定向凝固Ti-46at.%Al合金晶粒组织形成CAFE模拟

为了深入理解TiAl合金定向凝固过程中晶粒组织演化特点,采用CAFE模型(元胞自动机CA-有限元FE)模拟研究Ti-46at.%Al合金定向凝固过程中晶粒组织形成。借助文献中微重力定向凝固实验结果验证模型。考察了形核过冷度和自然对流强度对柱状晶向等轴晶转变(CET)、晶粒尺寸、晶粒延长因子以及偏析分布的影响。模拟结果表明:降低形核过冷度可以获得完全等轴晶组织。对于完全等轴晶组织,增大流动强度会加重铸件晶间偏析,而对凝固组织形貌以及晶粒尺寸、延长因子分布无影响。增加形核过冷度,发生CET。流动强度增加导致CET延迟,促进长形晶和等轴晶混合生长,增大晶粒尺寸和延长因子以及加重偏析。CAFE模型可以被用于预测TiAl合金晶粒组织形成以及分析控制机理。     

激光增材制造铁基合金组织性能控制研究进展

研究激光增材制造成型工艺、微观组织演变及力学性能之间的关系,可以为高性能铁基合金构件激光增材制造控形、控性提供理论指导.文章综述了不同激光能量密度输入及保护气体含量对铁基合金构件显微组织、致密度、孔隙率的影响,介绍了热处理、颗粒增强金属基复合材料及辅助工艺等改善激光增材制造铁基合金力学性能的常用方法,并展望了激光增材制...     

激光焊接速度对超高强度钢焊缝微观组织和显微硬度的影响

研究了厚度为1.8mm的超高强度钢板的激光焊接性能,分析了焊接速度对焊缝微观组织和显微硬度的影响。试验结果表明,超高强度钢焊缝组织为板条马氏体。采用苦味酸溶液显示原奥氏体晶界,发现原奥氏体呈现柱状晶的晶体形态。随着焊接速度的增加,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸变小,焊缝中心由细小的胞状树枝晶变为等轴晶。焊缝硬度随着焊接速度的增加而增大。     

定向凝固纯铜组织性能研究

采用高真空多功能定向凝固及悬浮熔炼设备,以不同凝固速度制备纯铜试样,并对定向凝固纯铜试样的显微组织和机械性能进行了分析研究.通过实验获得了定向凝固纯铜的组织性能.当凝固速度小于500μm/min时,定向凝固的纯铜试样横、纵截面的晶粒形貌都是等轴晶,晶粒内存在孪晶,凝固速度较小时,其孪晶组织数量较多.当凝固速度大于500μm/min时,定向凝固的纯铜试样横截面的晶粒形貌是等轴晶,而纵截面的晶粒形貌是柱状晶,晶粒内基本不存在孪晶组织.定向凝固纯铜的室温机械性能是:当凝固速度在50μm/min的条件下,试样的抗拉强度约153 MPa,较普通铸造纯铜试样的低,而屈服强度约91.8 MPa,延伸率约80.12%,都优于普通铸造纯铜试样.透射电镜分析表明,纯铜定向凝固过程中形成的孪晶B=[110].     

TC4合金增材制造的研究现状

钛合金具有密度小、生物相容性好、综合力学性能优异、耐腐蚀性好等优点. TC4合金是最为常用的一种钛合金,广泛应用于医疗、航空航天等领域.传统制备工艺制造出来的钛合金零部件,存在成本高、材料收得率低、制造周期长等缺陷.增材制造技术能迅速把构造复杂的三维模型转化为实体零件,近年来得到快速发展.本文简要介绍增材制造技术的分类,TC4合金增材制造构件的微观组织、力学性能、显微缺陷,以及数值模拟在增材制造方面的应用,并展望未来发展方向.     

工艺因素对SCM435钢大方坯凝固组织的影响

为了模拟不同工艺条件下的连铸坯的凝固组织,采用有限元法模拟了SCM435钢的连铸凝固过程,获得了325 mm×280 mm连铸坯的温度场,在此基础上与元胞自动机(Cell automaton,CA)耦合模拟凝固组织.结果表明,随浇注温度的降低,柱状晶区逐步减少,表面细晶区及中心等轴晶扩大,晶粒密度逐步增加,最大晶粒面积及平均半径大大减少;但中心凝固所需要的时间反而有所增加,中心处的晶粒的平均半径先降低后升高;拉速对凝固位置的影响较为显著,随拉速的增加,晶粒密度逐步减少,柱状晶宽度与中心处的等轴晶半径略有增加.     

