2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑[4,5-b]并吡啶的合成工艺评价

2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶是合成新型咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶类质子泵抑制剂的关键中间体.系统介绍了该化合物的合成方法,认为以2,6-二溴吡啶为原料的合成2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶,是值得重点开发的新工艺.     

2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶的合成

该文以2,6-二氯吡啶为原料,用甲醇/氢氧化钠体系进行甲氧基取代,用硝酸钾/浓硫酸进行硝化反应,再用氨水氨解,制得2-氨基-3-硝基-6-甲氧基吡啶（III）,最后用氯化亚锡在75℃下反应4h还原III,再用二硫化碳环化合成2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶,总收率为43.6%。产物结构用IR、1HNMR和MS作了表征。     

2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶的合成及表征

以2,6-二氯吡啶为原料,用甲醇/氢氧化钠体系进行甲氧基取代,用硝酸钾/浓硫酸进行硝化反应,再用氨水氨解,制得2-氨基-3-硝基-6-甲氧基吡啶(Ⅲ),最后用氯化亚锡于75℃反应4h还原Ⅲ,再用二硫化碳环化合成2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶,总收率为43.6%。产物结构用IR、1HNMR和MS作了表征。     

2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑并［4,5-b］吡啶的合成工艺

对新型质子泵抑制剂泰妥拉唑的关键中间体2-巯基-5-甲氧基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶的合成工艺进行了研究，以2,6-二氯吡啶为原料，先硝化得到2,6-二氯-3-硝基吡啶，然后经胺化得2-氨基-3-硝基-6-氯吡啶，再与甲醇钠反应得2-氨基-3-硝基-6-甲氧基吡啶，用铁粉还原得2,3-二氨基-6-甲氧基吡啶，最后与二硫化碳环化制得标题化合物。各步反应的最佳反应条件(反应温度，反应时间，摩尔收率)分别为，硝化： 110℃, 8 h, 79.3％; 胺化：室温, 10 h, 87.6％; 甲氧基化：65℃, 30min, 98.7％; 还原：回流, 3hrs; 环化：回流, 4hrs, 71.3％(还原及环化两步)。 标题化合物熔点与文献报道一致，并通过1H NMR进一步确证结构。     

一锅三组分合成2取代-1,4-2H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吲哚衍生物

在微波辅助条件下,以靛红、醋酸铵和取代醛为原料,采用一锅法、三组分缩合反应制备2-取代1,4-2 H-咪唑并[4,5-b]吲哚衍生物,最高产率可达88.33%。以合成1,4-2 H-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吲哚为模型反应,通过单因素实验确定了较佳反应条件:以冰醋酸为反应溶剂,反应温度为60℃,微波功率为390 W,反应时间30min,反应产率达83.61%。在此基础上,考查了其他7种醛在该反应中的反应情况,结果表明带有供电子基和吸电子基的芳香醛和脂肪醛都能参与该反应,产率为68.20%~88.33%。     

咪唑并[1,2-b]哒嗪合成方法综述

咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪是头孢唑兰的重要中间体。本文综述了中间体6-氯咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪的六条合成路线，以及由6-氯咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪合成咪唑并[1，2-b]哒嗪的两种方法，探讨了各条路线的优缺点。     

咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑衍生物的合成及生物活性进展

根据环上取代基的不同咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑衍生物具有多种多样的生物活性。通过对咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑衍生物合成方法的不同进行分类,综述了近年来咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑衍生物的合成及其生物活性,结果表明在咪唑并噻唑环上引入药理活性基团会增强其生物活性。咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑环一般由Hanzstch方法合成,近年来也出现了一些新的合成方法,如Sonogashira、Suzuki反应和金属催化芳基化,对这些新方法合成咪唑并噻唑环及其衍生物也进行了综述。     

4-甲氧基-9H-吡啶并[2,3-b]吲哚的合成研究

以2-氯吡啶为原料,经N-氧化、硝化、甲氧基化、胺解、加成-消除、环合6步反应合成4-甲氧基-9H-吡啶并[2,3-b]吲哚。其结构经IR,1H NMR,MS进行了确证。并对反应条件进行了研究,确定优化反应条件为:n(4-甲氧基吡啶-N-氧化物)∶n(1-对甲苯磺酰基-1,2,3-苯并三氮唑)=1.5∶1,成环反应时间2 h。该合成总收率为35.0%。     

苯并咪唑类质子泵抑制剂的合成研究进展

消化性溃疡病是临床上的多发病,胃酸是引起溃疡的重要因素之一,迅速有效地抑制胃酸分泌是目前治疗消化性溃疡的重要手段.质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitors,PPI)是已发现的作用最强的一类胃酸抑制剂,主要用于治疗胃溃疡、十二指肠溃疡、反流性食管炎和卓-艾综合症等与胃酸分泌失调有关的疾病.这类药物较其他抑制胃酸分泌的药物具有明显的优越性,如抑酸作用强、选择性高、疗效好、治愈率高、与抗生素配伍的复方制剂可消除幽门螺杆菌等[1-4].已成为治疗胃酸有关疾病的首选药物和研究的热点.     

