燃气轮机燃烧室预混结构性能的数值研究

采用Fluent软件对某旋流预混燃烧室燃料与空气的预混和燃烧进行了数值模拟,分析了轴向叶片式旋流器叶片参数对预混均匀性、回火特性、总压损失和污染物排放的影响,并提出了燃料喷孔结构的改进方案.结果表明:旋流器叶片遮盖度为1.0~1.5,叶片角度为40°~55°,叶片数目为8~12时能够获得较好的燃烧性能;缩小燃料喷孔的孔径,采用旋流器与燃料喷孔合并的结构,合理布置燃料喷孔的位置3种改进方案均能有效改善预混均匀性,降低燃烧的最高温度,3种改进方案依次使NO_x的体积分数比原来降低91%、35%和91%.     

天然气低排放旋流燃烧室头部结构性能研究

本文设计了一种旋流燃烧室的旋流器及预混段结构。通过冷态数值模拟的方法评估了掺混段出口的总压损失及掺混不均匀度。计算结果显示同向双级旋流器能够在相对较低的总压损失下获得较好的掺混效果。之后通过相同的方法确定影响该型旋流器性能的四个几何参数:内层旋流数、外层旋流数、喷嘴直径和内外层流道面积比。研究结果得出了旋流器设计的具体尺寸。配合该旋流器设计,又通过燃烧数值模拟设计了三种掺混区布局。结果表明,较短的中心钝体结构会引起火焰锋面位置向燃烧室下游偏移,造成平面型火焰面,另外还会在掺混区中产生不稳定的回流区。最后通过改变预混段外径、中心体长度和直径得到了综合性能良好的燃烧室结构。     

大气温度对某型燃气轮机燃烧稳定性和 NOx排放影响的数值研究

为了对比扩散和预混两种不同燃烧模式下大气温度对燃气轮机燃烧稳定性和NO_x排放的影响规律,针对某重型燃气轮机燃烧室,对多旋流喷嘴燃烧室的燃烧稳定性和NO_x排放进行了数值研究。结果表明:对于扩散燃烧,大气温度升高,燃烧室内高频脉动增强,燃烧稳定性变差;对于预混燃烧,大气温度升高,有利于提高燃烧的稳定性;在扩散燃烧模式下燃烧室燃料喷嘴下游回流区的温度最高,NO_x生成量最大;预混燃烧下燃烧室头部温度分布较均匀,燃烧室NO_x生成主要集中在驻涡回流区和燃烧室中下游位置,燃料喷嘴下游回流区NO_x生成量很小;随着大气温度的升高,扩散燃烧和预混燃烧下燃烧室内NO_x的生成量均增加。研究结果可为指导燃气轮机运行提供参考。     

旋流器结构参数对TAPS燃烧室性能的影响

利用数值模拟手段探究旋流器叶片角度对双环预混旋流(TAPS)燃烧室性能的影响。针对本文研究的特定结构及工况,结论如下:一级、二级叶片角增大时,参考线上切向速度仅在特定位置变化较明显,燃烧效率与压力损失均呈上升趋势。三级叶片角增加,火焰筒中心区域气流切向速度变化较大,回流区体积明显增大,燃烧效率与压力损失也逐渐升高。预测所得压力损失y与燃烧效率z随三级叶片角x的变化关系式分别为:y=0.063 17×x+3.313 96和z=0.026 11×x+97.821 39。结果可为燃气轮机TAPS燃烧室的旋流器设计提供参考。     

双径向反向旋流器燃烧室冷态流场数值研究

文章采用数值模拟的方法对一种新设计的双径向旋流器燃烧室的冷态流场进行了研究,并对旋流器的重要设计参数进行了计算和验证.研究表明:双径向反向旋流器能在燃烧区形成有效的回流区,同时反向旋转加强了燃料空气混合,有利于污染控制.从旋流数来看,燃烧区旋流数均大于0.6,旋流强度足以形成有效的回流区用于稳燃.最后文章研究了此结构下两级旋流器的流量系数并与初始设计用值进行了比较.     

