二维碳/碳复合材料力学性能影响因素的研究现状

二维碳/碳复合材料以其优秀的力学性能和热物理性能，在火箭发动机喷管、航天飞行器热防护结构等领域得到广泛应用。针对二维碳/碳复合材料的服役工况需求，国内外研究主要集焦于二维碳/碳复合材料的力学性能及其影响因素，包括碳纤维、碳基体、纤维/基体界面及致密工艺等方面。本文综述了二维碳/碳复合材料力学性能影响因素的研究现状，拟为进一步优化二维碳/碳复合材料力学性能提供参考。     

碳/碳复合材料的发展及应用研究

碳/碳复合材料作为新型结构材料具有优异的力学性能、低热膨胀系数、耐热冲击以及耐烧蚀等优异性能,在较宽的温域范围内拥有较好的抗蠕变性能和较高的强度保留率,是新材料领域重点研究和开发的一类战略性高技术材料。本文阐述了碳/碳复合材料的优势以及综述了碳/碳复合材料的发展阶段,重点针对航空航天、光伏产业、汽车、半导体、工业领域以及生物医学等领域进行应用探索,本文认为碳/碳复合材料正从过去的双元复合逐步向多元复合的方向发展,未来碳/碳复合材料会向多功能复合材料方向发展,其应用领域也将更加广泛。     

缝合工艺在碳/碳复合材料的应用

研究了不同缝合间距和不同碳布对碳/碳缝合复合材料力学性能的影响.结果 表明:在相同缝合间距下,缝合预制体的单元层厚度越薄,其碳/碳复合材料的综合性能越优异,且相比单元层性能,单元层厚度对其碳/碳复合材料的性能影响更显著;随着缝合间距变小,碳/碳复合材料拉伸强度整体呈现下降趋势,且降低幅度均增大,弯曲强度和层间强度呈现增加趋势,且增加幅度均增大.     

三向碳／碳复合材料的高温断裂特征

研究了在机械/热模拟机上完成的三向编织碳/碳复合材料的高温拉伸力学性能实验及高温断裂特征。同时对断口形态进行了分析。实验结果表明:碳/碳复合材料在高温(1600～3000℃)拉伸曲线特征不同于它在较低温度及室温的特征。拉伸强度随温度的增高而增加,在2400℃时达到最大值,而后随温度增高而降低。断裂应变是随温度的增高而增加。断口分析发现碳/碳复合材料在高温下的断口组织要比低温光滑,且拉出纤维比低温少。     

碳织物复合材料力学性能研究

本文研究了织物编织类型及树脂含量对碳织物复合材料力学性能的影响。试验结果证明，平纹织物复合材料的力学性能最低，缎纹织物复合材料的力学性能最高；当树脂含量为wt42—45％时，碳织物复合材料的拉伸、压缩性能最佳。     

碳布复合材料力学性能研究

测试了两种不同经纬编织密度和不同含胶量的碳布／环氧复合材料的基本力学性能，对碳纤维复丝及碳布在复合材料中的强度利用率作了比较与分析。结果表明：适当增大含胶量有利于改善复合材料的力学性能；经纬编织密度对复合材料力学性能的影响同样不可忽视。     

法国碳／碳,陶瓷／陶瓷复合材料的现状与进展

根据法国Carbon’90国际会议提供的信息,介绍了法国碳/碳、陶瓷/陶瓷复合材料的现状和发展动态。重点报道了四维碳/碳整体喉衬入口段、三维超细编织碳/碳薄壁扩散段抗氧化碳/碳复合材料及碳化硅纤维/碳化硅复合材料。     

沉积温度对微波热解CVI制备碳/碳复合材料密度及组织结构的影响

以碳毡为预制体,N2为稀释气体,甲烷为碳源前驱体,其分压为10 kPa,滞留时间为0.15 s的工艺条件下,研究了不同沉积温度对微波热解化学气相渗透(chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)工艺制备碳/碳复合材料的致密化速率、样品的体积密度及其密度均匀性的影响,并对其组织结构进行了观察.分析了沉积温度对微波热解CVI工艺制备碳/碳复合材料的密度与组织结构的变化规律.结果表明:在微波热解CVI工艺中,随着沉积温度的降低,碳毡预制体的致密化速率及最终体积密度呈现先升后降,1100 ℃沉积制备复合材料的密度均匀性最好,并呈现从内到外逐步沉积的规律.热解碳的织构主要为中等织构.     

