ORC发电系统变热源温度实验研究

为研究有机朗肯循环(ORC)热源温度变化引起的循环热效率、(火用)效率、发电效率等性能的变化情况,搭建以R245fa为循环工质的ORC发电系统实验平台。实验结果表明:热源温度的提高使循环蒸发压力、冷凝压力升高,膨胀机入口温度、压力升高,膨胀比增大,等熵效率提升,膨胀做功能力增强,系统循环热效率、(火用)效率、发电效率均增大;在冷源温度为12℃,工质流量保持恒定的情况下,热源温度从87.5℃上升至108.1℃时,循环热效率由4.1%提升到7.1%,系统(火用)效率由17.2%提升到30.0%,系统发电效率由4.1%提升到7.3%。     

应用热力学分析方法与AHP_熵值法对ORC的工质比较及优化

选取4种有机工质R245fa、R123、R600和R141b做为循环工质,采用火用分析方法在烟气入口温度为150℃、出口温度为75℃的条件下,在蒸发温度为80-140℃范围内对4种有机工质的亚临界有机朗肯循环进行分析,发现系统各设备的火用效率、系统总的火用效率、热效率、净输出功随蒸发温度的升高而升高,火用损失随蒸发温度的升高而降低。当蒸发温度达到140℃时,系统各设备的火用效率、系统总的火用效率、热效率、净输出功均达到最大值,而火用损失达到最小值。因此,4种有机工质蒸发温度在80-140℃范围内的最佳蒸发温度都为140℃,且4种工质中R141b的有机朗肯循环系统各设备的火用效率、系统总的火用效率、热效率、净输出功最大,火用损失最少,所以R141b为该系统的最适合工质,R123、R600和R245fa依次次之。以系统总火用损失、热效率、火用效率和净输出功为评价指标,采用层次分析法(The Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP),通过熵值法确定权重因子,得到R600和R245fa的综合评价指标ξ,发现R600比R245fa更优。     

基于电气体发电的ORC系统热力学分析

构建了含电气体发电的ORC系统并对比于传统的汽轮机-发电机的发电方式,以发电功率和火用效率作为目标函数,基于热力学和电学理论,计算分析了亚临界状态下7种不同工质相应目标。研究表明,蒸发温度升高,系统发电功率增加。相同条件下,R134a有较大的输出电功率;热源进口温度一定,窄点温差越小,系统火用效率越大;同一窄点温差,热源进口温度不高于临界温度约2倍的窄点温差时,火用效率存在最大值;反之,火用效率则随蒸发温度单调递增。本研究将为ORC新型发电技术在工质选择和性能优化方面提供理论指导。     

超超临界二次再热锅炉火用分析

依据能量平衡方程,对超超临界二次再热机组锅炉建立了两种不同的火用分析模型。在锅炉热平衡计算的基础上,对某1000MW超超临界二次再热机组的锅炉进行定量火用分析计算。通过计算和分析得出二次再热锅炉的火用损分布,指出内部火用损失是节能的重点方向,并证明二次再热机组通过缩小工质与高温烟气的换热平均温差有效地减少了内部火用损失,从全厂的角度提高了效率。     

低温热源喷射式发电制冷复合系统的(火用)分析

根据热力学第二定律,对一种新型低温热源喷射式发电制冷复合系统进行了(火用)分析,并以R600a作为工质对系统进行了仿真计算.结果表明:在热源入口温度为420 K、热源热水流量为0.2kg/s、热源蒸发温度为370 K的标准工况下,系统净发电量为2.74 kW,系统制冷量为11.99 kw,系统的(火用)效率达到25.83%,系统能量利用率为45.34%;系统(火用)损失主要发生在蒸汽发生器和喷射器中.在热源蒸发温度提高过程中,系统内部工质流量发生改变,导致系统净发电量和(火用)效率小幅下降,制冷量和能量利用率先增后降.当热源蒸发温度为370 K时,系统能量利用率达到最大值.     