增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金断裂行为与应力三轴度关系研究

研究应力三轴度与增材制造钛合金材料断裂行为的相关性,对分析增材制造钛合金的断裂失效过程有着重要的作用和意义。对光滑圆棒和缺口圆棒试件在准静态下进行单轴拉伸试验,结合数值仿真分析得到试件的应力三轴度分布和断裂应变,研究了增材制造钛合金在不同应力三轴度下的韧性断裂行为。通过扫描电子显微镜观察试件断口表面的形貌,分析不同应力三轴度下增材制造钛合金的断裂机理。研究发现,在中高应力三轴度范围内,增材制造钛合金的断裂应变随应力三轴度的升高而降低;缺口圆棒试件的起裂位置随缺口半径的减小从最小截面中心处逐渐转移至边缘处。     

一种镍基定向高温合金电弧增材接头的组织性能研究

采用TIG电弧增材方法,对定向凝固高温合金进行焊接修复,并进行微观组织形貌分析及拉伸力学性能测试.结果表明,增材区内部呈典型的细枝晶生长形态;电弧增材焊缝内的显微硬度略低于母材区,原因是焊接合金中Al、Ti等沉淀强化元素含量较低;接头样品的平均屈服强度与抗拉强度均达到母材的98％,断后伸长率为母材的59％;试样断裂在增...     

基于CAFE法的单晶铜杆热型连铸过程晶体生长模拟

基于元胞自动机(CA)和有限元(FE)耦合法对单晶铜杆热型连铸过程中晶粒生长及演化过程进行了模拟,获得了稳定状态下铸棒内温度分布及液固相界面的位置和形态,模拟了连铸初期沿热流方向细小等轴晶快速合并形成柱状晶的过程,采用截面形态和极图法分析了定向凝固条件下各个生长时刻的晶粒形貌和晶粒生长取向以及晶粒竞争生长过程中的快速淘汰和慢速淘汰阶段,为热型连铸工艺优化提供了依据。     

Nb变质剂对Fe-Ni膨胀合金凝固组织的影响

Nb变质剂对Fe-Ni膨胀合金凝固组织影响的研究结果表明:经Nb变质处理后,Fe-Ni膨胀合金中形成了大量的Ni3Nb包芯(Fe2Nb)的高熔点化合物,尺寸为2～4 μm.根据错配度理论计算表明,Ni3Nb的某些低指数面与Fe-Ni膨胀合金的某些低指数面具有4.96%的较低错配度,因此,Ni3Nb作为非均匀形核核心,使合金凝固组织由完全的柱状晶变为完全的等轴晶组织,晶粒尺寸为45～50 μm.此外,Nb在等轴晶晶界上以NbN、NbC、Ni3Nb包芯(Fe2Nb)复合物形式存在,其中Ni3Nb包芯(Fe2Nb)复合物具有阻止晶粒长大的作用.     

Microstructure and penetration behavior of electroformed copper liners of shaped charges during explosive detonation deformation

The microstructure in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges prepared with different electrolytes was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM） and Electron Backscattering Kikuchi Pattern （EBSP） methods. SEM observations revealed the existence of columnar grains in electroformed copper liners of shaped charges formed by electrolyte without any additive and the average grain size is about 3 μm. When an additive is introduced to the electrolyte, the grains formed in the copper liners become equiaxed and finer. EBSP results show that the columnar grain grown during electroformation has the most preferential growth direction, whereas a micro-texture does not exit in the specimen prepared by electrolyte with the additive. Further, explosive detonation deformation experiments show that penetration depth is dramatically improved when the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges exhibit equiaxed grains.     

TiA(l)-10Nb合金铸态组织演化规律的研究

研究Ti-(44～54)Al-10Nb合金铸态组织的演化规律,并确定全β凝固的TiAl-10Nb合金的成分范围.实验结果表明:Ti-(44～53)Al-10Nb合金的凝固组织为典型的柱状晶组织,Ti-54Al-10Nb合金的宏观组织为等轴组织;在其凝固组织(纵截面)上部存在较多的缩松,这主要是由于Nb元素的添加量加多,...     

