“头子”对鲜湿米粉品质的影响

为明确“头子”对米粉品质的作用,本文研究了“头子”的性质及添加量对鲜湿米粉品质的影响。结果表明,“头子”的水合特性和糊化粘度随浸泡时间增大;鲜湿米粉随“头子”添加量的增加,吸水性先增大后减小,硬度、咀嚼性先增加后降低,最佳添加量为10%。“头子”-发酵籼米粉的流变特性表明添加“头子”可以改善“头子”-发酵籼米粉体系的粘弹性;鲜湿米粉的电镜结果表明添加“头子”使鲜湿米粉孔洞增多变大。“头子”对鲜湿米粉的影响主要是通过改变微观结构来改善鲜湿米粉的品质。     

植物乳杆菌发酵大米粉及其淀粉特性变化

采取植物乳杆菌对整粒大米进行发酵,利用酶法分离淀粉,然后分别对大米粉及其淀粉的化学成分、糊化、凝胶及结构特性进行测定。结果表明:发酵120h后,大米中蛋白质、脂肪及灰分含量分别降低40%、28%和65%,直链淀粉质量分数由23.08%增至24.86%。发酵大米粉的糊化温度、峰值时间和回生值降低,而峰值黏度和衰减值增大;峰值黏度和衰减值随发酵时间先增后减;发酵后淀粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、衰减值及回生值减小而峰值时间增大,发酵时间对其糊化温度、峰值黏度影响较小,而对衰减值及回生值影响较大。发酵后大米粉及其淀粉凝胶的硬度、黏附性、胶着性和咀嚼性均增加。红外光谱和X-衍射分析发现,发酵后大米粉及其淀粉未产生新官能团,但其结晶区比例稍有增加。     

大豆分离蛋白提升鲜湿米粉凝胶品质的研究

为探究大豆分离蛋白(Soy Protein Isolate, SPI)对鲜湿米粉凝胶品质的影响,将SPI以0%、2%、4%质量浓度比例与发酵籼米粉混合,对SPI-发酵籼米混合粉的性质及所制SPI-鲜湿米粉的凝胶品质进行测定,并分析了SPI-鲜湿米粉内部淀粉结构的变化。结果表明：随着SPI添加量的增加,SPI-发酵籼米混合粉的糊化黏度增大,崩解值减小,凝胶硬度增大,推断SPI的添加有利于发酵籼米淀粉的凝胶化;进一步测定发现,SPI-鲜湿米粉的硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性增大,蒸煮吸水率上升,说明添加SPI可提升鲜湿米粉凝胶品质;FT-IR显示,R104 7/102 2 cm-1峰强度比值增大、R102 2/995 cm-1峰强度比值减小,两者比值表示鲜湿米粉内部淀粉短程有序结构和氢键强度增加,即淀粉短程有序性升高,这可能与鲜湿米粉凝胶品质的提升相关。     

自然发酵对大米理化性质的影响及其米粉凝胶机理研究

通过对整粒大米 (籼米 )自然发酵过程中理化性质变化的研究 ,探讨传统自然发酵米粉的凝胶机理。研究发现发酵过程中总淀粉及直链淀粉含量并无显著变化 ,蛋白、脂肪和灰分含量随着发酵的进行而明显减少 ,而游离脂肪酸的含量呈上升趋势。流变学测定发现 ,发酵法生产的米粉相对于对照样品最大破断应力减小而最大应变增加。感官评定结果表明发酵法生产的米粉柔韧筋道 ,品质更好。笔者认为自然发酵虽然未影响总淀粉和直链淀粉含量 ,但降解了蛋白和脂肪而改变了大米粉的流变性质。另外灰分的降低赋予米粉洁白的外观 ,带给产品更好的透明感     

自然发酵对淀粉凝胶的改性机理及发酵菌株的筛选

采用凝胶过滤层析法研究整粒大米自然发酵后淀粉分子质量分布的变化 ,探讨发酵对淀粉凝胶改性的机理。发现发酵后淀粉大分子降解 ,中等及小分子质量淀粉比例增加 ,分子质量大小趋于均匀 ,从而使淀粉分子易于接近聚合而增强了淀粉凝胶性能。对发酵样品的显微观察发现 ,淀粉粒结构并未破坏 ,因而淀粉溶出损失很小 ,初步认为是微生物所产酶和酸渗入颗粒内部作用的结果。通过对自然发酵菌株的分离筛选获得 3株酵母、5株细菌、2株霉菌。经过工艺试验认为 ,自然发酵主要是酵母菌作用的结果。研究结果可为进一步提高传统发酵类淀粉凝胶食品如馒头、发酵型米粉的品质、改良产品工艺开拓新的途径。     

