An analysis of low-frequency second-order distortion in bipolar transistors applied to an amplifier

A distortion theory for bipolar transistors is applied to reduce low-frequency second-order distortion M/SUB 2/ in an amplifier. An equation for M/SUB 2/ is developed in terms of the physical parameters of the transistor. It is found that M/SUB 2/ depends critically on generator resistance that can be optimized for the transistor studied. The theory and this finding are then applied to the distortion producing Darlington pair in an amplifier, and an optimal value of base resistance for the second transistor is predicted and verified to improve M/SUB 2/ by 30 dB at 5 MHz for the pair. The corresponding improvement in the amplifier is 17 dB (from -50 to -70 dB) at 5 MHz and is accompanied by a small, acceptable degradation in M/SUB 3/ of 3 dB at high frequencies.     

A 400 MHz Low Noise Amplifier at Cryogenic Temperature for Superconductor Filter System

A cryogenic low noise amplifier （LNA） using Agilent high electron mobility transistor （HEMT） for 380 MHzto 480 MHz is designed and fabricated, and the excellent cryogenic performance in superconducting receiver front-end for communication system is achieved. A special input impedance matching topology is implemented to provide low noise figure （NF） and good input matching in this cryogenic LNA design. The measurement results show that the NF is within 0.25 dB from the minimum NF of a single transistor, the power gain is above 20 dB, the flatness is within 1 dB, and the maximum input return loss is lower than -20 dB in bandwidth.     

Extremely high gain 0.15 mu m gate-length InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMTs

High electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) based on the InAlAs/InGaAs heterojunction grown lattice matched to InP were fabricated with 0.15 mu m T-shaped gates. The use of an undoped InGaAs cap layer in the epitaxial structure leads to excellent gate characteristics and very high transistor gain. At 95 GHz, a maximum available gain of 13.6 dB was measured. A maximum frequency of oscillation f/sub max/ of 455 GHz was obtained by extrapolating from 95 GHz at -6 dB/octave. This is the best reported gain performance for any transistor.<>     

An inherently linear and compact MOST-only current divisiontechnique

A technique is presented for dividing currents accurately and linearly by using MOS transistors only. This technique is valid in all operating regions of an MOS transistor. With this technique, a volume control circuit is realized with an attenuation of 0 to -84 dB in steps of 2 dB. The measured THD is better than -85 dB and the dynamic range is better than 100 dB. The chip is realized in a standard digital CMOS process and chip area is 0.22 mm²     

Optimum Design for a Low Noise Amplifier in S-Band

An optimum design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) in S-band working at 2-4 GHz is described. Choosing FHC40LG high electronic mobility transistor (HEMT), the noise figure of the designed amplifier simulated by Microwave Office is no more than 1.5 dB, meanwhile the gain is no less than 20 dB in the given bandwidth. The simulated results agree with the performance of the transistor itself well in consideration of its own minimum noise figure (0.3 dB) and associated gain (15.5 dB). Simultaneously, the stability factor of the designed amplifier is no less than 1 in the given bandwidth.     

Optimum Design for a Low Noise Amplifier in S-Band

An optimum design of a low noise amplifier （LNA） in S-band working at 2-4 GHz is described. Choosing FHC40LG high electronic mobility transistor （HEMT）, the noise figure of the designed amplifier simulated by Microwave Office is no more than 1.5 dB, meanwhile the gain is no less than 20 dB in the given bandwidth. The simulated results agree with the performance of the transistor itself well in consideration of its own minimum noise figure （0.3 dB） and associated gain （15.5 dB）. Simultaneously, the stability factor of the designed amplifier is no less than 1 in the given bandwidth.     

P波段脉冲输出150W高增益功率晶体管

采用微波功率管二次发射极镇流和掺砷多晶硅发射极覆盖树枝状结构等新工艺技术，研制出用于工程的实用化P波段脉冲大功率晶体管。该器件由16个单胞内匹配而成，在该频带内，脉宽500μs，占空比15％，脉冲输出150W，增益大于10dB，集电极效率大于50％。     

DC to 8 GHz 11 dB gain Gilbert micromixer using GaInP/GaAs HBT technology

A wideband GaInP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) micromixer from DC to 8 GHz with 11 dB single-ended conversion gain is demonstrated. The input return loss is better than 10 dB for frequencies up to 9 GHz. The single-to-differential input stage in a Gilbert micromixer renders good wideband frequency response and eliminates the need for common-mode rejection. IP/sub 1dB/=-17 dBm and IIP/sub 3/=-7 dBm are achieved for a small local oscillator power of -2 dBm when LO=5.35 GHz and RF=5.7 GHz.     

