均质压力及喷雾干燥温度对鱼油微胶囊化的影响

采用辛烯基琥珀酸酯淀粉Hi-Cap100和葡萄糖浆作为鱼油微胶囊的壁材。研究了不同均质压力下乳化液黏度、粒径和粒径分布规律,考察了不同均质压力下乳化液特性与鱼油微胶囊包埋率、表面油含量之间的相关性,探讨了喷雾干燥温度对包埋率和鱼油过氧化值(POV)的影响。研究结果表明,随着均质压力的增加,乳化液黏度和平均粒径逐渐减小,而粒径分布离散度总体呈下降趋势,在40MPa时最小,说明此时粒径分布均一性最佳;喷雾干燥温度增加时,鱼油包埋率先增后减,POV值先减后增,在进/出口温度为140℃/70℃时有最高的包埋率和最低的POV值。通过分析确定最佳工艺参数如下,均质压力为40MPa,喷雾干燥进口温度为140℃,出口温度为70℃。在上述最适工艺条件下,鱼油微胶囊平均粒径为5.97μm,表面油含量为2.03%,微胶囊化包埋率为95.6%,在扫描电镜下观察微胶囊表面和内部结构良好,具有良好的包埋效果。     

均质和杀菌条件对核桃油微胶囊化的影响及贮藏稳定性

为研究不同均质及杀菌条件下乳化液特性与微胶囊包埋率、表面油质量分数之间的相关性,通过LUMiSizer 611分散体分析仪探究不同条件下乳化液稳定性、粒径大小和粒径分布规律对微胶囊包埋率的影响,并对最优条件下的微胶囊形貌和贮藏稳定性进行分析。结果表明,在均质压力40 MPa、均质温度65℃和杀菌条件为85℃/15 min时乳化液不稳定性指数和平均粒径最小,粒径分布离散度总体呈下降趋势,此时包埋率分别为95.38%、97.12%和94.23%;在上述最适工艺条件下核桃油微胶囊平均粒径为6.62μm,表面油质量分数为1.03%,微胶囊化包埋率为96.41%,在扫描电镜下观察微胶囊表面和内部结构良好,具有良好的包埋效果。加速贮藏实验表明,与未包埋的核桃油相比,核桃油微胶囊具有良好的氧化稳定性;在不同条件下经过35 d贮藏,其保留率下降幅度有所不同,将微胶囊于低温、避光、无氧或氧气含量很少条件下保存时效果最佳。本研究可为核桃油乳液和微胶囊产品的均质和杀菌工艺选择以及应用提供理论依据。     

水/油型食用乳化液及其制备方法

通常,将低于22％(重量比)的水添加到大于75％的油中,制成一种油包水的乳化液,然后,通过快速冷却、增塑,便可制出人造奶油。在某些情况下,将大于75％的油添加到低于22％的水中,也可制成一种水包油的乳化液。油包水型人造奶油的水相中含有乳油、牛奶、脱脂奶、防腐剂、食盐、香料、色素和类似甘油一酸酯、卵磷脂、山梨糖醇酐脂肪酸酯之类的外加乳化剂。各种类型的脂肪、氢化油类、液状油类     

调和油微乳液的制备及稳定性研究

选择甲醇作为水相,油酸作为乳化剂制备调和油微乳液。甲醇具有沸点低、易汽化、能源洁净、助表面活性剂作用的特点,更有利于形成稳定的微乳化液。在甲醇质量分数为0.3以上时,所形成的微乳液为水包油型(O/W);0.3以下时形成的乳液为油包水型(W/O)。调和油-甲醇微乳化液最高储存温度是65℃。4℃冷藏后,部分样品出现分层,但恢复室温后仍为透明的微乳液。     

