冲击应力下高g加速度传感器的加速寿命评估

由于高g加速度传感器在航空、航天、国防等领域的广泛应用,其可靠性成为MEMS器件商业化过程中一个重要问题。本文针对快速准确的评估高g加速度传感器的寿命这一问题,提出了冲击应力下高g加速度传感器的加速寿命评估方法。通过分析冲击载荷作用于加速度传感器时产生的应力波及故障树分析法,确定高g加速度传感器的主要失效模式和敏感环境应力;采用恒定冲击应力试验得到高g加速度传感器的失效次数;选择正态分布和Weibull分布理论验证加速试验过程失效机理的一致性;利用逆幂律模型建立高g加速度传感器的可靠度评估模型,并外推出高g加速度传感器在规定应力下的可靠度函数。实践表明,该方法简捷、正确可行,为高g加速度传感器在实际应用中提供了重要的参考依据。     

高冲击环境下MEMS大量程加速度传感器结构的失效分析

对设计的大量程加速度传感器进行冲击测试,分析该种传感器结构在高冲击环境下的输出信号及可靠性。加速度传感器结构采用四端全固支结构,通过在梁的端部和根部设计倒角结构以分散应力。测试结果表明该传感器在232,119.4 gn下可以测试到有效输出信号。同时,对测试中失效传感器进行了分析,总结出大量程加速度传感器的在高冲击环境下的失效模式主要为键合引线的脱落、微梁的断裂和封装失效。     

高量程加速度传感器在测试中的失效分析

通过在不同测试环境对高量程加速度传感器进行测试,并对传感器在测试中出现的失效进行分析,在实验室环境测试中出现的主要失效模式为键合引线的脱落和微梁的断裂,其原因是不同金属的引线键合强度较低;重复性的冲击加速了材料的疲劳.在实弹测试环境测试中出现的传感器失效原因主要足在侵彻测试中传感器芯片与侵彻信号中高频分量发生共振导致过...     

基于速度载荷法的板级电子封装跌落失效分析

在ABAQUS软件中,建立了板级TSOP(thin small outline package)封装跌落/冲击问题的三维有限元模型.采用速度载荷法,研究了PCB(printed circuit board)、芯片引脚等的动力学响应,分析了不同支撑条件对仿真结果的影响,并结合板级TSOP封装跌落破坏实验对TSOP封装芯片的焊点失效机理进行了研究.实验结果表明,芯片的惯性力和芯片安装部位PCB的弯曲变形对焊点应力都有较大影响,焊点应力峰值出现在冲击后2ms到3ms之间,这与PCB跌落变形过程中中心部位和碰撞面"二次碰撞"所产生的芯片安装部位弯曲变形密切相关,TSOP封装芯片引脚部位的瞬时拉应力和剪切应力是导致焊点失效的主要原因.     

微加速度开关在高冲击环境中的防护技术研究

加速度开关是感受加速度并输出开关信号的一类惯性器件。基于MEMS技术研制的微加速度开关需要感受的加速度值远低于其承受的环境冲击加速度值。在高冲击环境中,微加速度开关自身的防护成为一大难题。分析了高冲击环境下器件的失效机理,从材料、结构和封装等方面介绍了3种防护措施,即,采用韧性金属材料替代脆性硅材料制作开关芯片、采用缓冲材料灌封开关芯片和引线、采用不锈钢制作封装壳体,3种措施成功地解决了微加速度开关自身的高冲击防护问题,试验证明防护措施十分有效。     

爆炸冲击条件下的加速度传感器结构分析

针对加速度传感器在爆炸与冲击测试中的应用,从理论与有限元仿真出发,分析传感器结构的静态响应与冲击响应.在15.4×104gn的静态载荷下,传感器结构最大应力超过材料的许用应力,将会发生结构断裂.在静态载荷下,加速度传感器在15.4×104gn的冲击加速度载荷下结构最大应力超过材料的许用应力,将会发生结构断裂.在加速度传感器的工作方向上施加幅值为15×104gn,半周期为5μs、10μs、20μs、30μs、40μs的半正弦加速度冲击载荷.在幅值为15×104gn、半周期为30μs的冲击载荷下,传感器的固定端处应力为334MPa,将会使传感器断裂失效.在幅值为15×104gn、半周期为5μs、10μs、20μs的冲击载荷下,固定端处应力超过材料许用应力,将也会发生结构断裂.悬臂梁在半周期为5μs、10μs、20μs的冲击下,将会出现断裂.大体上,冲击载荷的周期越小,固定端的应力越大集中越严重.由于传感器固有周期为9.5μs,加速度传感器在半周期为10μs的冲击载荷下出现谐振,固定端处应力变大集中加剧.分析加速度传感器在冲击载荷下的结构响应为传感器的结构设计与具体应用时的可靠性分析提供了理论依据.     