5～12 GHz新型复合管宽带功率放大器设计

利用一种新型HBT复合晶体管结构设计了一款宽带功率放大器,有效抑制了HBT的大信号Kink效应。采用微波仿真软件AWR对电路结构进行了优化和仿真,结果显示,在5～12 GHz频带内,复合晶体管结构的输出阻抗值更稳定,带宽得到有效扩展,最高增益达到11 dB,带内波动<0.5 dB,在9 GHz工作频率时,其1 dB压缩点处的输出功率为26 dBm。     

A W-band InAs/AlSb low-noise/low-power amplifier

The first W-band antimonide based compound semiconductor low-noise amplifier has been demonstrated. The compact 1.4-mm/sup 2/ three-stage co-planar waveguide amplifier with 0.1-/spl mu/m InAs/AlSb high electron mobility transistor devices is fabricated on a 100-/spl mu/m GaAs substrate. Minimum noise-figure of 5.4dB with an associated gain of 11.1 dB is demonstrated at a total chip dissipation of 1.8 mW at 94 GHz. Biased for higher gain, 16/spl plusmn/1 dB is measured over a 77-103 GHz frequency band.     

X- and Ku-band amplifiers with GaAs Schottky-barriers field-effect transistors

During recent years significant progress has been made in GaAs technology and the GaAs Schottky-barrier field-effect transistor now shows outstanding microwave gain and noise properties. Two experimental microwave amplifiers demonstrate that the device is very well suited for broad-band applications and that large bandwidth in the X- and Ku-band can be obtained with simple circuits. The first of the two three-stage amplifiers realized was optimized with respect to noise and a noise figure of 3.8 dB was obtained at 8 GHz; the maximum gain is 17.5 dB at 8.3 GHz and the 3-dB bandwidth is 1.3 GHz. The second amplifier has a maximum gain of 11.5 dB at 11.5 GHz. The gain is greater than 8.5 dB in the range 9.5-14.3 GHz.     

Low-power single-to-differential LNA at S-band based on optimised transformer topology and integrated ESD

A single-ended to differential low-power low-noise amplifier (LNA) designed and implemented in 0.18 mum CMOS technology is presented. The device takes advantage of a current reuse strategy by stacking two common-source differential transistor pair stages for minimum current dissipation, together with the design of optimised high Q differential transformers and inductors in order to minimise the impact of parasitics. The fully integrated, including ESD protection diodes, 2.1 GHz LNA consumes 1.1 mW at 1.2 V supply voltage and presents 29.8 dB gain, 4.5 dB noise figure, -21.1 dBm 1 dB compression point, -11.6 dBm input third-order intercept point and -12.3 dB input return loss performance.     

下一代移动通信LTE中功率放大器芯片设计

基于0.18μm SiGe BiCMOS工艺,设计了一种应用于下一代移动通信3GPP LTE TDD2.6 GHz频段(Band38)的射频功率放大器(PA)芯片。射频功率放大器采用共发射极3级级联的全差分结构,提高了输出电压摆幅,减小了功率晶体管的集电极电流,且降低了寄生的键合线电感。在预放大级和中间放大级、功率级中分别设计了电阻偏置和有源偏置两种偏置电路以提高线性度性能,并通过MOS开关管实现功率控制功能。测试结果表明:在2.57～2.62 GHz工作频段内,正向增益S21大于30.5 dB,输入回波损耗S11和输出回波损耗S22分别均小于-13 dB,功率增益大于31 dB,输出1 dB压缩点功率达28.6 dBm,功率附加效率为18%。     

Multitone characterization and design of FET resistive mixers basedon combined active source-pull/load-pull techniques

A dual six-port-based measurement setup was developed to synthesize five source and load impedances simultaneously. The setup can perform nonlinear measurements with multifrequency excitation. Active source-pull/load-pull measurements obtained for an NE-9001 transistor operated in a C-band field-effect transistor (FET) resistive mixer mode allow one to optimize the linearity of the mixer while maintaining a typical conversion loss of approximately 7 dB. Two-tone verification at 3.9000 and 3.9005 GHz showed that the level of in-band third-order intermodulation products could be reduced to -50 dBc, with a well-chosen output intermediate frequency (IF) load impedance and sufficient local oscillator (LO) power. The measured performance of the realized mixer is in good agreement with that predicted at the transistor characterization step of the design     