中低温热源的动力回收

综述了中低温(100℃～400℃)热源在等压变温热功转换中最有效地进行动力回收。论述了如何采用低沸点工质;如何获得循环的最佳蒸发温度和最佳凝结温度;如何提高透平效率和整个装置的(火用)效率。介绍了采用非共沸混合工质获取更大装置(火用)效率的Kalina循环。     

生物质热解加氢制汽柴油系统的火用分析

基于生物质热解加氢制汽柴油系统的Aspen Plus模拟,分析了全系统碳氢氧元素的平衡转化过程,并基于火用理论对全系统及各单元进行了用能分析,研究了重整温度和氢利用率对系统火用效率的影响。结果表明：模拟条件下汽柴油产率为0.122 kg/kg生物质(干基);生物质碳的24.74%转化到汽柴油;转化到汽柴油的氢占实际总氢消耗的19.85%;加氢过程生物油氧38.2%以CO2脱除,其余以H2O脱除。全系统总火用效率(η )和产品火用效率(η-)分别为59.9%和32.8%;全系统火用损以内部不可逆火用损为主,比例达约30%,热解单元是全系统火用损最大的部位。重整最佳温度为750℃~800℃;系统自供氢条件下,η 和η-所能达到的最大值分别为63.1%和42.6%。     

基于热力学第二定律的燃气轮机故障性能研究

本文利用热力学第二定律的功势转化指标标之一的推力功势转化性能指标。对燃气轮机在故障状态下的推力功势性能进行分析。对比用传统的部件效率来衡量的故障性能变化,分析并量化了几种典型故障下功势的转化性能的变化程度。结果表明：推力功势转化性能指标从能源转化为有用功的角度更好地衡量燃气轮机的故障性能,为进一步研究各种故障下燃气轮机的能源转化性能奠定了基础。     

汽液两相螺杆膨胀机的定熵膨胀功率特性

本文探讨了以汽水混合物为工质的螺杆膨胀机的定熵膨胀功率特性,提出了峰值功率膨胀比的概念,分析了进口工质参数,工质预节流等对螺杆膨胀机定熵膨胀功率的影响。     

不同工质条件下污水源冷热水机组的性能分析

介绍污水源冷热水机组的工作原理及污水的特性,推导出了污水源冷热水机组在制冷和热泵工况下的各个设备的（火用）损失、整个机组的（火用）效率以及一次能源利用率的计算公式。分析比较不同工质条件下机组在夏季制冷和冬季制热工况时,整个机组的（火用）效率、机组COP值、一次能源利用率等,得出R407C是污水源热泵理想工质的结论。     

Turkey's sectoral energy and exergy analysis between 1999 and 2000

This study analyses sectoral energy and exergy utilization in Turkey between 1999 and 2000. Total energy and exergy utilization efficiencies are calculated to be 43.24 and 24.04% in 1999, and 44.91 and 24.78% in 2000, respectively. In order to calculate these efficiency values, Turkey is subgrouped into four main sectors, namely utility, industrial, transportation and commercial‐residential. The energy efficiency values are found to be 23.88, 30.10, 68.97 and 57.76% in 1999, and 23.71, 30.11, 68.81 and 57.05% in 2000 for transportation, utility, industrial and commercial‐residential sectors, respectively. Besides this, the exergy efficiency values are obtained to be 23.80, 30.28, 35.97 and 8.12% in 1999, and 23.65, 30.47, 35.51 and 8.02% in 2000 for the same order of sectors. The present study has clearly shown the necessity of the planned studies towards increasing exergy efficiencies in the sectors studied. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

能源转换利用的火用分析概述

本文对有用能——火用的概念和起源做了简单介绍,并分别概述了化学火用和累积火用的基本理论以及在应用上的意义。指出了当前火用分析存在的问题,进而提出了“投入产出火用函数”,并以此对可再生能源、不可再生能源以及循环能源的转换利用进行了火用分析,得出了只有不断加大可再生能源在能源结构中的比例和提高转换过程的火用效率,才能减缓地球火用衰减的结论。     

工程常见输(火用)元的特性准则及其计算

输元是组成传递模型的基本单元.提出三类9项输元特性准则.研究确定传热传递、能量转换传递、传质传递三大类8种典型输元的特性准则,并给出了相应的计算式或表达式,为规范建立基本工程传递模型、简化复杂系统的工程传递分析提供了基础.     

试论工程(火用)传递的基本方式

基本Yong传递方式的科学确定,对复杂Yong传递过程或系统的研究极具价值。在分析评述现有研究成果的基础上,提出了作为基本Yong传递方式的充要条件。对多种复杂Yong传递系统的分解、分析,积累了丰富的Yong传递形式资料。据此提出四种基本Yong传递方式,作为应用列举了二个复杂Yong传递系统分解实例。     

电站锅炉传递描述

能量的传递和转换必然伴随其"质"--(火用)的传递和转换.能量在传递和转换过程中其量守恒,而炯在传递和转换过程中其量不守恒,因此(火用)必有其独特的传递和转换规律.常规(火用)平衡分析综合热力学第一定律和第二定律,以(火用)效率为评价指标,属于静态热力学研究.参照工程(火用)传递评价准则,提出了堋传递系数、(火用)流密度、(火用)损率等评价指标,并针对某台锅炉机组进行了(火用)传递分析,通过与常规的传热及(火用)平衡分析比较,提供了一些新的技术评价信息.     

