不同添加物对挤压重组米血糖生成指数和理化性质的影响

研究燕麦膳食纤维、大米蛋白、高直链玉米淀粉的添加对挤压重组米熟化后血糖生成指数(GI)及理化性质的影响。结果表明:高直链玉米淀粉挤压重组米(HMER)熟化后的GI值相比天然大米(NR)显著降低(P<0.05),原因是添加高直链玉米淀粉促使米样形成更多难酶解的V型淀粉结晶。燕麦膳食纤维挤压重组米(DFER)和大米蛋白挤压重组米(RPER)蒸煮后的GI值高于NR而略低于挤压空白米(ER)。红外光谱图和X衍射结果表明:添加燕麦膳食纤维和高直链玉米淀粉会促进挤压重组米的淀粉老化,而添加大米蛋白则会抑制挤压重组米淀粉老化。HMER在透明度和颜色上与天然大米相近,而DFER、RPER则与天然大米差别较大。HMER、DFER、RPER的蒸煮性质和蒸煮后的黏度与挤压空白米(ER)无显著差异(P>0.05)。DFER、RPER蒸煮后的硬度显著低于ER(P<0.05),而HMER和ER的硬度无显著性差别(P>0.05)。     

不同熟化处理方式及多酚类物质对马铃薯全粉消化特性的影响

为开发一种低血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)的马铃薯产品,采用直接冷藏处理12、24、48 h及超声结合冷藏处理12 h等4种不同熟化处理方式制备马铃薯全粉,以抗性淀粉的含量为判断指标,筛选出抗性淀粉含量最高的马铃薯全粉;选用原花青素、茶多酚、绿原酸3种多酚,与马铃薯全粉共孵育,得到多酚马铃薯复合粉,采用4-硝基苯-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4-nitrophenyl-indole-D-glucopyranoside,pNPG)法测定其对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用,并通过体外消化法测定多酚对马铃薯全粉消化特性的影响。结果表明:熟化后冷藏处理24 h的马铃薯全粉抗性淀粉含量最高,为4.32%,是未处理马铃薯全粉中抗性淀粉含量的2.1倍;原花青素-马铃薯复合粉对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用最强,其半抑制浓度(IC50)为26.35 mg/mL,与对照组相比,抑制作用增加19.14%;体外消化试验中,与对照组样品GI值94.4相比,原花青素-马铃薯复合粉GI值最低,为52,属于低GI产品。该研究对于低GI马铃薯产品的开发具有重要指导意义。     

响应面优化葛根全粉真空干燥工艺及加工特性比较

以富葛为原料制成葛根全粉,在单因素试验基础上,选取热烫时间、蒸煮温度、蒸煮时间和干燥条件为自变量,以游离淀粉碘蓝值为响应值,利用Box-Behnken响应面法优化葛根全粉真空干燥工艺,构建二次回归方程。最优工艺条件为:热烫时间155 s、蒸煮温度90℃、蒸煮时间9.5 min、干燥温度63℃、干燥时间8.3 h。在此条件下,葛根全粉游离淀粉碘蓝值为7.62,和预测值7.75相比,相对误差约为1.7%,表明通过响应面优化得到的回归模型可靠。与热风干燥及真空冷冻干燥相比,优化后的真空干燥工艺制得的葛根全粉,其营养成分保存较好且均衡,营养价值较高,具有较好的加工特性,在葛根全粉生产开发中具有实际应用价值。     

两种熟化方式对压缩饼干粉理化性质的影响

将木薯全粉、红薯全粉、玉米粉、小米粉、燕麦粉、山楂粉按一定比例混合为原料,分别采用微波和双螺杆挤压对其进行熟化,研究不同熟化方法对混合粉糊化度、峰值黏度及含水量的影响,并检测混合粉的结晶度。结果表明,在微波熟化最适宜工艺条件下(功率640 W,时间2 min,初始含水量20%),混合粉糊化度38.92%,峰值黏度200 BU,含水量10.86%。双螺杆挤压熟化的混合粉糊化度96%,较微波熟化提升146.66%;峰值黏度165.5 BU,较微波熟化下降17.25%;含水量10.85%,与微波熟化相当。微观结构与质构特性分析表明,双螺杆挤压熟化后,面团淀粉颗粒间黏结力更强,胶黏性增大。双螺杆挤压熟化更适宜用来对压缩饼干混合粉进行熟化处理。     

