Application of high-temperature permanent magnets Sm（Co,Fe, Cu,Zr）z in PPM focusing system

Rare earth permanent magnets Sm（Co, Fe, Cu, Zr）z with outstanding performance and high-temperature thermal stability were fabricated. Optimized by Fe content and process, Sm（Co0.72Fe0.15Cu0.1Zr0.03）7.5 magnet with B1〉0.75 T and Hci〉1300 kA/m at 300 ℃ can be obtained. According to the performance data of Sm（Co0.72Fe0.15Cu0.1Zr0.03）7.5, the magnetic field along central axis Bz in periodic permanent magnet （PPM） focusing system was simulated using electromagnetic field analysis software Maxwell 2D/3D. The Bz exhibited typical cosine curve along central axis, and the peak value of Bz was high enough to meet the demand of PPM focusing system at room temperature even at 200±20 ℃. Additionally, a kind of simple cooling structure for PPM focusing system was designed by setting cooling pipe between polepieces. Simulated results showed that smooth cosine curve of Bz was successfully achieved with good control of the thickness of cooling pipe.     

Magnetic Microstructures of 2：17 Type Sm（Co,Fe,Cu,Zr）z Magnets Detected by Magnetic Force Microscopy

The magnetic microstructures of 2：17 type Sm （Co, Fe, Cu, Zr）z magnets were detected by magnetic force microscopy. Comparing the microstructures of the specimens eoated with and without Ta thin film before and after heat-treatment, it is found that： （a） as a protection layer, Ta coating layer about 20 nm thick can effectively restrain Sm volatilization under high temperature; （b） the stress built in the 2.17 type Sm-Co magnets during specimen preparation only affects some local parts of the domain structures; （c） the magnetic microstructures vary largely for specimens heat-treated at high temperature without Ta film coating due to Sm volatilization. In addition, by comparing with high coercivity Fe-Pt point tips, it is found that the Co-Cr thin-film tips are not suitable for detecting the magnetic microstructures of strong permanent magnets.     

高温稀土永磁Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17的研制

利用粉末冶金方法研制了Sm(CobalFe0.24Cu0.08Zr0.027)7.0,Sm(CpbalFe0.27Cu0.05Zr0.027)7.0,Sm(CobalFe0.26Cu0.05Zr0.026)7.0 3种高温永磁,并对其磁性能、温度稳定性和显微结构进行了分析.结果表明:样品Sm(CobalFe0.27Cu0.05Zr0.027)7.0具有最高的内禀矫顽力(2 165.6 kA·m-1)和最大磁能积(212.0kA·m-3);3种磁体的温度系数都较低,最高使用温度均在400℃以上,大大高于一般商用磁体;增加Sm,Co,Cu的含量和减少Fe的含量可以提高材料的温度稳定性.X射线分析表明,合金中含有Sm2(Co,Fe)17主相,Sm(Co,Cu)5相,含Zr化合物等.Sm(Co,Cu)5相、单质Zr、晶粒边界等钉扎畴壁,使合金具有较高的矫顽力.     

Anisotropic Sm2Col7 nano-flakes produced by surfactant and magnetic field assisted high energy ball milling

Anisotropic Sm2Co17 flakes with high aspect ratio were prepared by magnetic field assisted high energy ball milling in the presence of heptane and oleic acid(OA).The thickness of flakes was only tens of nanometers.Coercivity of 3 kOe was achieved in the nano-flakes.Most interestingly,the magnetic crystalline anisotropy of Sm2Co17 flakes was improved compared to that of particles made by traditional ball milling.These anisotropic Sm2Co17 nano-flakes could be the building blocks for the future high-performance nano-composite permanent magnets with an enhanced energy product.     

Rare earth permanent magnets Sm2（Co,Fe, Cu,Zr）17 for high temperature applications

Sintered Sm（Coba1FexCu0.1Zr0.03）7.5 （x=0.09-0.21） permanent magnets with higher Fe content were found to have higher remanence Br and maximum energy product （BH）max at room temperature. Br and （BH）max reached maximum of 0.96 T and 176.7 kJ/m^3, respectively at room temperature when the Fe content x reached 0.21. However, the intrinsic coercivity Hci at room temperature increased gradually when the Fe content x increased from 0.09 to 0.15, but when x further increased to 0.21, Hcidecreased. Hci attained its peak value of 2276.6 kA/m with Fe content x=0.15 at room temperature. For magnets with x=0.15, Br, （BH）max and Hc1 reached 0.67 T, 81.2 kJ/m^3 and 509.4 kA/m at 500 ℃, respectively, showing good high temperature stability, which could be used in high temperature applications.     