冲击硅微机械加速度传感器的封装与封装性能分析

给出了一种压阻式冲击硅微机械加速度传感器的器件封装结构并对其封装的性能进行了分析.加速度传感器的封装采用可伐合金做管壳,采用环氧粘合剂将芯片粘结在金属基板上,采用金丝连接芯片铝焊点和管脚,使用环氧灌封胶充填管壳内空余的区域,来缓冲芯片受到冲击时承受的冲击应力.用ANSYS软件对封装后的器件进行了模态分析.分析结果表明,封装后加速度传感器敏感结构--悬臂梁敏感方向上的模态频率与封装前基本相同,封装后器件管壳三个破坏方向上的模态频率足够大.因此,封装不影响加速度传感器的测试性能并有良好的抗冲击能力.用霍普金森杆对封装后器件进行了冲击破坏实验.实验结果表明,引线从芯片铝焊点处脱落是冲击破坏的主要形式.     

建筑物健康诊断两种风荷载传感器的设计与应用

介绍了建筑物风工程研究用的两种风荷载传感器. 种是采用MEMS技术的梁膜岛复合力敏结构压阻微差压敏感元件,用准齐平无应力微封装,适用于建筑物缩模风洞试验测试用的风荷载动态微型微压传感器.另一种是采用MEMS梁膜复合结构力敏芯片,考虑了减小雨水张力影响及冲击载荷伴生的振动影响及防雷保护而封装的复合风雨荷载,现场实测用的风...     

电容式测压器壳体电容可行性的验证

针对放入式电子测压器所遇到的问题设计了一种基于电容式传感器的压力测试系统,采用壳体本身作为压力敏感元件,实现压力传感器与壳体一体化,通过测量壳体本身的应变就可以实现压力的测试,既减小体积又降低成本;文中详细介绍了该测试系统的工作原理,而且考虑到机械加工及安装精度的影响,主要对壳体电容的结构进行计算分析,对测压器进行了动态校准,验证了该设计方案是可行的。     

集成应变传感器的无源超高频标签电路设计

针对现有有线有源应变传感器不适用于固体火箭发动机壳体应变监测的问题,基于UHF RFID(超高频无线射频识别)技术,设计了一款无源超高频应变传感标签.标签通过电磁反向散射方式,收集超高频射频能量为电路供能,同时在标签电路中加入了大容值储能电容,储存经RFID芯片中的倍压整流电路转换成的直流能量.将标签电路分为UHF标签模块、控制模块和应变传感器模块3个部分进行了设计,并通过使用低功耗芯片以及控制测量电路的断开和闭合来减小功耗.标签将传统的电阻式应变测量技术与UHF RFID技术结合在一起,为实现固体火箭发动机壳体应变的无线监测提供了解决方案.     

Failure analysis of laminated composite cylindrical/spherical shell panels subjected to low-velocity impact

A 4-noded, 48 d.o.f. doubly curved quadrilateral shell finite element based on Kirchhoff–Love shell theory, is used in the nonlinear finite element analysis to predict the damage of laminated composite cylindrical/spherical shell panels subjected to low-velocity impact. The large displacement stiffness matrix is formed using Green's strain tensor based on total Lagrangian approach. An incremental/iterative scheme is used for solving resulting nonlinear algebraic equations by Newton–Raphson method. The damage analysis is performed by applying Tsai–Wu quadratic failure criterion at all Gauss points and the mode of failure is identified using maximum stress criteria. The modes of failure considered are fiber breakage and matrix cracking. The progressive failure analysis is carried out by degrading the stiffness of the material suitably at all failed Gauss points. The load due to low-velocity impact is treated as an equivalent quasi-static load and Hertzian law of contact is used for finding the maximum contact force. After evaluating the nonlinear finite element analysis thoroughly for typical problems, damage analysis was carried out for cross-ply and quasi-isotropic cylindrical/spherical shell panels.     

Optimal number of repairs before replacement for a two-unit system subject to non-homogeneous pure birth process

We consider a discrete replacement model for a two-unit system subject to failure rate interaction and shocks. Two types of shocks occur according to a non-homogeneous pure birth process and can affect the two-unit system. Type I shock causes unit A to fail and can be rectified by a general repair, while type II shock results in a non-repairable failure and must be fixed by a replacement. Two-unit systems also exhibit failure rate interactions between the units: each failure of unit A causes some damage to unit B, while each failure of unit B causes unit A into an instantaneous failure. The occurrence of a particular type of shock is dependent on the number of shocks occurred since the last replacement. The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal number of minor failures before replacement that minimizes the expected cost rate. A numerical example is presented to illustrate application of the model.     

加速冲击损伤退化系统剩余寿命预测及预测维修决策

随着检测传感技术的发展,诸如风力发电机叶片等可对其状态进行检测,并依据检测结果进行剩余寿命预测.但此类系统在运行中受环境冲击影响较大,如何对冲击影响下的系统剩余寿命进行预测,并结合预测结果进行经济可靠的维修决策是一个值得研究的问题.对此,针对状态可检测的连续退化系统,研究考虑加速冲击损伤特性下的系统剩余寿命预测及基于预测的维修决策.首先,考虑自然退化和与退化相关的冲击损伤,构建加速冲击损伤退化模型和剩余寿命预测模型;其次,制定基于周期检测的状态维修与预测维修相结合的混合维修策略,并推导不同维修活动的发生概率;然后,构建以长期平均费用率最小为目标,以检测间隔和故障率阈值为决策变量的决策模型,并给出了优化解法;最后,以风力发电机叶片为案例验证模型的适用性和有效性,对系统的参数进行灵敏度分析,并与未考虑加速冲击损伤和未考虑预测的维修决策结果进行对比分析.     

