国核电项目应用美国核电质保法规和标准的探讨

分析归纳中美二国所采用的核电质保法规和标准的异同,并结合中国从美国引入的AP1000国产化依托项目的质保实践,探讨如何在实施中国核安全法规的本土核电项目中纳入美国核电质保法规和标准的要求.     

典型核电厂址大型自然通风冷却塔对扩散的影响规律初探

近海核电厂采用二次循环冷却供水方式,配逆流式大型海水自然通风冷却塔。由于冷却塔作为高大建筑物以及冷却塔排放的雾羽对烟囱排放污染物扩散会造成影响,因此,需要针对工程布局,开展核电厂址大型自然通风冷却塔对扩散的影响规律研究。本研究联合风洞实验与数值模拟技术,发现核电厂大型冷却塔卷吸效应对放射性物质迁移途径和分布特征有显著影响。研究结果表明,无论是否排放雾羽,大型自然通风冷却塔都存在卷吸效应,烟囱排放的气载污染物会通过冷却塔底部进风口进入冷却塔,作为高架源进行二次排放。相比不排放雾羽,排放雾羽时的卷吸效应更加显著,通过冷却塔二次排放的污染物浓度显著增加。     

对中国核电发展的再思考

通过对中国核电发展的现状、世界核电发展较快国家的核电发展经验的分析和借鉴,提出了对中国核电发展的建议和思考。     

浅议福岛核电事故对我国核电发展的影响及借鉴

日本福岛核电事故虽然未对我国的环境造成严重影响,但是该事故的发生对我国后续核电的发展必然产生重大影响。我国庞大、密集的核电发展规划在世界能源发展领域是绝无仅有的,无论是在技术路线、标准制订还是在建造、运行的组织管理上,我国核电建设者和管理者都将面临巨大考验。通过分析和借鉴本次日本福岛核电事故的发生、处理过程,将对我国核电发展在多方面提供重要参考,从而促进我国核电规划及核电事故应急体系的持续完善。     

中国核电经济性的特点及提高方法浅析

核电产业由于其自身的若干特性,在经济性方面与传统的火力发电有着根本性的差别.本文在对核电经济性的基本特点以及国内核电经济性现状进行研究的基础上,分析了提高核电经济性的主要途径.     

公众核电风险的认知过程及对公众核电宣传的启示

在总结国际上对风险认知研究的基础上,设计了一个公众对核电风险认知的概念性的模型,在这个概念性模型中,公众核电风险的认知是一个动态、复杂和闭合的系统,是公众主观认知客观风险的过程。根据公众核电风险的认知特点和影响因素,在5个方面提出公众核电宣传的建议,并指出核电公众宣传对保持公众核电风险认知系统平衡的稳定起着重要作用。     

自主发展核电的必要性、可行性及存在的问题

从六个方面简要论述了我国自主发展核电的必要性;从五个方面讨论了自主发展核电的可行性;指出了存在的主要问题并且提出了如何解决这些问题的思路。     

法国AFCEN运行机制及对我国核电标准化工作的启示

法国的核电标准化组织机构AFCEN(法国核岛设备设计、建造及在役检查规则协会)是世界上最具影响力的核电标准化组织之一。通过介绍法国AFCEN的组织机构、运行方式以及标准应用过程中的反馈机制,借鉴AFCEN的成功经验,对我国核电标准化工作提出了建议。     

对秦山核电基地低、中水平放射性固体废物减容处理的考虑

废物最少化是放射性废物管理的原则之一.针对秦山核电基地废物处理现状,分析了国家法规、标准对低、中水平放射性固体废物的管理要求和核电厂面临的相关问题,提出了对秦山核电基地低、中水平放射性固体废物进行焚烧和超级压缩处理的考虑.     

Analysis of low load transients for the Vandellòs-II NPP: Application to operation and control support

The Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) has been jointly working with the Asociación Nuclear Ascó-Vandellòs (ANAV) for a number of years in order to establish, qualify and use best estimate (BE) models for the reactors under the control of ANAV. ANAV is the consortium that is responsible for operation of the Ascó and Vandellòs-II reactors. The reactors are Westinghouse-design three-loop PWRs with an approximate electrical power of 1000 MW. The existing integral plant models for each plant are currently used for many different purposes among which are support of plant operation and control. Quite a number of studies have been done in order to improve both safety and plant competitiveness. Most of these dynamic analyses were carried out in relation to transients starting at nominal full power or at least, very close to full power. This paper develops a specific use of the Vandellòs-II plant model for operation and control support at low power involving new ranges of system actuation parameters. It also examines scenarios that are somewhat different from those typically analysed. The study starts showing the results of an assessment case, which is a start-up test and provides some additional qualification, and subsequently attempts to establish calculations to support both an improvement in feed water controls and to set up operating recommendations for low-load manual operation of feed water turbo-pump. Both results hopefully, will produce an outcome, which leads to an improvement in safety and reduces reactor trip probability.     

Differentiated influences of benefit and risk perceptions on nuclear power acceptance according to acceptance levels: evidence from Korea

The perceived benefit and risk of nuclear power generation have received considerable attention as determinants of the public's nuclear power acceptance. However, the contingency of the relative importance of these benefit and risk has been less explored. Using Korea as an example, this study explores the possibility that the relative importance of perceived benefit and risk on nuclear power acceptance depends on acceptance levels. Our results from latent class analysis and multinomial probit show that, in determining whether an individual shows a moderate level of nuclear power acceptance rather than a low level, perceived risk plays a dominant role compared to perceived benefit; however, regarding whether he/she shows a high level of nuclear power acceptance rather than a moderate level, this relative importance is reversed. These results carry practical implications for risk governance of nuclear power, particularly with regard to communication with the public.