不同干燥方式对葛根全粉抗氧化性能和香气成分的影响

以葛根为原料,研究热风干燥、冷冻干燥、真空干燥对葛根全粉的基本成分、抗氧化性能和香气成分的影响。结果表明:不同干燥方式下葛根全粉的淀粉、粗蛋白、粗脂肪等基本成分含量差异显著(P0.05),冷冻干燥葛根全粉中总黄酮和总酚含量分别为2.46 g/100 g和1.37 g/100 g,显著高于其他2种干燥方式(P0.05);冷冻干燥所得葛根全粉的自由基清除力、还原力和金属离子螯合能力最高,而热风干燥所得产品的抗氧化能力最低。运用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用对鲜葛根和3种干燥方式葛根全粉的香气物质进行分析,鲜葛根、热风干燥、真空干燥和冷冻干燥全粉各自鉴定出43、68、66种和64种挥发性香气成分。真空干燥和冷冻干燥对于鲜葛根中的香气成分有更好的保留和增加效果,并且减少了部分对风味有反作用的物质。     

马铃薯全粉生产中水分临检方法的研究

用微波法测定马铃薯蒸煮后产物,混合物料和颗粒全粉中水分含量的结果与用测定食品中水分含量的国标法(GB5009.3-85)得到的结果相一致.但是微波法将蒸煮后产物、混合物料和颗粒全粉水分的干燥时间由4h分别减少至8min和6min.实验结果表明,微波法是特别适用于马铃薯颗粒全粉加工中水分含量测定的一种简单和快速的方法.     

不同品种甘薯的干燥特性及对全粉品质的影响

以9个甘薯品种为原料,研究不同品种甘薯在相同工艺条件下的干燥特性,分析甘薯品种与其全粉品质及得率的相关性。结果表明:鲜薯成分中影响熟化甘薯热风干燥速率的因素主要是可溶性糖含量,而影响颗粒全粉得率及品质的因素主要是水分、淀粉、可溶性糖、粗蛋白含量及多酚氧化酶、β-淀粉酶活性。鲜薯的水分含量及可溶性糖含量越低,淀粉含量越高,加工成颗粒全粉的产品得率越高。     

马铃薯热干面干燥工艺研究

以马铃薯全粉为原料制作马铃薯热干面,在比较几种干燥方式对马铃薯热干面感官品质的影响基础上,采用单因素试验和正交试验对马铃薯热干面热风干燥工艺进行了探讨优化,并以市售干制热干面为对照,分析比较热风干制马铃薯热干面蒸煮、质构及营养特性。结果表明:在马铃薯全粉添加量20%、干燥温度50℃、相对湿度50%的热风干燥工艺下,马铃薯热干面感官评分值最高。相比市售干制热干面,热风干制马铃薯热干面快速消化淀粉(RDS)含量显著下降(p0.05),慢消化淀粉(SDS)、抗消化淀粉(RS)含量及蛋白质体外消化率显著升高,复水后吸水性、黏性显著升高;而剪切力与拉伸力无显著差异。     