乳酸菌发酵对米粉物性影响的研究

以早籼稻为原料，利用乳酸菌发酵，探讨纯种微生物发酵对米粉的口感和物性的影响。拉伸实验结果表明：经过发酵处理的米粉凝胶强度、最大破断应变、伸展率，断面收缩率与对照相比分别提高了230．6kPa，39．7％和81．78％；TPA(质地分析)结果表明，发酵处理的米粉硬度由25395g下降到24255g，回复性和弹性增强分别由75．8％和88．1％增加到79．3％和97．2％。感官评定发现发酵米粉比对照样品更筋道、柔韧、有弹性。     

发酵型半干米粉加工工艺参数的研究

以大米粉蛋白质含量、米粉断条率、感官评分为指标，研究发酵温度、发酵时间、菌液添加量、磨粉粒度、加水量、糊化温度和糊化时间对发酵型半干米粉品质的影响，确定发酵型半干米粉的加工工艺参数为：发酵温度35 ℃、发酵时间18 h、菌液添加量4%、粒度120目、加水量60%、糊化温度95 ℃、糊化时间4 min。在此条件下，发酵大米粉的蛋白质质量分数为6.37%，发酵型半干米粉断条率为4.94%，感官评分为86.43。大米发酵后基本成分发生改变，蛋白质和脂肪含量下降，淀粉含量增加。糊化特性和热特性分析结果表明：大米发酵后最低粘度、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度显著降低，说明发酵处理有利于大米粉的糊化，并能延缓米粉制品的老化。     

高品质米粉原料配方和预处理的研究

文章针对高品质米粉原料配方和预处理条件展开探讨,系统地研究了大米特性指标与米粉理化指标之间即胶稠度与直链淀粉含量特性及凝胶性之间相关性。结果表明,胶稠度可用来反映直链淀粉含量和凝胶性能,作为选取原料的主要指标,为米粉行业配料技术工艺提供依据。通过以胶稠度为指标,采用L9(34)正交实验对比添加玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、酸变性木薯淀粉和马铃薯变性淀粉,得出选用添加4%的马铃薯变性淀粉最优配方。进一步研究米粉原料的粒度、加水量、浸泡时间对米粉品质的影响,得出最佳参数粒度通过80目筛,加水量小于40%,浸泡时间3 h。     

发酵对鲜湿米粉品质影响研究进展

米粉发酵后可获得更好的口感和品质。了解发酵对米粉理化性质的影响,不仅可以为传统米粉发酵工艺的改良提供理论依据,还可促进现代生物技术的介入和应用。本文综述了发酵米粉的微生物及工艺,以及发酵对大米的淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪和最终米粉产品品质影响方面的研究进展,对于选育出优良发酵菌种,改善米粉发酵品质进而可以进行大规模的工业化生产起到重要的作用。     

微波蒸煮对米粉品质的影响

考察不同微波功率对浸泡与未浸泡两种预处理米粉品质的影响,通过失重率、碘蓝值、酶解力、质构特性的检测,优化微波蒸煮条件,为微波即食米粉的开发提供理论依据。实验结果表明浸泡过程对米粉的蒸煮品质影响较小;米粉的失重率、硬度和粘结性随着微波功率的提高而增加,回弹性和酶解力受微波功率影响较小;600W微波功率蒸煮的米粉碘蓝值最高。      

浸泡处理对大米淀粉糊化特性及流变特性的影响

为了研究大米的浸泡处理对大米淀粉性质的影响,本文采用快速粘度分析仪(RVA)及流变仪研究了不同浸泡时间对大米淀粉的糊化特性和流变特性的影响。RVA曲线表明,随着浸泡时间的延长,大米米粉的峰值黏度和崩解值都有显著提高(p<0.05),最终黏度和回生值先上升后下降,糊化温度有所降低。流变实验表明,经过浸泡处理的大米淀粉的屈服应力、剪切应力及表观黏度均高于未经处理的大米淀粉;随着浸泡时间的延长,大米淀粉悬浊液的G'_max、G'_{95 ℃}、G'_{25 ℃}、tanδ_{G'25 ℃}和K'_G都呈现减小趋势,表明浸泡处理可以显著影响大米淀粉凝胶强度,提高其稳定性。     

Morphology and physicochemical changes in rice flour during rice paper production

