流化床反应器内气固两相流动特性的研究

基于颗粒动力学理论模拟颗粒相流动,应用流体与颗粒两相流理论考虑两相相间作用,建立了流化床核反应器内多相流流动的计算流体动力学模型,数值模拟研究了流化床核反应器内的流体动力行为。计算结果表明,应用Gi-daspow曳力模型得到的沿截面颗粒浓度分布与已有实验结果的分布趋势比较接近。在中心喷射区的中心处颗粒浓度较高。随着径向距离的增大,逐渐降低到局部最小值后颗粒浓度逐渐上升。在环隙区域内颗粒浓度基本保持不变。分析了流体与颗粒间作用力、颗粒弹性恢复系数等对流化床核反应器内流体动力特性的影响。研究表明,颗粒碰撞恢复系数越大,流场内沿截面颗粒浓度分布变得越均匀。     

导流管喷动床内液固两相流动特性研究

为了探究不同参数对液固导流管喷动床内颗粒流动行为的影响,本文基于欧拉-欧拉双流体模型结合颗粒动理学对喷动床内液固两相的流动特性进行数值模拟。本文在导流管喷动床的底部引入辅助入口,通过改变颗粒粒径和液体粘度,得到了颗粒轴向速度、颗粒浓度、颗粒拟温度、静压力、动压力等参数的变化规律。模拟结果显示,在一定范围内增大颗粒粒径和液体粘度,颗粒的轴向速度减小,颗粒拟温度显著升高,喷动床内的静压力增加,液体动压力减小,床层膨胀高度明显增大。但当液体粘度增加到一定值后,喷泉区不再明显,并且出现了颗粒回流的现象。因此,综合考虑颗粒粒径和液体粘度,可以显著减小颗粒的堆积,提高喷动效率,使颗粒流化更加充分。     

鼓泡流化床内颗粒分离行为模拟研究

颗粒-颗粒相间曳力是影响鼓泡流化床流体动力行为的重要因素之一。本文基于欧拉-欧拉双流体气固两相流模型,采用考虑了颗粒分离斜度系数的颗粒-颗粒相间曳力模型,对床内具有两种不同颗粒尺寸、底部均匀布风的鼓泡流化床进行了数值模拟研究,并将模拟结果与Owoyemi等的实验及数值模拟结果进行了比较。研究结果表明考虑颗粒分离斜度系数的颗粒-颗粒相间曳力模型合理地预测和分析了床内颗粒分离等特性。     

压力对喷动流化床流动特性影响的数值模拟

建立了1台热输入0.1 MW的加压喷动流化床煤部分气化炉和相同尺寸的冷态模型试验装置,通过试验和数值模拟方法分析了压力对喷动流化床流动特性的影响.数值模拟采用了非稳态欧拉多相流模型,研究结果表明:随着工作压力增大,床内的中心喷动区和环形区的空隙率均相应减小;颗粒在较高工作压力下的轴向速度大于较低压力工况下的速度值;在压力为0.1～0.3 MPa时,模拟工况的流动状态与试验结果相符.     

贴体坐标系下喷动床内气固两相流体动力特性的数值模拟

采用稠密固相动力-摩擦应力模型,建立喷动床内气固两相双流体模型．应用贴体坐标系使得计算网格与喷动床的倒锥体边界相一致．通过数值模拟获得喷动床内喷射区、环隙区和喷泉区内颗粒速度及浓度分布．计算结果表明,喷泉区具有强烈的气固两相质量和动量交换．当倒锥体倾斜角度达到60°,在射流入口处形成一瓶颈．研究表明颗粒间滑动-滚动摩擦应力对环隙区颗粒流动具有明显的影响．     

差速流化床密相区内流动特性的数值模拟

基于颗粒动力学理论,采用Fluent软件中标准k-ε方程模型和欧拉-欧拉双流体模型对差速流化床底部密相区内的气固两相流动过程进行了数值模拟,分析了内循环过程中颗粒速度和压力等流动特性参数的分布和变化规律,研究了主、副床风速对密相区流场的影响.结果表明:保持副床风速u2=1.5m/s不变,随着主床风速的增大,主床的时均颗粒体积分数降低,副床的时均颗粒体积分数升高,压力降方差和回流速度增大;保持主床风速u1=4.0m/s不变,随着副床风速的增大,回流速度减小,压力降方差先增大后减小,当副床风速为2.0m/s时气固两相流动最强烈.     