碳微球增强天然橡胶复合材料制备及性能研究

对碳微球／天然橡胶复合材料的制备以及其力学性能进行研究。采用传统机械混炼法将复合材料进行混合,通过平板硫化机进行交联制备天然橡胶／碳微球复合材料。考察不同混炼时间和温度对橡胶材料力学性能的影响,找到最佳的混炼条件。研究了不同含量的碳微球对复合材料力学性能的影响,考察其对拉伸性能和耐磨性能的影响规律。采用扫描电镜、电子万能拉伸测试仪、组态控制摩擦磨损试验机对复合材料的结构和力学性能进行分析。结果表明复合材料的拉伸性能随着碳微球含量的增加而增加,在碳微球含量达到30％的时候力学性能达到最佳。     

TiC掺杂碳陶瓷复合材料的制备与性能研究

采用TiC为陶瓷掺杂材料，对石墨材料进行改性，制备了TiC掺杂碳陶瓷复合材料。研究了TiC掺杂对碳陶瓷复合材料力学性能的影响，并从微观角度解释了TiC对碳陶瓷复合材料力学性能影响的机理。从研究结果可以看出，TiC掺杂可使碳陶瓷复合材料的抗折强度提高13．4％，抗压强度提高38．1％，气孔率降低16．9％；其机理在于TiC掺杂在碳陶瓷复合材料制备过程中能促进碳陶瓷石墨化，使晶体更加完整、细化，有利于力学性能的提高。     

Oxidation protective SiC-Si coating for carbon/carbon composites by gaseous silicon infiltration and pack cementation: A comparative investigation

To reduce the influence of coating preparation on the mechanical properties of carbon/carbon composites and further improve the antioxidant properties of the coating, a SiC-Si coating was fabricated on carbon/carbon composites by gaseous silicon infiltration (GSI-SiC-Si). For comparison, a SiC-Si coating was also prepared by pack cementation (PC-SiC-Si). A comparative investigation showed the GSI-SiC-Si coating possesses relative lower roughness, better mechanical and anti-oxidation properties. The GSI-SiC-Si coating samples maintained 87.8 % flexural strength of bare C/C composites, while the C/C substrate was severely siliconized in PC-SiC-Si coating samples. The GSI-SiC-Si coating samples could undergo 30 thermal cycles between 1773 K and room temperature and effectively protect C/C composites from oxidation at 1773 K for more than 500 h without weight loss.     

Mechanical and thermophysical properties of carbon/carbon composites with hafnium carbide

Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites with addition of hafnium carbide (HfC) were prepared by immersing the carbon felt in a hafnium oxychloride aqueous solution, followed by densification and graphitization. Mechanical properties, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), and thermal conductivity of the composites were investigated. Results show that mechanical properties of the composites decrease dramatically when the HfC content is greater than 6.5 wt%. CTE of the composites increases with the increase of HfC contents. The composites with addition of 6.5 wt% HfC show the highest thermal conductivity. The high thermal conductivity results from the thermal motion of CO in the gaps and pores, which can improve phonon–defect interaction of the C/C composites. Thermal conductivities of the composites decrease when the HfC content is greater than 6.5 wt%, which is due to formation of a large number of cracks in the composites. Cracks increase the phonon scattering and hence restrain heat transport, which results in the decrease of thermal conductivity of the composites.     

Tribological behavior and applications of carbon fiber reinforced ceramic composites as high-performance frictional materials

Due to the favorable tribological, mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties, carbon fiber reinforced ceramic composites, especially carbon fiber reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C–SiC), has been considered as high-performance frictional materials. In this paper, current applications and recent progress on tribological behavior of C/C–SiC composites are reviewed. The factors affecting the friction and wear properties, including the content of silicon carbide and carbon matrix, carbon fiber preform architecture, as well as the matrix modification by alloy additives and C/C–SiC composites under various test conditions are reviewed. Furthermore, based on the current status of researches, prospect of several technically available solutions for low-cost manufacturing C/C–SiC composites is also proposed.     

Fatigue behavior and oxidation resistance of carbon/ceramic composites reinforced with continuous carbon fibers

The aim of this work was to compare fatigue behavior and oxidation resistance of pitch-derived CC (carbon) composite with CC/ceramic (carbon/ceramic) composites obtained by impregnation of CC composite with polysiloxane-based preceram and their subsequent heat treatment. Two types of CC/ceramic composites were studied; CC/SiCO composite obtained at 1000 °C, and CC/SiC composite obtained at 1700 °C. Both types of composites show much better fatigue mechanical performance in comparison to pure CC composite. CC/SiCO composite had 3 times better fatigue properties, and CC/SiC composite 4.5 times better fatigue properties than the reference CC composite. After a fatigue test composites partially retain their mechanical properties, and normalized residual modulus in the direction perpendicular to laminates exceeds 50% for CC and CC/SiCO composites. In the other directions normalized residual modulus is higher than 80% for all composites. Oxidative tests led at 600 °C in air atmosphere indicated oxidation resistance of CC/SiC composites.     