Rice flour samples from four steps of rice paper processing were prepared from rice grain, Chainart 1 variety: wet-milled flour (WMF), 24 hour soak-milled flour (24SF), 48 hour soak-milled (48SF), and dried rice paper (DRP). Decrease in protein, fat and amylose content occurred during prolonged fermentation but increase of ash content due to addition of salt occurred. Because of lactic acid bacteria activity, increases occurred in titratable acidity as lactic acid in soaking water during fermentation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that starch granule surfaces wilted and showed corrosion channels with longer fermentation. Pasting and thermal properties of the four samples were significantly different; 24SF and 48SF showed lower peak viscosity, breakdown and final viscosity. Increasing fermentation time increased gelatinization temperature, endothermic energy and relative crystallinity. The results suggest that lactic acid and enzyme hydrolysis during fermentation in rice paper processing caused significant decrease in amorphous structure and increase in crystallinity in rice starch.     

Physicochemical and pasting properties of maize flour as a function of the interactive effect of natural-fermentation and roasting

The effect of natural-fermentation and roasting on maize physicochemical and functional properties were evaluated. Natural fermented maize seeds were soaked for variable times (0, 24 and 48 h) and directly decorticated or roasted before milling into flour. Generally during the 24 to 48 h natural fermentation, total sugars (80.3–92.0 g/100 g) and proteins contents (4.0–7.6 g/100 g) decreased while they significantly increased with soaking. Soluble sugars content of the unroasted maize significantly decreased with fermentation while that of roasted maize significantly increased. Reverse observations were made on soluble proteins. The antinutrients (phytates and total polyphenols) contents of the grains as well as the functional properties of their flours were observed to have been significantly changed following fermentation and roasting. In particular the least gelation concentration (6 to 18 g/100 mL), an important reverse index of gelating power significantly increased with fermentation and roasting. As consequence the viscosity of the fermented maize flours were systematically significantly lower than that of the unfermented flour. Generally while the effects of duration of fermentation and roasting on the viscosity were not consistent, the 48 h natural fermented and roasted flour was observed to particularly produce flours of much lower viscosity. This highlighted the positive effect of combining fermentation and roasting to improve the quality of weaning flour made from maize.     

水浸法削减大米粉中镉的工艺优化及对其品质影响

采用响应面法优化水浸法削减镉污染的大米粉中镉的工艺条件,在最优条件下测定水浸法对大米粉营养成分的影响,并用扫描电镜、差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射、红外光谱等方法分别研究水浸法对大米粉形态、热力学特征、淀粉晶体结构及官能团的影响。结果表明：水浸法削减大米粉中镉的最佳条件为水浸温度42 ℃、料液比1∶3（g/mL）、水浸时间47 h ,此时镉含量为（0.459±0.006）mg/kg,大米粉中的镉去除率达到（61.75±4.31）%,处理后大米粉中镉含量为（0.176±0.003）m g / k g。在最佳工艺条件下,大米粉中的蛋白质含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,脂肪、淀粉、灰分也略有下降（P＜0.05）。大米粉水浸后糊化起始温度降低,而峰值温度变化很小,说明大米粉晶体片层被破坏,稳定性降低,大米粉中直链淀粉含量可能升高,但水浸处理并没有破坏米粉内淀粉粒晶体成分。水浸大米粉面间距有略微的降低,说明水浸可能导致大米粉产品较原料产品的硬度、咀嚼度、回弹性、黏聚性下降。大米粉在水浸过程中并没有产生新的化学键或基团。     

Bread like products from soybean-rice flour

Trails were made to use natural fermentation in preparing bread like products from soybean and rice flour. The effect of soybean soaking time, soybean-rice flour proportion and fermentation time on the total solids, total soluble solids, pH, acidity, leavening, viscosity and microbial count of the batter and on the sensory properties of the end cooked products were studied. Generally the panelists preferred the fried and predried fried products made from 16 h fermented 1:1 or 1:2, 18 h soaked soybean:rice flour batter.     

半干法磨粉中润米时间对鲜湿米粉的影响

为考察半干法磨粉过程中润米时间对大米粉粉质特性及鲜米粉质量的影响,本研究选用了不同润米时间条件下的大米原料进行半干法磨粉并制备鲜米粉。以可以实现半干法磨粉的24 h润米时间作为阳性对照,分析和比较不同润米时间的大米粉粒径分布、破损淀粉含量、糊化特性等粉质特性以及鲜米粉的蒸煮损失、感官评价等制品品质特性,以确定获得同样效果的最短润米时间。研究结果显示:润米6 h后进行半干法磨粉可以获得与24 h润米时间同样的大米粉粒度分布、破损淀粉含量、最高粘度和最低粘度等粘度特性。用此大米粉制备的鲜湿米粉产品,获得了理想的蒸煮损失率和可接受的感官评分值。以上结果表明,润米6 h是获得如润米24 h同样的大米粉及鲜湿米粉品质特征的理想润米时间。     