复合湿热处理对苦荞全粉理化特性及体外消化性的影响

采用湿热处理(HM-T)、湿热复合普鲁兰酶处理(HM-E-T)、湿热复合微波处理(HM-M-T)、湿热复合柠檬酸处理(HM-C-T)4种方法,研究不同湿热处理对苦荞全粉(N-T)理化特性及消化性的影响.结果表明:经处理后苦荞全粉总膳食纤维和直链淀粉含量显著增加(P>0.05),其中HM-E-T效果最显著,HM-C-T次之;差示热量扫描仪检测结果显示,湿热处理后苦荞全粉黏度均显著降低且相变峰消失;X射线衍射结果表明,HM-T淀粉仍为A型结晶,HM-E-T淀粉由A型淀粉转变为A+B+V的多晶型,而HM-M-T和HM-C-T淀粉失去了原有晶形结构,淀粉相对结晶度从23.0％(N-T)下降至20.9％(HM-T)、18.4％(HM-E-T)、12.6％(HM-M-T)和10.6％(HM-C-T);扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦电子显微镜观察结果表明,处理后的苦荞全粉微观结构发生不同程度的变化,蛋白质和淀粉发生一定程度复合.体外消化结果显示,苦荞全粉中抗性淀粉质量分数从9.69％(N-T)分别增加到11.49％(HM-T)、14.12％(HM-E-T)、11.97％(HM-M-T)、13.01％(HM-C-T);预估血糖生成指数(eGI)出现不同程度的降低,即57.85(N-T)>56.03(HM-T)>55.65(HM-M-T)>55.18(HM-C-T)>50.22(HM-E-T),特别是HM-E-T后的苦荞全粉eGI值降低效果最明显.复合湿热处理比湿热处理更能有效降低餐后谷物血糖生成指数(GI)值,其中HM-E-T后的苦荞全粉可作为低GI食品的理想原料.     

低血糖指数冲调粉配方和加工工艺研究

在筛选出制备低血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)冲调粉原料的基础上,对低GI冲调粉配方进行设计,然后考察了不同加工工艺及参数对冲调粉估计血糖生成指数(expected glycemic index,e GI)和溶解度指数(drying-matter solubility index,DSI)的影响,确定了低GI冲调粉的优化加工工艺及参数,并对制得的冲调粉进行了人体餐后血糖响应研究。结果表明,燕麦、鹰嘴豆、花芸豆在经过蒸煮、挤压或滚筒干燥加工后e GI值均较低。以燕麦、鹰嘴豆、花芸豆为原料,配比为16.43∶76.35∶7.22,采用挤压工艺(机筒升温程序60℃-80℃-100℃-120℃,水分添加量25%,螺杆转速100 r/min)可制得高DSI、低e GI的冲调粉(DSI和e GI分别为16.45%和57.41)。该冲调粉经人体餐后血糖响应研究测得GI为52.13(以葡萄糖GI为100),属于低GI食品。     

Influence of Cooking Method on Digestibility of Legume and Cereal Starches

The influence of processing on starch nutrition was evaluated. Cereal starches including wheat, normal corn and high amylose corn; legume starches including field pea, kidney bean and mung bean; and potato starch and glucose were evaluated as carbohydrate sources. Starches were fed raw, or cooked in a pressure kettle or autoclave, dried in a spray drier or freeze-drier, or simultaneously cooked and dried on a drum drier or by extrusion cooking. Except for potato and high amylose corn, cooking the starches provided no nutritional advantage, as evaluated by weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, or apparent protein digestibility. Spray-dried starches were less dense and appeared to influence growth by restricting food consumption.     

Non-Starch Polysaccharides and in Vitro Starch Digestibility of Raw and Cooked Chick Peas

The effects of domestic and industrial cooking methods on the non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) content and in vitro starch digestibility of chick pea (variety “blanco lechoso”) have been studied. Total and soluble NSP increased, as did the slowly digestible starch (SDS), whereas the resistant starch (RS) fraction decreased after cooking, showing higher content in domestic than industrially cooked chick peas. The in vitro starch digestible rate index (SDRI) was similar in the cooked chick peas, as was the rapidly available glucose (RAG). Due to the low values of RAG, chick peas would give a slow post-prandial glycaemic response. Domestic cooked chick peas consumption would increase the intakes of RS in human diet, whereas the industrially cooked chick peas with lower content of RS would result in less flatulence problems.     

青稞低GI挤压面条制作工艺优化及营养与抗氧化活性分析

为了提高青稞低血糖生成指数(Glycemic Index,GI)挤压面条品质,以青稞粉为主要原料,比较了青稞生粉与熟粉制作低GI挤压面条的品质,优化了挤压法制作青稞低GI值挤压面条的工艺条件及配方,考察了冷冻老化技术对其品质的影响,评价了青稞低GI值面条的营养品质及抗氧化活性。分析得到青稞生粉制作的低GI值挤压面条的品质较优;以青稞生粉为原料制作低GI值挤压面条的工艺参数为青稞粉含水量45%,pH 7.0,青稞粉粒度80目;在此优化条件下,采用单因素及正交实验优化了青稞低GI值挤压面条的配方,以青稞生粉为基础,豌豆粉添加量为20%、荞麦粉添加量5%、藜麦粉添加量为5%,在-18℃冷冻时间15 h制作的青稞挤压面条煮熟后无断条,感官评价达93.65分,GI值为42.73,具有较高的营养价值和多酚含量与抗氧化活性。     