Exergoeconomic analysis of a combined heat and power (CHP) system

This study deals with exergoeconomic analysis of a combined heat and power (CHP) system along its main components installed in Eskisehir City of Turkey. Quantitative exergy cost balance for each component and the whole CHP system is considered, while exergy cost generation within the system is determined. The exergetic efficiency of the CHP system is obtained to be 38.33% with 51 475.90 kW electrical power and the maximum exergy consumption between the components of the CHP system is found to be 51 878.82 kW in the combustion chamber. On the other hand, the exergoeconomic analysis results indicate that the unit exergy cost of electrical power produced by the CHP system accounts for 18.51 US$ GW^?1. This study demonstrates that exergoeconomic analysis can provide extra information than exergy analysis, and the results from exergoeconomic analysis provide cost‐based information, suggesting potential locations for the CHP system improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单元初始火用效率和火用流价值分布

分析了火用的不等价性,在此基础上提出了火用弹性系数、初始火用损耗率等概念.以火用弹性系数为计算基础,分析了在单一系统内各组元火用效率对整个系统火用效率的影响,导出了初始火用损耗率的计算方法,并以实例进行了分析计算.分析表明系统内各组元的单位火用所消耗的初始火用更能反映系统各组元的火用耗特性,从而有利于更科学地分析系统各单元的节能潜力.     

Exergy analysis of a coal‐based 210 MW thermal power plant

In the present work, exergy analysis of a coal‐based thermal power plant is done using the design data from a 210 MW thermal power plant under operation in India. The entire plant cycle is split up into three zones for the analysis: (1) only the turbo‐generator with its inlets and outlets, (2) turbo‐generator, condenser, feed pumps and the regenerative heaters, (3) the entire cycle with boiler, turbo‐generator, condenser, feed pumps, regenerative heaters and the plant auxiliaries. It helps to find out the contributions of different parts of the plant towards exergy destruction. The exergy efficiency is calculated using the operating data from the plant at different conditions, viz. at different loads, different condenser pressures, with and without regenerative heaters and with different settings of the turbine governing. The load variation is studied with the data at 100, 75, 60 and 40% of full load. Effects of two different condenser pressures, i.e. 76 and 89 mmHg (abs.), are studied. Effect of regeneration on exergy efficiency is studied by successively removing the high pressure regenerative heaters out of operation. The turbine governing system has been kept at constant pressure and sliding pressure modes to study their effects. It is observed that the major source of irreversibility in the power cycle is the boiler, which contributes to an exergy destruction of the order of 60%. Part load operation increases the irreversibilities in the cycle and the effect is more pronounced with the reduction of the load. Increase in the condenser back pressure decreases the exergy efficiency. Successive withdrawal of the high pressure heaters show a gradual increment in the exergy efficiency for the control volume excluding the boiler, while a decrease in exergy efficiency when the whole plant including the boiler is considered. Keeping the main steam pressure before the turbine control valves in sliding mode improves the exergy efficiencies in case of part load operation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

熵与yong及yong分析与yong传递

能量与能质寓于同一的客观属体——能，又分别表征能的不同的客观属性。热力学可划分为基础热力学和应用热力学两大类，相应地形成了分别以熵和yong为核心的两个热力学参数框架体系。yong理论的直接应用是，用分析法；其扩展应用是与经济学结合产生的热经济学，与传输学结合产生炯传递理论。     

Exergetic performance evaluation of a combined heat and power (CHP) system in Turkey

This study deals with the exergetic performance assessment of a combined heat and power (CHP) system installed in Eskisehir city of Turkey. Quantitative exergy balance for each component and the whole CHP system was considered, while exergy consumptions in the system were determined. The performance characteristics of this CHP system were evaluated using exergy analysis method. The exergetic efficiency of the CHP system was accounted for 38.16% with 49 880 kW as electrical products. The exergy consumption occurred in this system amounted to 80 833.67 kW. The ways of improving the exergy efficiency of this system were also analysed. As a result of these, a simple way of increasing the exergy efficiency of the available CHP system was suggested that the valves‐I–III and the MPSC could be replaced by a 3500 kW‐intermediate pressure steam turbine (IPST). If the IPST is installed to the CHP system (called the modified CHP (MCHP) system), the exergetic efficiency of the MCHP system is calculated to be 40.75% with 53 269.53 kW as electrical products. The exergy consumption is found to be 77 444.14 kW in the MCHP system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.