质子泵抑制剂研究进展

消化系统是人体的重要器官,也是最容易发病的器官之一。消化系统疾病是常见的多发病之一,直接或间接地影响着人类的健康。据SCRIPONLINE最新的信息,世界上40亿人患有消化系统疾病,其中以溃疡最为常见,其发病率约占人口的10%～12%。美国共有3800万人患胃肠道疾病,其中2000万     

Structure-Based Design,Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one-Based p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors: Part 1

We identified a lead series of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors using a structure-based design strategy from high-throughput screening of hit compound 1 . X-ray crystallography of 1 with the kinase showed an infrequent flip of the peptide bond between Met109 and Gly110, which was considered to lead to high kinase selectivity. Our structure-based design strategy was to conduct scaffold transformation of 1 with maintenance of hydrogen bond interactions with the flipped hinge backbone of the enzyme. In accordance with this strategy, we focused on scaffold transformation to identify imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one derivatives as potent inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase. Of the compounds evaluated, 21 was found to be a potent inhibitor of the p38 MAP kinase, lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in human monocytic leukemia cells, and TNF-α-induced production of interleukin-8 in human whole blood cells. Herein we describe the discovery of potent and orally bioavailable imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors that suppressed cytokine production in a human whole blood cell-based assay.     

Imidazobenzothiazoles: synthesis and application

This review article focuses on the synthesis of various types of imidazobenzothiazoles, which are potentially useful for the development of biologically active heterocycles. The synthetic methods are simple and practical and are conceivably applicable to analogous heterocyclic systems possessing nitrogen and sulfur. Also, some commercial applications of these compounds are reported as well.     

质子泵抑制剂雷贝拉唑钠的合成

以2,3 -二甲基-4-氯吡啶-N-氧化物为起始原料,经取代、酰化、水解、氯代、缩合、氧化、成盐等反应制得雷贝拉唑钠.所得产物经氢谱、质谱确证结构.此工艺路线方法简便,原料易得,便于工业化生产.     

Megalin,Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Renin–Angiotensin System in Healthy and Pre-Eclamptic Placentas

Soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) is increased in pre-eclampsia. The proton pump inhibitor (PPI) lowers sFlt-1, while angiotensin increases it. To investigate whether PPIs lower sFlt-1 by suppressing placental renin–angiotensin system (RAS) activity, we studied gene expression and protein abundance of RAS components, including megalin, a novel endocytic receptor for prorenin and renin, in placental tissue obtained from healthy pregnant women and women with early-onset pre-eclampsia. Renin, ACE, ACE2, and the angiotensin receptors were expressed at identical levels in healthy and pre-eclamptic placentas, while both the (pro)renin receptor and megalin were increased in the latter. Placental prorenin levels were upregulated in pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Angiotensinogen protein, but not mRNA, was detectable in placental tissue, implying that it originates from maternal blood. Ex vivo placental perfusion revealed a complete washout of angiotensinogen, while prorenin release remained constant. The PPI esomeprazole dose-dependently reduced megalin/(pro)renin receptor-mediated renin uptake in Brown Norway yolk sac epithelial cells and decreased sFlt-1 secretion from placental villous explants. Megalin inhibition blocked angiotensinogen uptake in epithelial cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that placental RAS activity depends on angiotensinogen taken up from the maternal systemic circulation. PPIs might interfere with placental (pro)renin-AGT uptake/transport, thereby reducing angiotensin formation as well as angiotensin-induced sFlt-1 synthesis.     

6-甲基-2-苯基咪唑[2,1-b]并-1,3,4-噻二唑-5-N'-取代苯基亚甲基碳酰肼的设计与合成

根据已有的具有抗肿瘤活性的咪唑[2,1-b]并-1,3,4-噻二唑类化合物的结构及其构效关系,以2-氨基-5-苯基-1,3,4-噻二唑和溴代乙酰乙酸乙酯为原料设计并合成了8个6-甲基-2-苯基咪唑[2,1-b]并-1,3,4-噻二唑-5-碳酰肼的腙类衍生物.通过1HNMR、LC-MS、IR等方法对其结构进行了确证.     