不同干燥方式联合熟化处理对板栗粉品质特性及微观结构的影响

以新鲜板栗及经熟化处理的板栗为原料,采用热风干燥（hot air drying,HAD）、真空冷冻干燥（vacuum freeze drying,VFD）、真空射频干燥（radio frequency-vacuum drying,RFVD）和气体射流冲击干燥（air-impingement jet drying,AJID）4 种干燥方式分别加工制备板栗生、熟粉,探究熟化处理及不同干燥方式对板栗粉品质特性及微观结构的影响。结果表明,HAD制备的板栗生、熟粉的脂肪含量较高,但色泽和品质较差,且颗粒分布不均;VFD制备的板栗生、熟粉水分质量分数最低（3.01%、4.29%）、耐贮藏,其淀粉和游离酚含量均最高,粉体亮度最大且色泽较白,生粉颗粒呈不规则大片层状结构。RFVD和AJID制备的板栗生、熟粉还原糖含量均较高,游离酚含量显著高于HAD产物,微观结构保持度较好,但粉体色泽不佳。经熟化处理后,不同干燥方式制备的板栗熟粉持水性增加,堆积密度升高,但游离酚含量、亮度L*值降低,粉体颗粒体积膨胀,表面较粗糙,出现折叠起皱现象。综上,熟化和不同干燥方式处理对板栗粉的品质特性和微观结构均存在显著影响,因此要综合考虑生产成本和工业化生产需求来选择制备板栗粉的最佳方法。     

低血糖生成指数马铃薯代餐粉的配方优化研究

目的 为开发一种低血糖生成指数(GI)的马铃薯代餐粉，通过测定其品质进行配方优化。方法 本实验以含高抗性淀粉的马铃薯全粉为主要原料，复配大米粉及葡萄籽提取物等为配料，通过单因素和正交实验优化配方，并以GI值、感官总分、风味和分散液稳定性等指标对其进行评价。结果 研制的马铃薯代餐粉的最佳配方为含高抗性淀粉的马铃薯全粉45%，熟大米粉25%，芝麻粉5%，大豆分离蛋白13.5%，中链甘油三酸酯10 %，魔芋粉2 %，葡萄籽提取物0.125%，三氯蔗糖0.04 %。结论 此配方条件下制备出的代餐粉感官总分为77.5，GI值为45.94，为低GI食品，对稳定餐后血糖的有促进作用，且口感适宜，具有良好的稳定性。本研究基于功能性薯类深加工思路，为开发低GI薯类产品研制提供实验基础。     

不同加工方式对马铃薯原粉特性的影响

以新鲜马铃薯为原料,制备得到马铃薯熟粉、冷冻干燥马铃薯原粉、未经烫漂的热风干燥马铃薯原粉及经烫漂的热风干燥马铃薯原粉,研究不同类别的马铃薯原粉在外观品质、理化特性、功能特性及复水特性等方面的性质。结果表明,不同加工方式下马铃薯原粉的基本理化性质及外观品质均存在显著差异,其中经烫漂的热风干燥马铃薯原粉色泽(L*值为80.78)最佳,为淡黄色粉末,具有高淀粉、高纤维及低脂肪的特点,有利于用作减肥及降血脂健康食品的原料;功能特性结果表明,马铃薯熟粉具有较高的持水能力(3.03±0.01 g/g)、乳化性(21.58%±1.37%)及乳化稳定性(15.98%±0.73%);冷冻干燥马铃薯原粉具有较高的持油能力(3.42±0.08 g/g)和溶解性(16.49%±1.07%);经烫漂的热风干燥马铃薯原粉具有较高的乳化稳定性(16.67%±0.76%)、复水性(复水比为6.43)和复水稳定性(95.76%±0.85%)。同时,结合考察不同加工方式下马铃薯原粉的加工效率与能耗,结果发现,经烫漂的热风干燥原粉具有较高的加工品质且加工能耗低,可作为熟粉的替代品。本研究可为马铃薯不同产品特点选择合适的加工方式,并为马铃薯原粉的研制及代替熟粉的可行性奠定基础。     