稠密气固两相流的直接数值模拟

分别用欧拉方法处理气相场和用拉格朗日方法处理离散颗粒场。在处理粒场时考虑到颗粒直径、比重、材料的刚度、摩擦系数等对颗粒运动的影响。用直接模拟法分别对漏斗流、球磨机以及喷动流化床内颗粒的运动进行了模拟,并通过实验对喷动流化床的模拟结果进行了验证。     

三维喷动流化床流动特性数值模拟

为了研究喷动流化床煤部分气化炉的气-固流动特性,采用三维欧拉多相流模型和颗粒动能理论相结合的数学模型,对一台直径100 mm的喷动流化床试验台进行了数值模拟研究.研究内容包括喷动流化床不同工况下内部射流的发展、气-固流动特性、典型工况下气体速度分布、颗粒速度分布以及由于颗粒碰撞引起的颗粒相压力分布.模拟结果表明:典型工况下,当喷动风与总风的比例为50%时,流场有利于煤气化;气体曳力和颗粒碰撞对环形区颗粒特别是靠墙区颗粒的运动影响很大.为了验证模型的合理性,采用文献中的试验工况进行计算,计算结果和文献中的测量值吻合较好.     

新型环形喷动床的喷动机制与喷动特性

在传统喷动床的基础上,设计出一种多喷口环形喷动形式的新型喷动床.实验研究了喷口型式、喷口速度、颗粒类型对这种喷动床床内密相喷动流化区高度、可喷动静止床层高度及床层压降等参数的影响情况.结果表明:颗粒在床内的喷动形式沿床高方向呈现独特分区现象;随着喷口速度的增加,密相喷动高度和可喷动静止床层高度也相应增加;在同样的静止床层高度的情况下,直向型式的喷口更易形成喷动,床层的最小喷动速度几乎与静止床层高度呈线性关系;当床内形成较稳定的喷动后,床层压降随喷口速度的变化不明显,可视为常数.     

基于MFIX开源程序下的气固两相流动特性的数值模拟

基于MFIX开源程序建立了三维喷动床内气固两相流动模型,利用MFIX-离散单元法(DEM)模型对源程序进行不同曳力模型的数值模拟计算,得到颗粒在三维喷动床内的流动特性,同时结合实验对喷动床内0.2～2.0 s内的颗粒流动特性进行了分析。结果表明:数值模拟与实验结果相似度较高,Gidaspow模型床高与实验结果较接近,但该模型床高波动范围较大,而Syamlal-O'Brien模型相对较为接近实验结果;2种曳力模型下model B比model A的死区范围小,采用model B流动性更强;随着时间的推移,床高会出现一个极值点,在此点前后床高波动较大, model B的床高极值点比model A的高,且Syamlal-O'Brien模型比Gidaspow模型出现床高极值的时间点往后推移。     

Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulation of a cavity solar reactor for the reduction of cerium oxide

Radiative heat transfer in a solar thermochemical reactor for the thermal reduction of cerium oxide is simulated with the Monte Carlo method. The directional characteristics and the power distribution of the concentrated solar radiation that enters the cavity is obtained by carrying out a Monte Carlo ray tracing of a paraboloidal concentrator. It is considered that the reactor contains a gas/particle suspension directly exposed to concentrated solar radiation. The suspension is treated as a non-isothermal, non-gray, absorbing, emitting, and anisotropically scattering medium. The transport coefficients of the particles are obtained from Mie-scattering theory by using the optical properties of cerium oxide. From the simulations, the aperture radius and the particle concentration were optimized to match the characteristics of the considered concentrator.     