Easy-Magnetization-Axis Arrangements of Sm2Co17 and RE2Fe14B

In order to prepare the bulk samples with high residual magnetization of magnetic compounds, such as (Sm,La)2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17, (Sm,La)1(Co,Cu,Fe)5, Nd2Fe14B, and Pr2Fe14B, directly prepared by solidification, or hot-deformation, it is the first thing to explore the possibilities of the easy magnetization axis of the whole bulk samples to be arranged in one designed direction. α is defined as the angle between the axis and the direction. In Sm-La-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr system, whether α is equal to 0° or 90° depends upon not only alloy compositions but also the ratio of the temperature gradient at the solid/liquid interface and the crystal growth rate. To some alloys, α can be changed from 90° to 0° if the ratio is increased to be higher than a critical value, so the c-axis texture orientation can be obtained. In Nd-Fe-B system, the easy magnetization axis of Nd2Fe14B is always perpendicular to the preferential growth direction [100], and the easy magnetization axes of Nd2Fe14B grains are randomly distributed in the plane normal to the growth direction even if the growth rate is decreased from 250 to 12 μm·s-1. But if the magnetization axis of the anisotropic magnet substrate is perpendicular to the heat flux direction of the laser melting solidification layer, c-axis texture of the columnar Nd2Fe14B grains in the layer can be obtained, which is the same as that of the substrate, if the laser scanning rate is not less than 25 μm·s-1. Also the c-axis texture [006] can be achieved through hot-deformation of PrxFe93.5-xB5Cu1.5 (x=15～19) under the conditions of hot-pressing temperature 973～1273 K, strain rate 10-3 S-1, and strain 50%～80%.     

Effect of Zirconium Content on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Nanocomposite Bonded Magnets

Five kinds of bonded magnets with compositions of Nd10.5Fe78.4-xCo5ZrxB6.1(atom percentage x＝0,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5)were prepared by rapid quenching, post heat treatment and mould-pressing.The microstructure and crystallization behavior were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results suggest that high content of Zr can increase the glass formation ability (GFA) of alloys. When the content of Zr is controlled at a certain level, Fe2Zr with high melting point is formed in the alloys, and grain size is reduced consequently. At the same time, because of Zr addition, the coercivity and squareness of demagnetization loop are obviously improved, and the energy product is accordingly increased. As a result, optimal magnetic properties of Nd10.5Fe78.4-xCo5ZrxB6.1(Br＝0.659 T,Hcj＝628 kA·m-1,Hcb＝419 kA·m-1,(BH)m=73 kJ·m-3) are obtained when x=2.     

Influence of Zirconium Addition on Magnetic Properties and Temperature Coefficient for Nanocomposite Nd10Fe78.5-xCo5ZrxB6.5 Magnets

The influence of Zr addition on magnetic properties and temperature coefficient for nanocomposite Nd10Fe78.5-xCO5ZrxB6.5 (x=0~4) bonded magnets was investigated. It was found that the room-temperature magnetic properties were remarkably improved with Zr addition due to the grain refinement and increasing volume fraction of the hard magnetic phase. The optimal magnetic properties of Jr=0.689T, iHc=769.4kA·m-1 and (BH)max=84kJ·m-3 were obtained for 2.5% Zr addition. The temperature coefficient of remanence (α) increases slightly and the temperature coefficient of coercivity (β) decreases obviously with increasing Zr content for nanocomposite Nd10Fe78.5-xCo5ZrxB6.5 (x=0~4) bonded magnets.     