木薯全粉面条配方的优化

以华南9号木薯全粉替代小麦面粉为原料,辅以谷朊粉、黄原胶、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯等改良剂制备木薯全粉面条,通过单因素和正交实验优化木薯全粉面条配方,考察指标包括感官评价、断条率及蒸煮损失率。确定木薯全粉面条的最佳配方为:谷朊粉用量6%(g/100 g木薯全粉),黄原胶用量1.5%,乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯用量9%,食盐用量1%,热水(95±2) ℃用量为56%(g/100 g总原料粉)。用最佳配方制作面条,氢氰酸未检出,食用安全;熟断条率为0%,蒸煮损失率为7.8%,均符合挂面行业标准(LS/T 3212-2014)指标要求,表明使用木薯全粉制作面条技术是可行的。     

Effects of Applied Process on the In Vitro Digestibility and Resistant Starch Content of Pasta Products

Resistant starch (RS) included in pasta can have auspicious health benefits and functional properties. The resistance of starch, however, can be greatly influenced by the applied food preparation process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of two different resistant starches on the digestibility of pasta and to predict the impact of the conventional pasta processing (extrusion under standard conditions, 120 bars, 40°C; drying in an air-drying room at 35–40°C and cooking until the optimum cooking time) on the quality of different resistant starch included in products by using an in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis method. Results showed that the applied, conventional pasta extrusion step had only a small effect on the liberated glucose level and did not influence the RS content significantly. The cooking in contrast caused an increased digestibility and the lost of resistance of all pasta products. The digestibility was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the case of raw and dried samples compared to the cooked pastas. It can be concluded that the resistant starches used in the samples are heat sensitive and their properties change radically during the pasta preparation, mainly during cooking.     

Resistant Starch Derived from Extruded Corn Starch and Guar Gum as Affected by Acid and Surfactants: Structural Characterization

Corn starches with and without guar gum [10% (w/w)] and 2% (w/w) of diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglyceride, sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate or citric acid, respectively, were extrusion‐cooked in a twin‐screw extruder at 18% moisture, 150 °C and 180 rpm screw speed. The content of resistant starch was determined by sequential enzymatic digestion. The formation of resistant starch in extruded corn starch was strongly affected by the addition of gum and the different food additives. X‐ray diffraction of the extruded starches gave a V diffraction pattern indicating the effect of extrusion cooking and amylose‐lipid complexes. Enzymatic digestion did not affect the V‐structure, which could apparently be attributed to extrusion cooking. Similarly, differential scanning calorimetric thermograms indicated that all isolated resistant starches exhibited endothermic transitions between 71—178 °C signifying a complex formation between amylose and the emulsifiers and possibly the melting of amylose crystallites in the resistant starch. Purification of the isolated resistant starches by size exclusion‐high performance liquid chromatography showed a dependence of molecular weight on the added additives. Results of differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction suggest that amylose‐lipid complexes could also be involved in the formation of resistant starch in extruded cornstarch.     

Effect of processing on in vitro digestibility of protein and starch in quinoa seeds

The in vitro digestibility of protein in raw quinoa assessed by an enzymic method was 78%, significantly ( P > 0.01 ) lower than that of casein, 91%, and also somewhat lower ( P > 0.01) than that of the raw washed quinoa sample, 83%. the process used to remove the outer layers of the seeds containing saponins increased the protein digestibility significantly ( P > 0.01), by 7%. Heat treatments increased protein digestibility over that of raw quinoa samples. Only the cooked sample treated for 60 min presented a slightly lower protein digestibility, 77%, than those obtained for other heat-treated samples.
The temperature, time and moisture used in cooking and autoclaving of whole seeds of quinoa did not improve starch digestibility significantly. the digestibility of the starch in the raw and precooked samples was 72 and 77%, respectively, after drum drying and about 64% after extrusion in both cases. Precooking at 60°C for 20 min does not improve the digestibility of the quinoa starch.