活性炭强化混凝去除水中的土臭素及2-甲基异莰醇

以饮用水嗅味污染的典型物质土臭素及2-甲基异莰醇作为研究对象,分别考察了水厂常规工艺混凝沉淀、活性炭与不同混凝剂(聚合氯化铝、硫酸铝、氯化铁)强化混凝对嗅味物质的去除效果,并结合UV254、浊度指标考察了3种混凝剂对投加活性炭后水体的净化效果。结果表明,常规工艺对嗅味物质的去除率较低,活性炭强化混凝对土臭素及2-甲基异莰醇的去除率较高,其中对GSM的去除率均达到90%以上,对2-MIB的去除率均达到80%左右,改变活性炭投加量及吸附时间对嗅味物质的去除率影响较大,而改变混凝剂的种类及浓度对嗅味物质的去除率影响不大,3种混凝剂中聚合氯化铝对投炭后水体的净化效果最好。     

等离子体高级氧化技术去除饮用水中土霉味物质

嗅味已成为我国饮用水的主要水质问题之一,其中2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)、土臭素(GSM)等导致的土霉味是最常发生的嗅味问题,且往往难于有效去除。以5种典型土霉味物质2-异丙基-3-甲氧基吡嗪(IPMP)、2-异丁基-3-甲氧基吡嗪(IBMP)、2-MIB、三氯茴香醚(TCA)和GSM为目标,考察了等离子体高级氧化技术同时去除5种物质的效果、影响因素和氧化机理。结果表明:在初始浓度为500 ng/L、p H值为7. 5、脉冲放电电压为25 k V、频率为500 Hz条件下,氧化处理10～15 min即可将5种物质浓度降低到嗅阈值以下,氧化效果为TCA 2-MIB IPMP IBMP GSM;放电频率和溶液初始pH值是影响去除效果的重要因素,放电频率升高,对土霉味物质的去除效果改善,但能量利用率降低; pH值为6. 05时,对IPMP和IBMP的去除效果最好,2-MIB、TCA和GSM则在p H值为9. 04时被更快去除; H_2O_2和臭氧是放电过程中产生的主要活性物质,二者进一步反应生成的·OH在氧化过程中发挥重要作用。实际水源水质下5种土霉味物质仍能得到很好的去除,氧化处理10～15 min,5种物质浓度均能降低到嗅阈值以下。     

饮用水中土腥味和霉烂味的去除方法研究

在水处理过程中，常规工艺难以去处污染原水中的土腥味和霉烂味，产生这些嗅味的化合物主要是土味素（Geosnin）和2-甲基异冰片（MIB），采用固相微萃取（SPME）和色质联机分析技术分析水中的土味素和2-甲基异冰片含量，根据高锰酸钾、粉末活性炭、高锰酸钾和粉末活性炭联用组合工艺丢除嗅味的混凝沉淀烧杯试验结果，高锰酸钾和粉末活性炭（PAC）联用能彻底地去除水中的异嗅味，其机理是通过氧化和吸附作用去除有机物，是一种高效适用的饮用水除嗅味技术。     

一体式PAC-UF工艺处理微污染地表水试验研究

采用粉末活性炭和超滤(PAC/UF)一体式工艺去除微污染水源水中的常规指标和嗅味物质,对比分析了投加PAC后膜污染变化情况。结果表明:与常规水处理工艺相比,一体式PAC/UF工艺大大降低了出水浊度,提高了对有机物的去除效果,能有效去除嗅味物质。该组合工艺主要依靠PAC的吸附作用去除有机物,CODMn和UV254去除率分别为33. 0%和51. 5%;在曝气条件下,对嗅味物质土溴素(GSM)、2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)、甲硫醚(DMS)和二甲基三硫醚(DMTS)的去除率均在95%以上。向浸没式膜池中投加PAC,过滤初期可以缓解膜污染,但过滤后期反而会加剧膜污染。     

用粉末活性炭去除饮用水中嗅味

进行了粉末活性炭（PAC）去除饮用水中嗅味的试验。结果表明，当原水嗅阈值为90、PAC投量为40mg/L时，出水无异嗅、异味。中氯后PAC对嗅味的去除率明显低于不加氯时的去除率。     