Columnar to equiaxed transition during alloy solidification

Dendrite is the most prevalent microstructural pattern during the preparation and formation of materials. The microstructural scale and pattern of the dendrites largely determine the final properties of the materials. In general, we desire the dendrite to grow with the mode of equiaxed growth. Polycrystalline material obtained by equiaxed growth commonly possess higher strength and ductility, because when the polycrystalline material is forced to deform, there exists mutual compatibility of de…     

Microstructure of AISI 304 stainless steel strips produced by a twin-roll caster

By optical inspection of macro-etched metallography and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping,this paper analyzed the microstructure of anstenitic stainless steel strips produced with an equal-diameter twin-roll strip caster.The results indicate that the microstructure of the strips includes two columnar zones with highly compact dendrites and one equiaxed zone.The characteristics,such as grain size and growing direction of columnar grains and equiaxed grains,were investigated.An additional transitional area with many freer grains between the columnar zone and the equiaxed zone was found.As shown in EBSD analysis,small angle boundaries exist both in the columnar zone and the equiaxed zone,although they are especially more in the transitional area.Additionally,some <111> twin boundaries were found in the mierostructure of the strips.     

Roles of titanium-rich precipitates as inoculants during solidification in low carbon steel

The effect of titanium on the as-cast structure and the growth form of titanium precipitates, and the effect of cooling rate on the size and distribution of titanium precipitates were studied. It is shown that Ti-rich precipitates acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites play an important role in refining the grain size and increasing the equiaxed grain ratio. Cooling rate has a great effect on the size and distribution of precipitates. The number of precipitates increases and the size decreases with the increase of cooling rate. Ti-rich particles acting as het-erogeneous nucleation sites at the onset of solidification are observed in the experiment. This result suggests that TiN nucleated on Ti2O3 is an effective inoculant for δ-ferrite during solidification in low carbon steel.     

Prediction of the solidification structure of casting and heterogeneous nucleation

The frequency of heterogeneous nucleation during the solidification of Al-Si binary alloy was estimated by comparing experimentally obtained macrostructures of castings with numerically simulated ones. A molten alloy was unidirectionally solidified from a water-cooled copper chill in an adiabatic mold. The location of columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) in the solidified alloy ingot was measured. A numerical simulation for grain structure formation based on the Monte Carlo method was carried out, and the frequency of heterogeneous nucleation in the alloy was evaluated by producing similar structure with the experimental one. The frequency of heterogeneous nucleation was expressed as a probabilistic function with an exponential form of undercooling that determines the probability of nucleation event in the simulation. The value of the exponent is regarded as the nucleation parameter. The nucleation parameter of Al-Si binary alloy varied with initial Si content.     

Improving the solidification structure of commercially pure aluminium with electropulse acting on liquid metal

The effect of electropulse on the solidification structure of commercially pure aluminium was studied. The orthogonal array L9 was used to determine the effect of three process parameters of electropulse modification (EPM), which were pulse current intensity, pulse frequency, and treating time. For each factor, three levels were chosen to cover the experimental region. According to the ex-perimental results, the solidification structure of commercially pure aluminium was modified from large grains with columnar crystals to finer grains with equiaxed crystals, by allowing the electropulse to act on liquid aluminium. However, the solidification structures could be refined differently at different EPM parameters. Certain EPM parameters should be selected to get the optimum solidification structure. Among the three parameters, pulse frequency was the most important factor influencing the solidification structure, the secondary factor was current intensity, and treating time was the third one. The optimum parameters were the pulse frequency of 5 Hz, the current intensity of 68 A, and the treating time of 10 s.     

电脉冲孕育处理对ZL201合金凝固组织的影响

采用新型孕育处理方法—电脉冲孕育处理(简称EPM)技术,对ZL201熔体进行处理,研究其改善合金组织的能力。脉冲电场处理工艺对凝固组织影响的实验结果表明:EPM孕育处理技术可细化ZL201的凝固组织,增加等轴晶数量;合金熔体经EPM孕育处理后,凝固组织中α相之间的共晶组织量有所减少,共晶组织形态呈粒状化,分布均匀。并据此结果,对电脉冲孕育处理技术细化凝固组织及Al2Cu量减少的机理进行了分析。