Rheological properties of black gram (Phaseolus mungo) batter: characterisation of flour from native and modified rice and their effect on batter viscosity

Rheological properties of black gram batter as a function of soaking time, and effect of flour from native and thermally modified rice on black gram batter have been studied. Greater increase in hydration capacity of black gram dhal was observed during 5–15 min of soaking, a gradual increase up to 90 min and a marginal increase beyond this period. Apparent viscosity of batter showed 100% increase up to 90 min and less than 20% increase beyond 120 min, and shear‐thinning nature of batter indicated that they were pseudo‐plastic in nature. Yield stress and consistency index showed greater changes after 90 min, while flow behaviour index did not show significant change beyond 90 min of soaking. Compared with the addition of native rice flour, incorporation of flaked rice flour and expanded rice flour into black gram batter significantly increased the cold paste viscosity of the batter, probably because of their greater water‐holding capacity, compared with that from native rice. Differences in physicochemical characteristics and pasting behaviour of these flour slurries, as studied by Rapid Visco Analyser, corroborated these results by the typical profile of pregelatinised products for flaked rice and expanded rice in comparison to native rice.     

接种发酵对阴米粉物化特性及米粉粉条品质的影响

本实验以接种发酵方式制得阴米,对发酵条件下阴米粉物化特性及阴米米粉粉条蒸煮特性和质构特性的改变进行了研究。结果表明:发酵使阴米粉蛋白质、脂肪、总淀粉含量显著降低(p<0.05),直链淀粉含量显著升高(p<0.05),溶解度、膨润力、吸水率显著降低(p<0.05);与传统米粉相比,阴米粉基本结构和晶型未发生改变,仅结晶度降低。阴米米粉粉条和传统米粉粉条相比,短条率和蒸煮损失率显著减小(p<0.05),拉伸距离显著增大(p<0.05),米粉粉条品质明显改善。综合分析后认为,以接种发酵方式所制得的阴米粉更适合制作米粉粉条。      

不同淀粉原料对鲊海椒发酵过程中滋味品质的影响

采用粳米、玉米和芋头-玉米3 种不同淀粉配料制备鲊海椒进行自然乳酸发酵,研究鲊海椒在发酵过程中主要滋味品质成分的变化。结果发现3 种不同淀粉配料制备的鲊海椒总酸、游离氨基酸含量随发酵时间延长极显著增加（P＜0.01）,盐含量略增;总酸含量在发酵15 d后上升趋缓;游离氨基酸含量在发酵30 d后上升趋缓,其中粳米鲊海椒游离氨基酸含量在发酵过程中增加迅速,发酵60～90 d时游离氨基酸含量明显高于另外两种鲊海椒（P＜0.01）;3 种不同淀粉配料制备的鲊海椒辣椒素及二氢辣椒素发酵15～45 d保留较多,在发酵60 d后相对较低。3 种不同淀粉配料制备的鲊海椒可溶性总糖含量都逐渐下降,粳米和玉米鲊海椒发酵60 d后相对较低,而芋头-玉米鲊海椒发酵15 d后可溶性总糖已降至较低水平。表明不同淀粉配料会影响鲊海椒发酵滋味品质的形成。综合鲊海椒酸辣咸鲜和微甜的滋味品质特点,以发酵30 d左右为宜,延长发酵时间可降低鲊海椒制品的辣度及微甜的滋味品质。     

The effects of natural fermentation on the physical properties of rice flour and the rheological characteristics of rice noodles

The effects of fermentation of whole polished rice grains on the physical properties of rice flour and the rheological characteristics of rice noodles were investigated. Natural fermentation had little effect on the crystalline structure of rice starch, as measured by X‐ray diffraction, but the ratio of the crystalline to the amorphous regions increased. The thermal properties of rice flours were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and a rapid viscosity analyser (RVA). The gelatinization temperature, T_p, and the RVA peak viscosity of rice flour decreased, while the gelatinization enthalpy, ΔH, increased after fermentation. The FTIR spectra of fermented and control rice flours were similar. Fermented rice starch granules had slight superficial corrosion when examined using scanning electron microscopy. Fermentation may thus change the amorphous region of the starch granule as well as the chemical components and thereby modify both physical properties of rice flour and rheological characteristics of rice noodles.