Coercivity kinetics upon step annealing of sintered Sm(Co_(0.88-x)Fe_xCu_(0.09)Zr_(0.03))_7 magnets

Behavior of the coercivity of the high-temperature Sm(Co_(0.88-x)Fe_xCu_(0.09)Zr_(0.03))_7 magnets depending on the temperature and time of annealing with the temperature decreasing stepwise from 700 to 400℃ was investigated.It is shown that the growth rate of coercivity abruptly increases at the initial stage of annealing in the vicinity of the Curie temperature of the SmCo_5 phase.The origin of the effect is the counter diffusion of Cu and Co atoms through dislocation tubes,which form because of enhanced stresses and a partial breakage of coherent coupling at the interface of the Sm_2 Co_(17) and SmCo_5 phases.Diffusive enrichment of the SmCo_5 phase in Cu close to the interface with Sm_2 Co_(17) leads to relaxation of stresses and increases in the gradient of the magnetic domain-wall energy and coercivity.     

High-performance α-Fe/Pr2Fe14B-type nanocomposite magnets fabricated by direct melt spinning

High-performance α-Fe/Pr2Fe14B-type nanocomposite magnets based on the compositions of Pr8Fe86B6 microalloyed with Co, Nb and C were fabricated by direct melt spinning. The coercivity was greatly improved from 5.5 kOe for the Pr8Fe86B6 ribbons to 7.4 kOe for the Pr8Fe85NbB5C ribbons. The balanced high coercivity and remanence were obtained in Pr8Fe75Co10NbB5C ribbons due to the Co substitution for Fe, which led to the significant improvement of magnetic properties in these ribbons. A remanence ratio of 0.82, a coercive field of 6.6 kOe and a maximum energy product of 26.2 MGOe in melt-spun Pr8Fe75Co10NbB5C ribbons were obtained at room temperature.     

Effects of copper and zirconium contents on microstructure and magnetic properties of Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)_z magnets with high iron content

The evolution of the microstructure,microchemistry and magnetic properties of the Sm(Co_(bal)Fe_(0.28)-Cu_yZr_x)_(7.6) magnets with different Zr and Cu contents was investigated.It is found that the coercivity of the Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)_z magnets is sensitive to Zr content.The deficiency of Zr content causes heterogeneity of Cu and Fe distributions,while an excessive Zr content leads to the formation of a SmCoZr impurity phase.The cellular structure and distribution of Cu concentration.gradient between the cell boundary phase and cell pha se are destroyed by inappropriate Zr content,which results in a reduction of coercivity.The Cu concentration difference between the cell boundary phase and cell phase increases with increasing Cu content.The coercivity of the Sm(Co_(bal)Fe_(0.28)Cu_yZr_(0.02))_(7.6) magnets increases from 10.4 to 25.4 kOe for y=0.05 and y=0.07.However,the excess of Cu element destroys the cell boundary phase and enlarges the cell size,resulting in a significant decrease of squareness and energy density.The optimum performance(remanence of 11.4 kG,coercivity of 2 5.4 kOe,maximum magnetic ene rgy product of 30.4 MGOe) was obtained for the Sm(Co_(0.63)Fe_(0.28)Cu_(0.07)Zr_(0.02))_(7.6) magnet.     

Application of high-temperature permanent magnets Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z in PPM focusing system

Rare earth permanent magnets Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z with outstanding performance and high-temperture thermal stability were fabricated. Optimized by Fe content and process, Sm(Co0.72Fe0.1Cu0.1Zr0.03.03)7.5 magnet with Br>0.75 T and Hci>1300 kA/m at 300 ℃ can be obtained. According to the performance data of Sm(Co0.72Fe0.15Cu10.1Zr0.03)75, the magnetic field along central axis BZ in periodic permanent magnet (PPM) focusing system was simulated using electromagnetic field analysis software Maxwell 2D/3D. The BZ exhibited typical cosine curve along central axis, and the peak value of BZ was high enough to meet the demand of PPM focusing system at room temperature even at 200±20 ℃. Additionally, a kind of simple cooling structure for PPM focusing system was designed by setting cooling pipe between polepieces.Simulated results showed that smooth cosine curve of BZ was successfully achieved with good control of the thickness of cooling pipe.     

高温永磁Sm(CoCuFeZr)z的研究现状

综述了高温永磁体的现状,总结了影响高温磁体使用温度的关键因素,介绍了永磁体Sm(CoCuFeZr)z的发展状况,分析了成分对高温永磁体Sm(CoCuFeZr)z使用温度(内禀矫顽力Hci和温度系数β)的影响,概括了其矫顽力机理,并探讨了其今后的研究方向.     