Residence time distribution and flow field study of aero-shielded solar cyclone reactor for emission-free generation of hydrogen

This paper provides a thorough analysis on the flow field and Residence Time Distribution (RTD) of our “aero-shielded cyclone solar reactor” designed to generate hydrogen from solar thermal methane cracking process. The analysis has been carried out based on the results from flow dynamics, and residence time distribution by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Kinetics is taken from the literature and the reactor volume is estimated based on a plug flow reactor assumption. Residence time distribution characteristics are obtained by gas tracer injection method, and particle tracking method. Based on the results of our flow studies, “reactors in series model” is adopted to model the aero-shielded cyclone reactor. Path lines show that operating variables have significant effect on the flow behavior inside the reactor. Results show that thermo chemical properties of the gases have effect on the flow behavior which significantly affect the mean residence time in the reactor. Results also show that the residence time, spread of the tracer by variance, and the number of reactors in series are observed to be changed by change in the flow rate, type of screening gas, and methane mole fraction in the feed.     

煤焦燃烧NO释放规律研究

用单颗粒模型研究了煤焦燃烧时焦碳氮转变成ＮＯ的过程。模型中考虑了炭粒内部和外部温度和组分浓度的变化,在源项的处理上采用了简单的化学反应动力学机理模型。应用有限差分法对温度和组分浓度方程进行了离散化,并用Ｇａｎｓｓ－Ｓｅｉｄｅｌ迭代法对所得到的离散方程求解。计算结果表明,颗粒粒径、环境ＮＯ和Ｏ２浓度对焦碳燃烧过程中ＮＯ形成及还原都有重要的影响。     

Numerical simulation of fuel reactor for a methane-fueled chemical looping combustion using bubbling fluidized bed with internal particle circulation

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is recognized as a promising technique to efficiently and economically capture emitted carbon dioxide in common combustion processes. In this study, the bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) fuel reactor performance of the CLC system was examined through numerical simulation. The reduction reaction performance obtained from conventional BFB fuel reactor and BFB fuel reactor incorporated with internal particle circulation denoted as internal circulation bubbling fluidized bed reactor (ICBFB), were compared under the same fuel flow rate and operating conditions. By using CH₄ as fuel and ilmenite as the oxygen carrier, it was found the reduction reaction can be enhanced by using the ICBFB fuel reactor due to particle circulation. The particle circulation increased the mixing and contact time between fuel and oxygen carrier that produced reduction reaction enhancement. Moreover, the simulation results indicated that higher reduction reaction performance can be achieved by higher reduction reaction temperature and initial oxygen carrier volume fraction.     

Experimental investigation on hydrogen production by methanol steam reforming in a novel multichannel micro packed bed reformer

A novel multichannel micro packed bed reactor with bifurcation inlet manifold and rectangular outlet manifold was developed to improve the methanol steam reforming performance in this study. The commercial CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst particles were directly packed in the reactor. The flow distribution uniformity in the reactor was optimized numerically. Experiments were conducted to study the influences of steam to carbon molar ratio (S/C), weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), reactor operating temperature (T) and catalyst particle size on the methanol conversion rate, H₂ production rate, CO concentration in the reformate, and CO₂ selectivity. The results show that increase of the S/C and T, as well as decrease of the WHSV and catalyst particle size, both enhance the methanol conversion. The CO concentration decreases as the S/C and WHSV increase as well as the T and catalyst particle size decrease. Moreover, T plays a more important role on the methanol steam reforming performance than WHSV and S/C. The impacts on CO concentration become insignificant when the S/C is higher than 1.3, WHSV is larger than 1.34 h⁻¹ and T is lower than 275 °C. A long term stability test of this reactor was also performed for 36 h and achieved high methanol conversion rate above 94.04% and low CO concentration less than 1.05% under specific operating conditions.     

Numerical investigations of catalyst–liquid slurry flow in the photocatalytic reactor for hydrogen production based on algebraic slip model

A new device of photocatalytic reactor with solar concentrator for hydrogen production was introduced in this paper. In order to investigate the effects of the slurry flow and catalyst distributions in the reactor on photocatalysis for hydrogen production, an algebraic slip mixture model (ASM) was used to simulate the dynamics of the catalyst–water slurry flow. A block-structured non-uniform grid was applied to discretize the entire domain and an algebraic multi-grid (AMG) method was used to solve the pressure field. The mean slurry pressure gradients obtained by the model were in agreement with the experimental data in former literature. Based on this verification, catalyst particle distributions, slurry velocity distributions and inter-phase slip velocity distributions in photocatalytic reactor pipe were investigated. The results show that the catalyst tends to distribute near the bottom of the pipe in the reactor, leading to a concentration gradient along the vertical direction of cross section. But due to the effects of turbulence force against the gravity, a heterogeneous suspending state will be achieved in a fully developed flow.     

