锅炉高温受热面蒸汽侧氧化膜在线监测技术研究

建立了高温受热面炉内壁温在线监测模型、氧化膜生长模型、氧化膜应力在线监测计算模型和氧化膜脱落评估模型等.在此基础上,开发了锅炉高温受热面蒸汽侧氧化膜管理系统,并利用该系统对某600MW超临界锅炉高温受热面炉内管壁温度和蒸汽侧氧化膜厚度及应力状态进行实时计算与分析.结果表明:利用该系统可以减小沿烟道宽度方向的热偏差,有效降低偏差屏的炉内温度,减缓管内氧化膜生成速率;通过对温度变化速率、氧化膜应力状态的实时监测,可以积极预防氧化膜的脱落和堆积.     

超临界锅炉高温受热面内壁氧化皮的形成及剥落机理研究

基于华能沁北电厂2~#机组高温再热器下弯头连续四次氧化皮脱落的检查结果,分析超临界机组再热器管内壁氧化皮生成及剥落的机理。分析结果表明:受热面在高温运行状态下,氧化皮的形成速率取决于受热面管壁温度。造成管壁氧化皮剥落的主要因素为金属基体与氧化皮的温差及温升、温降速率。从锅炉运行中受热面温度控制、受热面温度波动控制等几个方面,提出了预防和减少锅炉高温受热面管内氧化皮形成及剥落的措施。     

超临界机组锅炉滑停对氧化脱落的影响

当前由上海锅炉厂生产的350 MW超临界锅炉在进行滑停和正常停炉过程中,高温受热面奥氏体不锈钢材质,从高温降至低温时,对管壁内生成的氧化皮脱落情况进行对比分析发现:随着锅炉累计运行时间逐渐增长,锅炉高温受热面管壁内形成的氧化皮也逐步增厚,由于氧化皮与受热面管材的膨胀系数不同,温度变化率超出允许范围时,氧化皮会从管屏金属内壁上剥脱,一旦大量氧化皮集中剥落,就会在受热面弯头处堵塞管道引起爆管等等问题。文中就超临界锅炉在滑停过程中氧化皮脱落现象进行了探讨,并提出了锅炉滑停过程中的防控措施。     

锅炉受热面高温氧化皮问题分析

本文对超临界、超超临界锅炉受热面高温氧化皮产生的原理进行了简单介绍,并对高温氧化皮的形成、脱落及沉积的条件进行了分析,并提出了相应的预防措施。     

再热蒸汽温度623℃超超临界锅炉燃烧偏差控制

田集发电厂二期工程是国内再热蒸汽温度623℃参数等级超超临界燃煤锅炉的首次应用,由于锅炉的高温再热器设计充分利用现有受热面材料的安全余量,导致运行过程中高温再热器受热面的安全裕度较小,限制了锅炉在初始运行阶段达到汽温设计值。通过大量的燃烧侧偏差控制调整实践,最终可以保证再热蒸汽温度达到设计值623℃,此时高温再热器壁温静态最大值小于638℃,与再热蒸汽温度的正偏差控制在15℃以内,保留了10℃以上的动态安全裕度,保证了锅炉在全负荷范围内的动、静态安全性。     

基于“环境破坏说”的氧化皮剥落理论

在“环境破坏说”的基础上阐释了锅炉高温受热面氧化皮剥落的理论．双层氧化皮内、外层界面存在的空穴是氧化皮剥落的内因,氧化皮承受的应力是氧化皮剥落的外因．氧化皮空穴的成因又可分为内因和外因,内因主要是金属含铬量,外因主要包括蒸汽参数和蒸汽含氧量等．主蒸汽含氧量与铬酸根含量之间具有显著的正相关性,而主蒸汽氢电导率是反映氧化皮铬蒸发的特征指标．外层氧化皮剥落以后,内层氧化皮会继续增厚,但难以剥落．对于已经发生了氧化皮大面积剥落的超（超）临界锅炉,如果检查确认高温受热面氧化皮剥落比较完全,剥落之氧化皮清理比较彻底,则在相当长时期内氧化皮剥落问题都将不再是运行忧患．     

600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉屏式受热面水动力及吸热量特性研究

针对高参数循环流化床(CFB)锅炉高温受热面热偏差特性直接影响锅炉安全运行的问题,根据超临界CFB锅炉炉膛内屏式过热器建立的复杂流动网络系统的数学模型以及吸热量模型,对某600 MW超临界CFB锅炉满负荷以及100 MW负荷2种不同运行工况下压降、质量流速分布、出口汽温分布以及沿工质流动方向壁温分布特性进行了计算分析,并进一步计算得到受热面吸热量分布。结果表明：屏式受热面在600 MW以及100 MW负荷下质量流速偏差分别为12.71%和13.96%,全屏出口汽温偏差分别为33 K和58.4 K,偏差均在安全范围内。600 MW负荷下,最高外壁温度为616.5℃,在材料允许范围内,吸热量分布呈靠近侧墙水冷壁及炉膛中心线处低、受热面中间处高的分布趋势。     

超(超)临界锅炉高温受热面蒸汽氧化皮的生长与剥落特性

阐述了超(超)临界锅炉高温受热面蒸汽氧化皮的晶粒特点,重点分析了铁素体钢和奥氏体钢蒸汽氧化皮的结构特征及其生成和脱落现律.指出高温受热面蒸汽氧化皮的产生是不可避免的,应进一步研究各种运行条件对氧化皮程度、结构形态和剥落时机的影响,以便从机组的运行方式、检修策略和控制理念等各方面来预测和防止氧化皮的危害.     

景德镇发电厂660MW超超临界锅炉受热面壁温偏差控制策略

根据带节流孔圈垂直管屏超超临界直流锅炉的特点,结合景德镇发电厂实际运行状况,全面分析了锅炉水冷壁、过再热器管壁壁温偏差产生的原因。重点分析了磨组运行方式、配风方式等因素对受热面壁温的影响,通过烟气侧温度场调整,降低炉内及炉膛出口烟温偏差,达到各受热面吸热均匀,有效降低了受热面壁温偏差,为机组长期稳定运行创造了有利条件。     

1030MW超超临界锅炉高温受热面氧化皮大量生成及脱落的原因分析

本文借助某1030MW超超临界锅炉的生产实践,对高温受热面的爆管、脱落氧化皮形貌及能谱分析、氧化皮生成及脱落原因等方面的内容进行了详细阐述,本文对探索超(超)临界锅炉高温受热面氧化皮生成机理、氧化皮的生成和脱落的控制具有借鉴作用。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

汽轮机零件防锈性能的改善

介绍了汽轮机零件的封存特点、防锈要求及防锈油性能对比试验的方法,通过对试验结果的对比分析,客观验证了各种防锈油的性能。试验表明,只有选择了合适的防锈油,才能保证汽轮机零件长期封存的质量。