层层自组装法制备百里香精油微胶囊条件优化

采用层层自组装的方法,以百里香精油乳化液纳米微粒作为核心,利用壳聚糖和海藻酸钠对百里香精油进行包埋;以司盘80和吐温60复配乳化剂亲水亲油平衡（hydrophilic lipophilic balance,HLB）值、用量及油乳比例3 个因素进行实验,确定乳化液最适制备条件;以壁材溶液质量浓度、组装层数、每层组装时间、搅拌速率、组装温度、壁材溶液pH值和固化剂用量进行单因素试验,以主要因素设计正交试验,确定最佳包埋条件。结果表明,乳化液制备条件为HLB值10、乳化剂用量6%、精油与乳化剂体积比1∶6,此条件下所制备的乳化微粒为模板,组装层数4 层、搅拌速率1 040 r/min、每层组装时间15 min、壁材溶液pH 5.0、组装温度30 ℃,此条件下包埋率最高为80.23%。     

甜菜果胶制备藻油乳化液及其稳定性研究

藻油富含对人体非常重要的多不饱和脂肪酸DHA（二十二碳六烯酸）,但其极易被光、热和氧等因素诱使发生氧化反应。防止氧化反应发生,制备成稳定的油／水乳化液将其包埋成为其在食品中应用的关键问题。本研究采用甜菜果胶为乳化剂对其进行乳化包埋,研究了乳化条件如乳化剂量、油水比率、pH和均质条件对乳化液稳定性的影响。结果表明,最适的乳化条件为：乳化剂添加量在2．5％以上,油水比1：10,pH〉5,35MPa压力下均质3个循环得到比较稳定的乳化液。     

木薯微孔淀粉微胶囊化罗非鱼油技术研究

以自制木薯微孔淀粉和罗非鱼皮胶原蛋白为复合壁材、罗非鱼鱼油为芯材,研究罗非鱼油喷雾干燥制备微胶囊的最佳工艺。结果表明,喷雾干燥用罗非鱼油乳化液的工艺条件为乳化温度55℃、乳化体系pH6.0、均质时间6min、芯材壁材配比1:1.5、罗非鱼皮胶原蛋白质量分数1.1%、乳化剂用量0.15%、固形物质量分数20%、进风温度180℃。依此条件生产的产品,鱼油包埋率达92.1%,微胶囊化效果较满意。     

猕猴桃籽油微胶囊的制备及其品质研究

以猕猴桃籽油为芯材,β-环糊精为壁材,采用饱和水溶液法制备猕猴桃籽油微胶囊,通过单因素实验考察壁油比、包埋温度、包埋时间对猕猴桃籽油微胶囊包埋效果的影响,采用正交实验优化制备工艺条件,并对制备的猕猴桃籽油微胶囊的品质进行评价。结果表明:猕猴桃籽油微胶囊最佳制备工艺条件为壁油比4∶1、包埋时间90 min、包埋温度30℃,在此条件下猕猴桃籽油微胶囊包埋率为74. 52%,产率为79. 33%;猕猴桃籽油微胶囊呈淡黄色粉末状固体,无结块现象,流动性良好,经微胶囊化处理的猕猴桃籽油过氧化值上升幅度缓慢,贮藏稳定性明显提升。     

藻油乳化液的制备及稳定性研究

藻油富含对人体非常重要的多不饱和脂肪酸DHA(二十二碳六烯酸),将其制备成稳定的油/水乳化液成为其在乳品中应用的关键问题。采用蔗糖酯为乳化剂对其进行乳化包埋,研究乳化条件如乳化剂量、油水比率、pH和及均质条件对乳化液稳定性的影响。结果表明最适的乳化条件为:乳化剂添加量在5%以上,油水比1∶10(质量比,g∶g),pH5,35 MPa压力下均质3个循环得到比较稳定的乳化液。     

两种不同芯材制备的乳化液稳定性研究

以乳清蛋白和变性淀粉为壁材,氢化棕榈油和高油酸葵花籽油为芯材制备O/W乳化液,讨论了不同p H和均质压力对乳化液稳定性的影响。结果表明,乳化液在中性条件下乳液液滴平均粒径最小,体系的Zeta电位的绝对值高达42 m V,静电稳定性好。均质条件为35 MPa均质两次,得到的乳化液粒径可以维持在400 nm,均质两次后得到的乳化液稳定性最高。随着存储时间的延长,氢化棕榈油的乳化液体系油脂氧化程度高于高油酸葵花籽油,包埋在一定程度上可以延缓不饱和脂肪酸含量高的芯材的氧化。     