一种输出匹配可调的、高线性度宽带功率放大器

采用自适应偏置技术和有源电感实现了一款输出匹配可调的、高线性度宽带功率放大器(PA)。自适应偏置技术抑制了功放管直流工作点的漂移,提高了PA的线性度。有源电感参与输出匹配,实现了输出匹配可调谐,该策略可调整因工艺偏差、封装寄生造成的输出匹配退化。利用软件ADS对电路进行验证,结果表明,在4 GHz频率下,输入1dB压缩点(Pin 1dB)为-7dBm,输出1dB压缩点(Pout 1dB)为11dBm,功率附加效率(PAE)为8.7%。在3.1GHz~4.8 GHz频段内,增益为(20.3±1.1)d B,输入、输出的回波损耗均小于-10dB。     

Signal generation, control, and frequency conversion AlGaN/GaN HEMT MMICs

We review the design and experimental results of three new AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistor monolithic microwave integrated circuits: a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a single-pole-double-throw switch (SPDT), and a resistive field-effect transistor mixer. The VCO exhibits frequency range between 8.5-9.5 GHz with maximum output power of 35 dBm (at V/sub ds/=30 V) across a 50-/spl Omega/ load. The L/S band SPDT switch at 0.9, 1.8, and 2.1 GHz was measured to have 0.87-, 0.96-, 1-dB insertion loss and 46-, 42-, and 41-dB isolation, respectively. The switch also shows linear performance for the power levels up to 1 W in the insertion mode. A singly ended X-band resistive mixer has exhibited very low intermodulation, less than -60 dBc for the second and third harmonics of the IF at the RF power level of 10 dBm, and high power handling, P/sub 1 dB/ is estimated to be at least 1 W, with the conversion loss of 17 dB.     

A Novel Unit Cell for Active Switches in the Millimeter-Wave Frequency Range

This paper presents a novel transistor unit cell which is intended to realize compact active switches in the high millimeter-wave frequency range. The unit cell consists of the combination of shunt and common gate transistor within a four-finger transistor cell, achieving gain in the amplifying state as well as good isolation in the isolating state. Gate width-dependent characteristics of the unit cell as well as the design of actual switch implementations are discussed in detail. To verify the concept, two switches, a single pole double throw (SPDT) switch and single pole quadruple throw (SP4T) switch, intended for the WR3 frequency range (220–325 GHz) were manufactured and characterized. The measured gain at 250 GHz is 4.6 and 2.2 dB for the SPDT and SP4T switch, respectively. An isolation of more than 24 dB for the SPDT switch and 12.8 dB for the SP4T switch was achieved.     

A 3.1–10.6 GHz Ultra-Wideband Low Noise Amplifier With 13-dB Gain, 3.4-dB Noise Figure, and Consumes Only 12.9 mW of DC Power

A 3.1-10.6 GHz ultra-wideband two-stage pseudomorphit high electron mobility transistor low noise amplifier is presented. The first stage of the amplifier employs a resistive shunt feedback topology and two T-network sections to provide wideband input matching to a 50-Omega antenna. The current-sharing dc bias topology is used to ensure the low power consumption under fixed 3-V battery operation. The amplifier exhibits state of the art performance consuming only 12.9mW of dc power with a power gain of 12.5dB, plusmn0.5dB gain flatness, and 3.4-4.0dB noise figure. Input match is better than -12.0dB, output match is better than -15dB, and group delay is 184pSplusmn28pS     

一种超宽带毫米波倍频器设计

叙述了一种超宽带毫米波倍频器的设计,该倍频器由有源差分balun级、对管倍频级和分布式功率放大级三个部分组成。在30—50GHz输出频率范围内,倍频器具有5dB的变频增益,输出功率大于13dBm,基波抑制大于15dB。     

A high-gain monolithic D-band InP HEMT amplifier

This paper describes a three-stage monolithic amplifier that exhibits a small-signal gain of 30 dB at 140 GHz. The amplifier employs AlInAs/GaInAs/InP high electron mobility transistor devices with 0.1×150 μm² gate periphery, is implemented with coplanar waveguide circuitry fabricated on an InP substrate, and occupies a total area of 2 mm². Gain exceeding 10 dB was measured on-wafer from 129 to 157 GHz. This is the highest reported gain per stage for a transistor amplifier operating at these frequencies