Hydrogen production by biomass gasification in supercritical water: A parametric study

Hydrogen production by biomass gasification in supercritical water is a promising technology for utilizing high moisture content biomass, but reactor plugging is a critical problem when feedstocks with high biomass content are gasified. The objective of this paper is to prevent the plugging problem by studying the effects of the various parameters on biomass gasification in supercritical water. These parameters include pressure, temperature, residence time, reactor geometrical configuration, reactor types, heating rate, reactor wall properties, biomass types, biomass particle size, catalysts and solution concentration. Biomass model compounds (glucose, cellulose) and real biomass are used in this work. All the biomasses have been successfully gasified and the product gas is composed of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide and a small amount of ethane and ethylene. The results show that the gas yield of biomass gasification in supercritical water is sensitive to some of the parameters and the ways of reducing reactor plugging are obtained.     

Catalytic hydrolysis of alkaline sodium borohydride solution for hydrogen evolution in a micro-scale fluidized bed reactor

An investigation was conducted into the generation of hydrogen from catalytic hydrolysis of alkaline sodium borohydride solution in a micro-scale fluidized bed. In this work, the Cobalt loaded on walnut shell activated carbon was applied as the catalyst. The impact of NaBH₄ concentration, the diameter of catalyst particle, the rate of reaction fluid flow, and the temperature of initial reaction fluid on the process of hydrogen generation was explored, and the optimum reaction conditions were determined. It was found out that the maximum length of stable hydrogen generation (58.46% of the total reaction time) is obtainable under the following conditions. The concentration of NaBH₄ is 2 wt%, the flow rate is 3.00 × 10⁻³ m·s⁻¹, and the flow temperature is 25°C. In addition, a comparison was performed between the batch reactor and micro-fluidized bed reactor during the process of hydrogen generation. Moreover, when the concentration of NaBH₄ reached 1 and 2 wt%, the efficiency and stability of the micro-fluidized bed reactor were identified as superior to those of the batch reactor.     

Nitric oxide destruction during coal and char oxidation under pulverized-coal combustion conditions

A modified drop-tube reactor that allows particle distribution over the reactor cross-sectional area, and oxidation of chars produced in situ, was used to study the conversion efficiency of char nitrogen to nitric oxide (α_NO). The results confirm previous findings by other investigators that α_NO decreases as the weight of char burned increases. α_NO for coal was the same as (at 4% O₂) or lower than (at 20% O₂) that for an equal mass of char during oxidation. Since coal will yield approximately half its mass as fixed carbon, these results suggest that the local stoichiometry surrounding the particle is responsible for the observed reduction in α_NO as sample size increases. The analysis of the exhaust gases showed increases in HCN concentration and a decrease in CO₂/CO ratio as sample size increased, suggesting that local stoichiometry influences α_NO. Additional experiments showed that α_NO decreased as the background NO concentration was increased, at rates that diminished as the oxygen concentration increased, independent of particle size. The steep reduction in NO production as the background NO concentration increased was explained by the destruction of NO in the gas phase.     

Coupling a stochastic soot population balance to gas-phase chemistry using operator splitting

The feasibility of coupling a stochastic soot algorithm to a deterministic gas-phase chemistry solver is investigated for homogeneous combusting systems. A second-order splitting technique was used to decouple the particle population and gas phase in order to solve. A numerical convergence study is presented that demonstrates convergence with splitting step size and particle count for a batch reactor and a perfectly stirred reactor. Simulation results are presented alongside experimental data for a plug flow reactor (PFR) and are compared to a method of moments simulation of a perfectly stirred reactor. Coupling of the soot and chemistry solvers is shown to converge for both systems; however, numerical instabilities present significant challenges in the PSR case. Comparison with the experimental data for a PFR showed good agreement of the soot mass and reasonable agreement of the particle size distribution. Two different soot particle models were used to simulate the PFR: a spherical particle model and a surface-volume model that takes some account of particle shape. The results for the two models are compared. Additionally, the stochastic soot solver is used to track the evolution of the C/H ratio of individual soot particles in the PFR for the first time.