双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊的研制

目的 制备长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊,以期提高口服时的存活率和常温下的保存期.方法 根据微胶囊在人工胃液中的耐酸性和在人工肠液中的崩解性,确定空气悬浮法制备微胶囊的最佳工艺条件.扫描电镜观察微胶囊形态与大小.根据恒温37℃、相对湿度60%～65%条件下贮存3个月后菌体存活率,考察其贮存稳定性.结果 制备的微胶囊具有良好的耐酸性和肠溶性.微胶囊包囊产率56.49%,包囊效率87.45%.微胶囊表面覆盖着一层光滑平整的囊膜,粒径大小基本在400～500μm.加保护剂的微胶囊菌体存活率高于10%,且远远高于冻干菌粉和无保护剂微胶囊组.结论 确定了空气悬浮法制备长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊的最佳工艺条件,微胶囊化有利于提高活菌的稳定性.     

Increase of viability of entrapped cells of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in artificial sesame oil emulsions

A technique was developed to protect lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) against simulated gastrointestinal conditions by encapsulation of bacterial cells within artificial sesame oil emulsions. Purified sesame oil bodies consisting of approximately 99% oil, 0.5% phospholipid, and 0.5% protein were decomposed by heating at 70 degrees C for 1 h. The bacteria cultured in nonfat milk were encapsulated in artificial oil emulsions constituted with decomposed sesame oil bodies and excess sesame or vegetable cooking oil. Viability of bacteria in storage at 4 degrees C for 16 d was substantially elevated from 0.023 to 5.45% after encapsulation. Compared with free cells, the entrapped bacteria demonstrated a significant increase (approximately 10(4) times) in survival rate when subjected to simulated high acid gastric or bile salt conditions. The results indicate that artificial sesame oil emulsion may serve as an effective biocapsule for encapsulation of bacteria in dairy products.     

Fermentative ability of alginate-prebiotic encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus and survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions

Lactobacillus acidophilus was encapsulated in alginate-inulin-xanthan gum and its ability to grow in carrot juice and survive 8 weeks of storage at 4 °C and subsequent exposure to artificial gastrointestinal conditions were assessed. Encapsulation significantly enhanced cell viability after fermentation and storage (6 × 10¹² and 4 × 10¹⁰ cells/ml versus 4 × 10¹⁰ and 2 × 10⁸ for free cells, respectively). Encapsulation protected L. acidophilus from exposure to simulated gastric conditions; minor alterations in viability and the protein profile occurred after incubation in pancreatic juice. For free cells, viability decreased significantly and the expression of numerous proteins was lost after incubation in gastric and pancreatic juice. Thus, encapsulation preserved probiotic bacterial viability and activity; the addition of inulin as a prebiotic component could enhance the functional properties of food products containing this formulation.     

Protection of Lactobacillus acidophilus from the low pH of a model gastric juice by incorporation in a W/O/W emulsion

The protective effect of a W/O/W emulsion for Lactobacillus acidophilus from a model gastric juice was investigated in order to develop a method for utilizing the advantages of the probiotics. The bacteria were included in the inner-phase solution of the W/O/W emulsion, and a method for counting the viable-bacteria included in the W/O/W emulsion was developed. The relative viability of the bacteria included in the W/O/W emulsion was 49% at 2 h in the model gastric juice, whereas the viability of the bacteria directly dispersed in the juice declined to 1.3% even at 0.67 h. The relative viabilities of the encapsulated bacteria in the model gastric juice at 2 h were 0.12 and 1.10 for the emulsions having the median diameters of 11.9 and 25.4 μm, prepared with inner-phase volume ratios at 0.03 and 0.45, respectively. The relative viabilities of the bacteria in the W/O/W emulsions with the median diameters of 11 and 27 μm, prepared at the homogenization speed of 2.2×10⁴ and 9.8×10³ rpm, were 0.4 and 0.8, respectively. These results suggested that both the inner-phase volume ratio and the median diameter of oil droplet affected the relative viability of the included bacteria.     