Magnetic Microstructures of 2:17 Type Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z Magnets Detected by Magnetic Force Microscopy

The magnetic microstructures of 2:17 type Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)z magnets were detected by magnetic force microscopy.Comparing the microstructures of the specimens coated with and without Ta thin film before and after heat-treatment, it is found that: (a) as a protection layer, Ta coating layer about 20 nm thick can effectively restrain Sm volatilization under high temperature;(b) the stress built in the 2:17 type Sm-Co magnets during specimen preparation only affects some local parts of the domain structures;(c) the magnetic microstructures vary largely for specimens heat-treated at high temperature without Ta film coating due to Sm volatilization.In addition, by comparing with high coercivity Fe-Pt point tips, it is found that the Co-Cr thin-film tips are not suitable for detecting the magnetic microstructures of strong permanent magnets.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Properties of Nd8Fe78B6Co4 Alloy

Melt-spun Nd8Fe78B6Co4 magnetic powders and their bonded magnets were prepared with the optimization of compositions and preparation techniques. The microstructure change of alloy NdFeB and the relation between microstructure and heat-treatment were studied. The heat-treatment temperature is 200～700 ℃. The as-cast structure of the alloy is typically amorphous. Different melt-spun speed and different heat treatment could result in different magnetic properties of NdFeB magnets. Magnetic properties of NdFeB increase with the addition of element Co. The magnetic properties of magnet alloy get the best when the melt-spun speed reaches 23～26 m·s-1, heat treatment temperature is 690 ℃ and time is 30 min.     

Spark Plasma Sintering Bulk Sm2 Fe17NxMagnets

High performance Sm2Fe17Nx magnetic powders were fabricated by ball-milling method and were compacted using spark plasma sintering(SPS) technique.Effects of processing conditions on the magnetic properties and decomposition dynamic of the magnets were investigated.It is found that higher sintering temperature improves the densification of the magnets, while deteriorates their magnetic properties simultaneously due to the decomposition of the Sm2Fe17Nx.Sintering at lower temperature can preserve the crystal structure of Sm2Fe17Nx compound, while the powders cannot be consolidated into a fully dense compact.An increased compressive pressure leads to better magnetic properties and higher density for the magnet at the same sintering temperature.     

Effects of Alloying Elements on Microstructure and Magnetic Anisotropy of the HDDR Powder ofNd-Fe-B Alloy

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Influence of Zr Additions on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Nanocomposite Nd10.5Fe78-xCo5ZrxB6.5 (x=0～5) Alloys

The influence of Zr addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties of nanocomposite Nd10.5Fe78-xCo5ZrxB6.5 (x=0～5) alloys was investigated. It was found that the intrinsic coercivity could be significantly improved by the addition of 2% (atom fraction) Zr. The presence of small amount of amorphous phase is responsible for the low intrinsic coercivity for Zr-free alloy. The small amount addition of Zr may suppress the growth of grains of α-Fe and Nd2Fe14B phases. The more homogeneous microstructure with an average grain size of 20 nm can be obtained for Nd10.5Fe76Co5Zr2B6.5 alloy.     

Al1.5Co4Fe2CrCux高熵合金的电磁吸波性能

高熵合金由于其在恶劣环境中的适用性以及对电磁场的多种衰减机制,使其在吸波领域具有巨大的潜在优势和广阔的应用前景。因Cu元素具有优异的延展性和导电性而被广泛应用,添加Cu元素以探究不同Cu含量下Al_1.5Co₄Fe₂CrCu_x (x=0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0;摩尔比)高熵合金的吸波性能。结果表明,通过机械合金化制备的Al_1.5Co₄Fe₂CrCu_x高熵合金为片状、粒状和椭球状,具有软磁特性;饱和磁化强度随着Cu含量的增大逐渐减小,矫顽力则逐渐增大;同时,添加Cu元素有助于形成大长径比的粉末颗粒,调节合金粉末的磁性能和电磁性能,进一步增强合金粉末的介电损耗能力。当x=1.0时,Al_1.5Co₄Fe₂CrCu高熵合金粉末具有最高的衰减系数,在1.50 mm的较薄厚度下其最小反射损耗为-16.50 dB, 1.70 mm厚度下其在Ku波段的有效...