去除D江异嗅的饮用水处理工艺选择研究

为去除C市D江饮用水中的异嗅,研究了强化混凝/KMnO4预氧化、强化混凝/粉末活性炭吸附和臭氧/活性炭工艺对水中异嗅和CODMn的去除特性.结果表明,臭氧氧化是去除异嗅的关键工艺.强化混凝/高锰酸钾预氧化及强化混凝/活性炭吸附工艺对异嗅和CODMn均有一定的去除作用,需要根据水中致嗅物质的组成和有机物特性进行选择.但当硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质与土嗅素和2-MIB并存时,强化混凝组合工艺无法完全去除水中的嗅味.当进水嗅阈值<35、CODMn<8 mg/L时,臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺可以完全去除D江水中的嗅味,并且对CODMn也有很好的去除效果,但在水质再恶化时需联合使用强化预处理等工艺方能达标.     

投加粉末活性炭去除原水中的嗅味

研究了水质突变时投加粉末活性炭(PAC)对嗅味的去除效果。试验结果表明：当原水嗅阈值为90时，40mg／L的粉末活性炭投量可保证出水无异味；将PAC投加在絮凝中段时的除嗅率比投加在混凝前平均高4％；将粉末炭水混合液以小孔射流的方式投加到水中可减少活性炭颗粒之间的相互黏结，有利于提高其表面积的利用率。     

O3／H2O2艺去除饮用水中2-MIB的效能与机制

以2-甲基异莰醇（MIB）为嗅味物质的代表物,采用过氧化氢／臭氧氧化（O3／H2O2）工艺去除水中嗅味物质,考察了O3／H2O2工艺对水中2一MIB的去除效能与主导作用机制。研究表明,投加H2O2显著提高了单独0,氧化对2-MIB的去除效能,H2O2与O3最佳物质的量比为0．3：1,且2-MIB去除效果随pH值的升高而升高。叔丁醇对2-MIB的去除表现出显著的抑制作用,在O3氧化2-MIB过程中,除O3分子氧化2-MIB外,O3在水中自分解产生的强氧化性的羟基自由基（HO·）也具有协同氧化作用。不同浓度的天然有机物（NOM）对2-MIB去除效果的影响不同,较低浓度的NOM促进了2-MIB的去除,但随着其浓度的升高,2-MIB去除率明显降低。O3／H2O2工艺对水中2-MIB表现出良好的去除效果,是强化去除水中2-MIB等致臭微量有机物的重要工艺。     

嗅味层次分析法对饮用水中嗅味的识别

介绍了嗅味层次分析法（FPA）培训程序及其在饮用水嗅味识别中的应用案例。结果表明，按照FPA方法选择并培训的测试小组，对于实际水样中的异嗅味能够进行明确的定性和定量分析；FPA小组经嗅阈值及强度训练后，对典型土霉味物质（2-甲基异莰醇，MIB）和氯味物质NaClO的嗅阈值可分别达到4．82ng／L和0．03mg／L，同时检测出的嗅味强度与嗅味物质浓度间的关系符合Weber—Fechner Law关系式（R^2分别为0．97、0．99），且具有较好的重现性。采用该方法测定了北方某水厂各工艺段水样的嗅味变化情况。结果表明，FPA法可较好地用于评价水厂工艺对常见嗅味物质的处理效果，能够为水厂的运行提供可靠的感官分析手段。     

高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用去除饮用水中嗅味

针对太湖B支流水体发臭现象严重、采用常规工艺处理很难去除嗅味物质的情况，通过试验考察了单独投加高锰酸钾、单独投加粉末活性炭以及高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用三种方法对嗅味的去除效果。静态及生产性试验结果表明：高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用工艺的除嗅效果最好，当高锰酸钾投加量为0．5mg／L、粉末活性炭投加量为40mg／L时，沉后水的嗅阈值仅为5，去除率达到了98．8％，并且可节省粉末活性炭投量约20％。此外，高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用对藻类也有较好的去除效果。     

Characteristics of competitive adsorption between 2-methylisoborneol and natural organic matter on superfine and conventionally sized powdered activated carbons