植物乳杆菌LPb1耐受性及发酵乳制备条件的优化

模拟人体消化道环境,即在人工胃液、肠液的环境下对植物乳杆菌LPb1的耐受性进行研究,结果表明：在37℃条件下,用人工胃液处理3h,收集的菌体再转入人工肠液处理3h,最后测得菌株存活率仍达88.6%。LPb1与一株嗜热链球菌混合发酵脱脂乳,与单菌发酵相比,混合菌产酸效果较好,发酵乳制品具有良好的持水性能,且发酵完成后,4℃冰箱贮存后酸化程度缓慢。通过单因素和响应面分析,混合发酵最佳发酵条件为：接种量4.45%、发酵时间8.53h、发酵温度40.40℃。     

Effect of microencapsulation on viability and other characteristics in Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121

Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 were microencapsulated with sodium alginate by dropping method. The effects of microencapsulation on the changes in survival rate of the L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 during exposure to artificial gastrointestinal and on the change in heat susceptibility of L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 during the heat treatment were studied. In addition, cholesterol assimilation and intestinal adhesion of non-encapsulated and encapsulated L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 were also investigated to explore the effect of microencapsulation on health beneficial effect of lactic acid bacteria. Non-encapsulated cells were completely destroyed when exposed to artificial gastric juice (AGJ) of pH 1.2 and 1.5, while the treatment declined the viable count of encapsulated samples only by 3 log. Encapsulated cells exhibited a significantly higher resistance to artificial intestinal juice (AIJ) and heat treatment than non-encapsulated samples. The assimilative reductions of cholesterol by non-encapsulated and encapsulated L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 were 35.98% and 32.84%, respectively. However, encapsulation did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the adherence of L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 onto the human intestinal epithelial cell lines HT-29. The microencapsulation effectively protected the microorganisms from heat and acid treatment in delivering the viable cells to intestine without any significant adverse effect on their functionalities.     

具有抑制肠道致病菌和黏附Caco-2细胞作用的益生性乳酸菌的筛选及鉴定

为了筛选具有肠道益生特性的乳酸菌,进一步开发益生菌资源,本文研究采用牛津杯、人工模拟胃肠液及体外黏附Caco-2细胞等方法,以鼠李糖乳杆菌GG(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG)为对照菌株,对实验室保藏15株乳酸菌的益生特性进行筛选与评估。实验结果表明:15株乳酸菌对两株沙门氏菌都具有一定抑制效果,抑菌圈直径为10.95~22.06 mm;乳酸菌C174、D24、D599、C37、D512具有较好的耐酸耐胆盐能力,在人工胃液3 h内存活率达到60%以上,人工肠液4 h内存活率达到80%以上;在黏附试验中,C174对Caco-2细胞具有较强黏附能力,黏附数量为740 CFU/100细胞,略高于对照菌株鼠李糖乳杆菌(543 CFU/100细胞);通过对具有高黏附性的菌株C174进行生理生化和16S rRNA分子测序鉴定,结果表明菌株C174为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),命名为Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ-174。Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ-174的抑菌能力强、能够耐酸耐胆盐,并具有很强的黏附能力,是一株潜在的益生菌,具有治疗或预防人和动物肠道疾病等应用价值。     

Stability of free and encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 in yogurt and in an artificial human gastric digestion system