Structure-Based Design,Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Imidazo[4,5-b]Pyridin-2-one-Based p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors: Part 2

We identified novel potent inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase using a structure-based design strategy, beginning with lead compound, 3-(butan-2-yl)-6-(2,4-difluoroanilino)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one ( 1 ). To enhance the inhibitory activity of 1 against production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in human whole blood (hWB) cell assays, we designed and synthesized hybrid compounds in which the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one core was successfully linked with the p-methylbenzamide fragment. Among the compounds evaluated, 3-(3-tert-butyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-4-methyl-N-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzamide ( 25 ) exhibited potent p38 inhibition, superior suppression of TNF-α production in hWB cells, and also significant in vivo efficacy in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In this paper, we report the discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one-based p38 MAP kinase inhibitors.     

Duodenal Dysbiosis and Relation to the Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Functional Dyspepsia

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) may improve symptoms in functional dyspepsia (FD) through duodenal eosinophil-reducing effects. However, the contribution of the microbiome to FD symptoms and its interaction with PPI remains elusive. Aseptic duodenal brushings and biopsies were performed before and after PPI intake (4 weeks Pantoprazole 40 mg daily, FD-starters and controls) or withdrawal (2 months, FD-stoppers) for 16S-rRNA sequencing. Between- and within-group changes in genera or diversity and associations with symptoms or duodenal factors were analyzed. In total, 30 controls, 28 FD-starters and 19 FD-stoppers were followed. Mucus-associated Porphyromonas was lower in FD-starters vs. controls and correlated with symptoms in FD and duodenal eosinophils in both groups, while Streptococcus correlated with eosinophils in controls. Although clinical and eosinophil-reducing effects of PPI therapy were unrelated to microbiota changes in FD-starters, increased Streptococcus was associated with duodenal PPI effects in controls and remained higher despite withdrawal of long-term PPI therapy in FD-stoppers. Thus, duodenal microbiome analysis demonstrated differential mucus-associated genera, with a potential role of Porphyromonas in FD pathophysiology. While beneficial effects of short-term PPI therapy were not associated with microbial changes in FD-starters, increased Streptococcus and its association with PPIeffects in controls suggest a role for duodenal dysbiosis after long-term PPI therapy.     

2-Mercapto-4,6-disubstituted nicotinonitriles: versatile precursors for novel mono- and bis[thienopyridines]

A series of novel thieno[2,3-b]pyridines were prepared from the reaction of the appropriate bromoacetylbenzofurans or bromoacetylbenzothiazole with the corresponding pyridinethione derivatives in ethanolic sodium ethoxide at reflux. Moreover, new bis(thieno[2,3-b]pyridine) derivatives have also been synthesized by the reaction of the appropriate bis-bromoacetyl derivatives with the corresponding pyridinethiones in the presence of sodium ethoxide. Attempts to synthesize the target bis(thieno[2,3-b]pyridine) derivatives by bis-alkylation of the corresponding (thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)(hydroxyphenyl)methanone with the appropriate dihaloalkanes using a mild base were unsuccessful.     

Proton Pump Inhibitor Pantoprazole Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Induces TLR4 Signaling and Fibrosis in Mouse Liver

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most prescribed drugs around the world. PPIs induce microbiota modulation such as obesity both in humans and in animal models. However, since PPIs can induce microbiota modulation despite the absence of a high-fat diet or weight gain, it is an interesting model to correlate microbiota modulation with the establishment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the effect of pantoprazole treatment on TLR4 signaling and liver histology in C57BL/6J mice for 60 days, trying to correlate microbiota modulation with some aspects of liver injury. We performed glucose (GTT) and insulin (ITT) tolerance tests, serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dosage, liver histology, liver and intestine extraction for Western blot and qPCR. Fecal microbiota were investigated via metagenomics. Chronic treatment with pantoprazole induced microbiota modulation and impaired ileum barrier integrity, without an association with insulin resistance. Furthermore, increased circulating LPS and increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TGFβ downstream signaling may have an important role in the development of the observed liver microvesicular steatosis and fibrosis. Finally, this model of PPI-induced changes in microbiota might be useful to investigate liver microvesicular steatosis and fibrosis.