When treating water with activated carbon, natural organic matter (NOM) is not only a target for adsorptive removal but also an inhibitory substance that reduces the removal efficiency of trace compounds, such as 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), through adsorption competition. Recently, superfine (submicron-sized) activated carbon (SPAC) was developed by wet-milling commercially available powdered activated carbon (PAC) to a smaller particle size. It was reported that SPAC has a larger NOM adsorption capacity than PAC because NOM mainly adsorbs close to the external adsorbent particle surface (shell adsorption mechanism). Thus, SPAC with its larger specific external surface area can adsorb more NOM than PAC. The effect of higher NOM uptake on the adsorptive removal of MIB has, however, not been investigated. Results of this study show that adsorption competition between NOM and MIB did not increase when NOM uptake increased due to carbon size reduction; i.e., the increased NOM uptake by SPAC did not result in a decrease in MIB adsorption capacity beyond that obtained as a result of NOM adsorption by PAC. A simple estimation method for determining the adsorbed amount of competing NOM (NOM that reduces MIB adsorption) is presented based on the simplified equivalent background compound (EBC) method. Furthermore, the mechanism of adsorption competition is discussed based on results obtained with the simplified EBC method and the shell adsorption mechanism. Competing NOM, which likely comprises a small portion of NOM, adsorbs in internal pores of activated carbon particles as MIB does, thereby reducing the MIB adsorption capacity to a similar extent regardless of adsorbent particle size. SPAC application can be advantageous because enhanced NOM removal does not translate into less effective removal of MIB. Molecular size distribution data of NOM suggest that the competing NOM has a molecular weight similar to that of the target compound.     

粉末活性炭对马拉硫磷的吸附性能研究

以马拉硫磷作为突发性污染物,考察了粉末活性炭对其的吸附效果。试验结果表明,粉末活性炭对纯水和滤后水中的马拉硫磷均具有较好的去除效果,对前者的去除效果更为明显,去除率随活性炭投加量的增加而升高。当马拉硫磷浓度为1.25 mg/L,纯水、滤后水中的活性炭投加量分别为12.0和20 mg/L时,反应120 min后马拉硫磷剩余浓度均低于0.25 mg/L。对滤后水而言,药剂费用约为0.06～0.08元/m3。     

Adsorption characteristics of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound-Naproxen, carbamazepine and nonylphenol-on activated carbon

The adsorption of two representative pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) (naproxen and carbamazepine) and one endocrine disrupting compound (nonylphenol) were evaluated on two types of activated carbon. When determining their isotherms at environmentally relevant concentration levels, it was found that at this low concentration range (10-800 ng/L), removals of the target compounds were contrary to expectations based on their hydrophobicity. Nonylphenol (log K(ow) 5.8) was most poorly adsorbed, whereas carbamazepine (log K(ow) 2.45) was most adsorbable. Nonylphenol Freundlich isotherms at this very low concentration range had a much higher 1/n compared to isotherms at much higher concentrations. This indicates that extrapolation from an isotherm obtained at a high concentration range to predict the adsorption of nonylphenol at a concentration well below the range of the original isotherm, leads to a substantial overestimation of its removals. Comparison of isotherms for the target compounds to those for other conventional micropollutants suggested that naproxen and carbamazepine could be effectively removed by applying the same dosage utilized to remove odorous compounds (geosmin and MIB) at very low concentrations. The impact of competitive adsorption by background natural organic matter (NOM) on the adsorption of the target compounds was quantified by using the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) in combination with the equivalent background compound (EBC) approach. The fulfilment of the requirements for applying the simplified IAST-EBC model, which leads to the conclusion that the percentage removal of the target compounds at a given carbon dosage is independent of the initial contaminant concentration, was confirmed for the situation examined in the paper. On this basis it is suggested that the estimated minimum carbon usage rates (CURs) to achieve 90% removal of these emerging contaminants would be valid at concentrations of less than 500 ng/L in natural water.     

粉末活性炭对水中呋喃丹的吸附性能研究

考察了粉末活性炭吸附去除水中呋喃丹的可行性,并采用Freundlich公式拟合去离子水和自来水条件下的吸附等温方程.结果表明,采用粉末活性炭可有效去除水中的呋喃丹,在去离子水条件下,呋喃丹初始质量浓度为0.035 mg/L,投炭量为20 mg/L,吸附时间为120 min时,呋喃丹的去除率大于98％.根据吸附等温方程计...     