旋流强度对F级燃气轮机燃烧稳定性影响分析

旋流器是目前燃烧室中常用的稳定火焰的结构,主要通过气体经过旋流器后在下游形成的回流区来稳定火焰。一般采用旋流数表征旋流器的旋流强度。旋流数一方面会影响空气和燃料的掺混,另一方面会影响回流区的尺寸,从而对火焰的长度和稳定性产生影响。针对某重型燃气轮机的燃烧器,采用数值模拟的方法分析了旋流数变化对热态温度场的影响,同时采用三维有限元方法分析了旋流数对燃烧稳定性的影响。结果表明:旋流数增加,会使得火焰更加紧凑,长度缩短,同时使得燃烧室二阶周向模态稳定性恶化,不稳定的风险增加;降低旋流数会使得火焰长度增加,轴向模态稳定性恶化。该研究结果可为类似机组的相关设计研究提供参考和借鉴。     

火焰筒扩张角与旋流匹配对燃烧特性的影响

为研究旋流器流量分配对干式低排放(Dry Low Emission,DLE)燃烧室燃烧特性的影响规律,针对单头部中心分级旋流燃烧室,以天然气作为燃料,在保持旋流数不变的前提下开展两级旋流器不同空气分配比例下的试验测试和数值模拟,获得不同结构参数条件下燃烧室的综合燃烧性能以及污染物排放等变化规律。研究表明：随主燃级/预燃级旋流器流量比增大,燃烧室中心回流区变小、回流区长度变短;预燃级局部当量比的增大造成燃烧室出口CO排放增加,主燃区燃烧加剧,热力型NOx排放也增加;同时,燃烧室中心高温区域向燃烧室出口方向扩张,出口温度分布均匀性变差。     

低排放燃烧室值班喷嘴改进设计研究

贫燃预混燃烧是目前实现干式低排放的主要技术措施之一,然而该燃烧技术在机组运行中,总会出现低工况下燃烧室贫燃熄火和回火等问题,为了改善低排放燃烧室的贫燃熄火特性,需要对低排放喷嘴进行结构设计改进。本文针对某型低排放燃烧室,以提高燃烧室贫燃熄火过量空气系数为目标,对低排放喷嘴的值班路进行设计改进。结果表明:(1)旋流缩放组合式值班喷嘴可以形成稳定的值班火焰;(2)旋流缩放组合式值班喷嘴可以引燃主喷嘴;(3)采用旋流缩放式值班喷嘴后,燃烧室的贫燃熄火过量空气系数提高了23%。     

旋流角度对燃料掺混特性影响研究

为了研究工业燃气轮机燃烧室旋流器旋流角度对燃料/空气混合均匀度以及NOx排放的影响,针对某型燃烧室的中心分级双级轴向旋流器,应用Fluent软件,选择Realizable k-ε和Species Transport模型,在燃气轮机的设计工况下对不同旋流角度回流区形态、甲烷的体积分数分布、温度场和污染物的排放进行了数值模拟。研究表明：随着内旋流角度从30°增加到50°,燃烧室内流场形成的回流区尺寸有减小的趋势,燃料的分布趋于均匀,主燃区最高温度从2 304 K降低到2 180 K, NOx排放呈先增大后减少的趋势,旋流角度为50°时NOx排放质量浓度为501.045 mg/m3。     

某型燃气轮机燃烧室预混燃烧流场数值研究

本文以某型燃气轮机燃烧室为模型,采用数值方法对其内部流场结构以及NO_x排放进行了研究。结果表明,燃烧室回流区由环形射流、中心回流、各旋流喷嘴中心回流、相邻旋流喷嘴之间的低速小回流以及在侧壁面与端壁之间形成的角落回流等5种不同流型共同组成;旋流数增加(0.6269~0.9403),燃烧室内回流区的体积减小,火焰长度减小,火焰根部向喷嘴端移动,燃烧室出口平面温度分布更均匀,燃烧室NO_x排放降低。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.