Extended optimal replacement policy for a two-unit system with failure rate interaction and external shocks

This study presents an extended replacement policy for a two-unit system which is subjected to shocks and exhibits failure rate from interaction. The external shocks that affect the system are of two types. A type I shock causes a minor failure of unit-A and the damage that is caused by such a failure affects unit-B, whereas a type II shock causes a total failure of the system (catastrophic failure). All unit-A failures can be recovered by making minimal repairs. The system also exhibits the interaction between the failure rates of units: a failure of any unit-A causes an internal shock that increases the failure rate of unit-B, whereas a failure of a unit-B causes instantaneous failure of unit-A. The goal of this study is to derive the long-run cost per unit time of replacement by introducing relative costs as a factor in determining optimality; then, the optimal replacement period, T*, and the optimal number of unit-A failures, n*, which minimise that cost can be determined. A numerical example illustrates the method.     

Optimal replacement period of a two-unit system with failure rate interaction and external shocks

In this article, a periodical replacement model for a two-unit system which is both subjected to failure rate interaction and external shocks will be presented. Without external shocks, each unit 1, whenever it fails, will act as an interior shock to affect the failure rate of unit 2 and increase the failure rate of unit 2 to a certain degree, while each unit 2 failure causes unit 1 into instantaneous failure. Besides failure rate interaction between units, the system is also subjected to external shocks which can be divided into two types. Type A shock causes unit 1 into failure and then converts the damage of such a failure to unit 2, while type B shock makes the system total breakdown. All unit 1 failures are corrected by minimal repairs. The aim of this article is to derive the expected cost rate per unit time by introducing relative costs as a criterion of optimality, and then the optimal replacement period which minimizes that cost will be determined. A numerical example is given to illustrate the method.     

A geometric process repair model for a two-component system with shock damage interaction

In this article, the repair-replacement problem for a two-component system with shock damage interaction and one repairman is studied. Assume that component 1 will be replaced as soon as it fails, and each failure of component 1 will induce a random shock to component 2. The shock damages may be accumulative, and whenever the total shock damage equals or exceeds a given threshold Δ, component 2 fails and the system breaks down. Component 2 is repairable, and it follows a geometric process repair. Under these assumptions, we consider a replacement policy N based on the number of failures of component 2. Our problem is to determine an optimal replacement policy N* such that the average cost rate (i.e. the long-run average cost per unit time) is minimised. The explicit expression of the average cost rate is derived by the renewal reward theorem, and the optimal replacement policy can be determined analytically or numerically. The existence and uniqueness of the optimal replacement policy N* is also proved under some mild conditions. Finally, two appropriate numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness and applicability of the theoretic results in this article.     

典型舰船水下爆炸冲击环境仿真

利用冲击谱描述方法,对舰船在水下爆炸载荷作用下的冲击环境进行了数值模拟和分析. 利用MSC Dytran软件计算在爆炸载荷作用下舰船各测点的加速度,用加速度计算得到冲击谱,并总结出爆炸参数和冲击谱的关系. 通过分析表明冲击谱的谱值由船底外板到最上层甲板呈衰减的趋势;各测点加速度谱值随爆炸距离的增加近似呈指数衰减;各测点的加速度谱值随炸药量的增加近似呈抛物线增加.     

弹载加速度数据记录仪抗高冲击设计

针对弹载加速度数据记录仪在侵彻环境下受到高冲击力易变形或损坏导致测试失败的问题,提出弹载加速度数据记录仪两级缓冲保护结构,一级为高强度钢的机械外壳防护,二级为薄壁金属管填充泡沫铝的缓冲装置。通过实体弹侵彻3层混凝土试验,弹载加速度记录仪能够可靠存储并回读实验数据,证明了在100 000 gn高冲击环境下记录仪的工作可靠性。     

卫星推进系统复合材料高压气瓶爆破失效分析

介绍一种卫星推进系统复合材料气瓶的2种功能失效模式:爆破失效和疲劳失效.重点分析引起爆破失效的主要因素,通过ANSYS采用薄壁壳单元SHELL 91模拟碳纤维螺旋缠绕层和环向缠绕层组合缠绕的多层结构模型,并提出一种爆破失效验证方法.研究结果表明,应力断裂、复合层受损和树脂开裂等是引起复合层破裂的主要因素.复合材料气瓶测试结果表明:采用SHELL 91模拟复合多层结构的分析方法是一种有效、实用的方法;基于复合层单层结构判定理论的爆破失效验证方法是合理、可行的,并可以为降低其失效概率提供数据依据.