Effects of chlorine on organophosphorus pesticides adsorbed on activated carbon: desorption and oxon formation

We investigated effects of chlorination on four organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, isoxathion, malathion, and tolclofos-methyl) adsorbed on powdered activated carbon (PAC). Following adsorption of each pesticide on 10mg/L of PAC in water, chlorine was added. After 30min of chlorination, the corresponding oxons were detected in the water, but the parent compounds were not detected. Molar ratios of the oxon concentration in solution after 30min of chlorine addition to the initial pesticide concentration before the adsorption process were 4.1% and 7.9% for diazinon, 3.9% and 5.8% for isoxathion, 1.2% and 1.7% for malathion, and 1.4% and 1.4% for tolchlofos-methyl, in the case of 2 and 5mg/L of chlorine addition. The results suggested that the oxons were desorbed from the PAC by chlorination. The concentrations of the desorbed oxons gradually decreased with time, apparently owing to their readsorption by the PAC. Results from additional experiments suggest the following sequence of events: (i) adsorbed pesticides are oxidized by chlorine on the surface of the PAC and transformed into corresponding oxons; (ii) the oxons are released from the PAC; (iii) the released oxons are gradually readsorbed by the PAC, decreasing their concentrations in the water phase.     

受典型除草剂污染原水的应急处理工艺研究

以水中阿特拉津和莠灭净浓度突增为背景,研究了混凝、PAC吸附和PAC吸附＋混凝等工艺对它们的去除效率,同时根据原水水质的变化和水厂的常用工艺,分别考察了混凝剂投加量、pH值、预氧化对混凝去除阿特拉津和莠灭净的影响,以及目标物初始浓度、天然有机物浓度和预氧化对PAC吸附的影响。结果表明,调节pH值及采取预氧化措施均能改善混凝对阿特拉津和莠灭净的去除效果,但其出水浓度仍不能达标;天然有机物浓度对PAC吸附的影响并非是简单的线性关系,同时投加氧化剂和PAC会相互削弱其作用,PAC吸附＋混凝才是去除阿特拉津和莠灭净最简单、有效的方法。     

粉末活性炭去除水中石油类污染物的试验研究

以0#柴油为研究对象,考察了粉末活性炭对水中石油类污染物的吸附性能.结果表明,采用粉末活性炭可有效去除水中的石油类污染物,当柴油初始质量浓度为3 mg/L,吸附时间为30 min,投炭量为20 mg/L时,纯水及原水条件下柴油的去除率均大于70％,且在最大投炭量(80 mg/L)条件下,粉末活性炭可以应对在纯水和原水条...     

二氧化氯/混凝剂工艺处理含铁水的试验研究

通过向含铁水中投加二氧化氯和混凝剂,考察了二氧化氯对水中铁的去除效果及其影响因素。结果表明,二氧化氯投加量、原水pH、预氧化时间和混凝剂投加量对铁的去除效果均有较大的影响。当原水Fe2+浓度为5 mg/L时,二氧化氯最佳投加量为5 mg/L,最佳氧化时间为10 min,混凝剂的最佳投加量为1 mg/L,最佳pH值为7～9,对铁离子的去除率可达到94.0%。     

粉末活性炭对内吸磷的吸附性能研究

研究了粉末活性炭对內吸磷的吸附去除效果以及吸附时间、活性炭投加量和水质条件对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,当內吸磷质量浓度为0.30 mg/L,活性炭投加量为20 mg/L时,在去离子水中吸附60 min后,出水內吸磷为0.02 mg/L;在去离子水中的吸附效果优于原水,在实际应用中需根据原水水质适当调整活性炭投加量或吸附...     

HPLC-fluorescence detection and adsorption of bisphenol A, 17beta-estradiol,and 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol on powdered activated carbon

The adsorption of three estrogenic compounds (bisphenol A (BPA), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and 17alpha-ethynyl estradiol (EE2)) on several powdered activated carbons (PAC) was investigated. Without preconcentration, method detection limits (MDL) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 280 nm and an emission wavelength of 310 nm were 0.88, 1.15, and 0.96 nM for BPA, E2, and EE2, respectively. Compound recoveries were >90% in raw drinking water matrices. PAC screening studies (six PAC brands) indicated all three compounds were removed by PAC, but the percentage removal ranged from 31% to >99% based upon PAC type/dosage and presence/absence of natural organic matter. The order of removal (E2>EE2>BPA) corresponded with logK(ow) values for the compounds (3.1-4.0, 3.7-3.9, 3.3, respectively). Kinetic and PAC dose-response experiments were conducted with the two best performing PACs. Increasing contact time and PAC dose improved compound removal. Freundlich isotherm parameters were fit to the experimental data. This study confirms that PAC treatment is feasible for >99% removal of three estrogenic compounds from raw drinking waters that may be at risk for containing such compounds, at least at initial concentration of 500 ng/l and higher.