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the microstructure and capillary infiltration behavior of carbon/carbon composites

Carbon fiber fabric reinforced plastics were pyrolyzed at temperatures between 900?°C and 1600?°C to convert them into carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. The effects of pyrolysis temperatures on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and especially on the capillary infiltration behavior of C/C composites, suitable for liquid silicon infiltration (LSI), were investigated. The porosity of these C/C composites shows a decreasing trend with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The established model can explains the pyrolysis mechanism and the infiltration behaviors. Within the initial stage, the capillary infiltration rate of C/C composites with the model fluid water increases rapidly. In the second stage, where thermal imaging indicates that water has reached the top area of the plates at the initial stage. Capillary infiltration rate, based on water infiltration experiments mass increase, decreases because the shrinkage of micro-delamination take place at higher pyrolysis temperature. In combination with LSI results, a model for the capillary infiltration behavior of C/C is proposed.     

Mechanical and electrical properties of aligned carbon nanotube/carbon matrix composites

To synthesize carbon nanotube/carbon matrix (CNT/C) composites rivaling or exceeding the mechanical and electrical properties of current carbon fiber/carbon matrix composites, it is essential to align carbon nanotubes in the composite. In this work, we fabricated CNT/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor composites with high degree of CNT alignment, and carbonized and graphitized them at high temperatures. Carbonizing the precursor composites significantly improved their elastic modulus, strength, and electrical conductivity. The matrix was uniformly carbonized and highly graphitized. The excellent mechanical and electrical properties make the CNT/C composites promising for many high temperature aerospace applications.     

The mechanical and repair behavior of damaged carbon/carbon composites

With the aim of understanding the effect of defect types on the mechanical performance of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites, three kinds of defects such as circle arc, square, and triangle shapes were prefabricated on their surfaces. The results show that the prefabricated defects damage the flexural strength of C/C composites compared to the pristine sample (101 ± 6 MPa). The flexural strength of C/C decreased by 30.84%, 45.84%, and 42.58% corresponding to the circle arc, square, and triangle type defects respectively. The defect-repair method with Ni-based solder as the additive was employed to repair the damaged C/C composites. After repair, the stress concentration of C/C composites decreases, and there is a good connection between carbon fiber and the repaired solder so that the load can be transferred continuously, therefore the flexural strength of C/C composites can be improved by 20–28%.     

Comparative study of interphase evolution in polysiloxane resin-derived matrix containing carbon micro and nanofibers during thermal treatment

The work presents the results of research on composite materials made of silicon-containing polymer-derived ceramic matrix composites (PDC-Cs) and nanocomposites (PDC-NCs). Carbon micro and nanofibers (CFs and CNFs) were used as reinforcements. The interactions between carbon micro and nanofibers and polysiloxane matrix, as well as interphase evolution mechanism in composite samples during their heating to 1000 °C were studied. CF/resin and CNF/resin composites were prepared via liquid precursor infiltration process of unidirectionally aligned fibers. After heating to 700 °C–800 °C, decomposition of the resin in the presence of CNFs led to the formation of fiber/organic-inorganic composites with pseudo-plastic properties and improved oxidation resistance compared to as-prepared fiber/resin composites. The most favourable mechanical properties and oxidation resistance were obtained for composites and nanocomposites containing the maximum amount of carbon nanoparticles precipitated in the SiOC matrix during the heat treatment at 800 °C. The precipitated carbon phase improves fiber/matrix adhesion of composites.     

Effect of fiber type on mechanical properties of short carbon fiber reinforced B4C composites

In order to enhance the mechanical properties of B₄C without density increase, the short carbon fibers M40, M55J and T700 reinforced B₄C ceramic composites were fabricated by hot-pressing process. The addition of the carbon fibers accelerates the densification of the B₄C, decreases their densities, and improves their strength and toughness. The enhancement effects of the three kinds of carbon fibers were studied by investigating the density, Vickers hardness and the mechanical properties such as flexural strength, flexural modulus and fracture toughness of the composites. The fiber type has a great influence on the mechanical properties and enhancement of the short carbon fiber reinforced B₄C composites. The flexible carbon fiber with high strength and low modulus such as T700 is appropriate to reinforce the B₄C matrix ceramic composites.     

In situ growth of a carbon interphase between carbon fibres and a polycarbosilane-derived silicon carbide matrix

An in situ grown carbon interphase between C fibres and a SiC matrix has been produced by impregnation and pyrolysis of a polycarbosilane–xylene solution. The microstructures of the carbon interphase and the effects on the mechanical properties of the C fibre reinforced SiC (C/SiC) composites were investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the carbon interphase was a turbostratic carbon with high porosity. The resulting C/SiC composites were found to exhibit improved mechanical properties with respect to the interphase-free composite.