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of encapsulation on survival of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 (ATCC 4356) in yogurt and during artificial gastric digestion. Strain ATCC 4356 was added to yogurt either encapsulated in calcium alginate or in free form (unencapsulated) at levels of 8.26 and 9.47 log cfu/g, respectively, and the influence of alginate capsules (1.5 to 2.5 mm) on the sensorial characteristics of yogurts was investigated. The ATCC 4356 strain was introduced into an artificial gastric solution consisting of 0.08 N HCl (pH 1.5) containing 0.2% NaCl or into artificial bile juice consisting of 1.2% bile salts in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe broth to determine the stability of the probiotic bacteria. When incubated for 2 h in artificial gastric juice, the free ATCC 4356 did not survive (reduction of > 7 log cfu/g). We observed, however, greater survival of encapsulated ATCC 4356, with a reduction of only 3 log cfu/g. Incubation in artificial bile juice (6 h) did not significantly affect the viability of free or encapsulated ATCC 4356. Moreover, statistically significant reductions (~1 log cfu/g) of both free and encapsulated ATCC 4356 were observed during 4-wk refrigerated storage of yogurts. The addition of probiotic cultures in free or alginate-encapsulated form did not significantly affect appearance/color or flavor/odor of the yogurts. However, significant deficiencies were found in body/texture of yogurts containing encapsulated ATCC 4356. We concluded that incorporation of free and encapsulated probiotic bacteria did not substantially change the overall sensory properties of yogurts, and encapsulation in alginate using the extrusion method greatly enhanced the survival of probiotic bacteria against an artificial human gastric digestive system.     

干酪乳杆菌/乳糖醇双层合生元微胶囊制备及其在橙汁中的应用

目的:利用酶促法制备干酪乳杆菌/乳糖醇合生元微胶囊,研究乳糖醇浓度对微胶囊特性的影响,并对制备的微胶囊开展应用研究。方法:以黏玉米来源谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGZ)为催化剂,以酪蛋白和海藻酸钠为壁材,通过内源乳化法对合生元进行双层包埋。利用粒径和干酪乳杆菌在模拟胃肠液中的存活率为指标,确定乳糖醇的添加量,并对其进行形态学观察。最后将制备的微胶囊添加到橙汁饮料中,评价干酪乳杆菌在低温贮藏时的存活情况。结果:TGZ可以交联酪蛋白对干酪乳杆菌/乳糖醇合生元进行包埋。当乳糖醇添加量为1.0 g/100 mL时,双层包埋的微胶囊粒径最小,包埋率最大为61.73%。在模拟胃肠液实验中,添加1.0 g/100 mL的乳糖醇可以提高干酪乳杆菌的存活率。扫描电镜结果表明,干酪乳杆菌完全包裹在壁材中,表明微胶囊的抗穿透物理屏障对益生菌的保护作用。贮存试验发现,添加乳糖醇后橙汁中的活菌数比未添加乳糖醇的高0.56个对数值。结论:双层微胶囊对乳酸菌的存活有很好的保护作用,且乳糖醇的存在也可以提高益生菌的存活率,因此益生菌/乳糖醇合生元微胶囊在食品,尤其是功能性食品方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

可降胆固醇的优势乳杆菌筛选

为丰富降胆固醇、降血糖的益生菌资源,以实验室10株潜力益生菌株为实验对象,进行体外降胆固醇能力、胆盐水解酶(BSH)活性及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率试验,测定菌株对人工胃液和胆盐的耐受性,评价优势菌株的细胞黏附性能及对抗生素的耐药安全性能。结果表明,植物乳杆菌LH-511、植物乳杆菌10-12、植物乳杆菌10-4对胆固醇的降解率在50%以上,显著高于商业菌株植物乳杆菌299V(p<0.05)。植物乳杆菌10-12、植物乳杆菌SD-H9对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率高达41.7%、40.1%。植物乳杆菌LH-511、植物乳杆菌10-12、植物乳杆菌10-4、植物乳杆菌10-14、卷曲乳杆菌OF48-2pH5这5株菌具有较好的BSH活力、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制性、抗逆性以及对HT-29细胞的黏附能力。但仅植物乳杆菌LH-511和卷曲乳杆菌OF48-2pH5通过了10种抗生素的安全性试验。综上所述,植物乳杆菌LH-511和卷曲乳杆菌OF48-2pH5具有较好的降胆固醇、降血糖潜力,且通过了抗逆性、黏附性、安全性试验,可用于进一步的开发和应用。