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《汽轮机技术》2017,(5)
为研究核电汽轮机高压级内非定常流动对湿蒸汽凝结流动液滴直径、压力以及湿汽损失等参数分布的影响,采用湿蒸汽非平衡凝结相变模型,对定常与非定常流动状态下湿蒸汽自发凝结流动进行三维数值分析。结果表明:非定常凝结流动趋于稳定时,各项参数的分布呈现周期性变化规律。非定常流动的动静干涉现象导致周向流场具有非均匀性,湿蒸汽级内的轴端功率下降0.266%。非定常流动过程中的静叶尾迹现象致使下游动叶通道内自发凝结的液滴直径减小。非定常凝结流动的压力位势作用使得动叶出口平均压力提高。非定常流动引起湿蒸汽凝结的热力学损失与制动损失分别升高62.27%和1.88%,疏水损失降低0.233%。 相似文献
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可转导叶由于端部间隙和转轴的存在,会产生复杂的二次流动。本文对LISA涡轮进行变几何改型,采用几何约化法对该1.5级变几何涡轮进行数值模拟,详细探究了可转导叶间隙高度对可转导叶(S1)涡系的流动细节和载荷的影响,并深入研究其非定常流动对下游叶排的干涉及二次流输运过程的影响。计算结果表明:泄漏涡(LV)、角涡(CV)和通道涡(PV)共同组成了可转导叶的涡系;可转导叶端部间隙高度影响流动损失和级效率大小,设计间隙下该变几何涡轮S1时均总压损失系数Y为10.32%,涡轮时均总总效率ηtt为82.26%;可转导叶的尾缘泄漏涡使第1级动叶(R1)流动产生强非定常性;可转导叶的尾缘泄漏涡和R1泄漏涡、壁面涡是造成第2级静叶(S2)流动非定常性的主要因素。 相似文献
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为探究单级变几何涡轮(VGT)在导叶转动过程中的过渡态性能,对某动力涡轮进行了非定常数值计算,应用动网格技术实现导叶转角的改变,并对导叶通道开大或关小过渡过程中涡轮性能进行了分析。结果表明:导叶转角从0°变化到-5°时,单级涡轮效率逐渐下降1.6%,从0°变化到6°时,效率逐渐提高0.5%;质量流量和导叶出口绝对气流角随转角改变接近线性变化,而动叶出口相对气流角、熵增、效率和导叶出口总压损失等随转角改变呈抛物线型变化;过渡态下导叶流场内损失变化主要受上、下端壁处间隙泄漏涡影响,动叶出口熵增变化规律主要受动叶吸力侧泄漏涡和下部通道涡影响,其中下部通道涡的改变是引起熵增变化的主要原因。 相似文献
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《动力工程学报》2016,(10):801-809
基于节流阀函数以及SSTk-ω湍流模型,对某电站两级动叶可调式轴流风机的非定常失稳过程进行数值模拟,分析了3种轴向间距对风机失速先兆起始位置、表现形式以及失速三维非定常演化过程的影响机制.结果表明:风机稳定运行范围随着轴向间距的缩短得到拓宽;不同轴向间距下,第二级动叶内首先出现失速先兆,且失速先兆表现形式相同,均为突尖型;轴向间距增大时,失速先兆从第二级动叶传播至第一级动叶所用时间增加;轴向间距对叶顶间隙分离涡的产生具有重要影响,轴向间距较小时,分离涡主要由相邻流道的泄漏流绕过尾缘附近反向流入流道并与主流相互作用形成,轴向间距较大时分离涡的形成主要与叶顶间隙的泄漏流有关. 相似文献
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Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden. 相似文献
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《热能动力工程》2014,(5)
正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%. 相似文献
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The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°, −5°, +5°, +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods. 相似文献
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A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified. 相似文献
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The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σred = σ1 β + (1 − β)σi, where: σ1-maximal principal stress, σi-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures. 相似文献
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Jaime Massanet-Nicolau Alan Guwy Richard Dinsdale Giuliano Premier Sandra Esteves 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2010
Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H2 kg−1 VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min−1 successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0 L H2 kg−1 VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production. 相似文献
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As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied. 相似文献