Glycemic effect of potatoes

Potatoes are the world’s third largest food crop and the most extensively consumed root vegetable. They have high starch content and are a major source of dietary carbohydrate in human nutrition. This review article considers potatoes as a food crop, the properties of potato starch, and methods of preparing potatoes domestically for consumption, before considering the effects of potatoes on postprandial glycemia. Potatoes have been classified as a food that causes high postprandial glycemia, which over the long term may increase the risk of obesity and chronic diseases such as type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Methods for measuring the glycemic effects of potatoes are considered. In vivo methods, such as the glycemic index are discussed and compared with in vitro tests that measure the breakdown of available carbohydrates in potatoes. The potential for developing potato varieties that have more slowly-digestible starch, and hence a lower glycemic effect, is considered.     

Cowpea: an overview on its nutritional facts and health benefits

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a legume consumed as a high‐quality plant protein source in many parts of the world. High protein and carbohydrate contents with a relatively low fat content and a complementary amino acid pattern to that of cereal grains make cowpea an important nutritional food in the human diet. Cowpea has gained more attention recently from consumers and researchers worldwide as a result of its exerted health beneficial properties, including anti‐diabetic, anti‐cancer, anti‐hyperlipidemic, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐hypertensive properties. Among the mechanisms that have been proposed in the prevention of chronic diseases, the most proven are attributed to the presence of compounds such as soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, phytochemicals, and proteins and peptides in cowpea. However, studies on the anti‐cancer and anti‐inflammatory properties of cowpea have produced conflicting results. Some studies support a protective effect of cowpea on the progression of cancer and inflammation, whereas others did not reveal any. Because there are only a few studies addressing health‐related effects of cowpea consumption, further studies in this area are suggested. In addition, despite the reported favorable effects of cowpea on diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, a long‐term epidemiological study investigating the association between cowpea consumption and diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer is also recommended. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Health Benefits of Purple Corn (Zea mays L.) Phenolic Compounds

Purple corn (Zea mays L.), a grain with one of the deepest shades in the plant kingdom, has caught the attention of the food industry as it could serve as a source for alternatives to synthetic colorants. Also being rich in phenolic compounds with potential health‐promoting properties, purple corn is becoming a rising star in the novel ingredients market. Although having been widely advertised as a “healthy” food, the available information on purple corn health benefits has not yet been well reviewed and summarized. In this review, we present compositional information focused on the potential functional phenolic compounds correlated to health‐promoting effects. Studies evaluating potential health‐benefitting properties, including in vitro tests, cell models, animal and human trials, are also discussed. This paper emphasizes research using purple corn, or its extracts, but some other plant sources with similar phenolic composition to purple corn are also mentioned. Dosage and toxicity of purple corn studies are also reviewed. Purple corn phenolic compounds have been shown in numerous studies to have potent antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and anti‐angiogenesis properties. They were also found to ameliorate lifestyle diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, based on their strong antioxidant power involving biochemical regulation amelioration. With promising evidence from cell and animal studies, this rich source of health‐promoting compounds warrants additional attention to better understand its potential contributions to human health.     

Effect of temperature on lipid‐derived volatile compounds in boiled potato during storage

BACKGROUND: The aroma of boiled potatoes is greatly appreciated by consumers. Although it is formed by 150 volatile compounds, only a few seem to actually contribute to the characteristic aroma. In addition, potatoes have to be stored at a low temperature after harvest to guarantee a year‐round supply. However, even at low temperatures, tuber volatile composition is modified during storage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of storage temperature on boiled potato volatile constituents, mainly focused on lipid‐derived components, by considering different varieties stored at 4 °C and 8 °C. RESULTS: It was found that fewer lipid‐derived components were obtained when the potato tubers were stored at 4 °C rather than 8 °C. Specifically, the amounts of 2,4‐decadienal isomers and hexanal increased with the storage time, particularly at 8 °C. Similarly, pentanal and nonanal, which are autoxidation products, occurred to a greater extent at higher temperatures. In contrast, the levels of sugar‐derived compounds, in general, increased during storage at 4 °C rather than 8 °C as a result of higher content of sugars at low temperature. CONCLUSION: The effect of storage temperature on lipid‐derived volatile components in boiled potato appears to depend on the variety studied. Generally speaking, lower temperatures during storage promote sugar content and, as a consequence, sugar‐derived products. At the same time, lower temperatures result in less lipid oxidation and, therefore, a fewer lipid‐derived compounds. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Potato glycoalkaloids: formation and strategies for mitigation

With the increasing production and consumption of potato and its products, glycoalkaloid (GA) formation and toxicity are likely to become an important focus for food safety researchers and public health agencies. Not only the presence of GA, particularly in the form of α‐solanine and α‐chaconine, but also the changes occurring as a result of various post‐harvest handling practices and storage, are critical issues influencing the quality of stored potatoes. Studies on various factors (pre‐harvest, during harvest and post‐harvest) affecting GA have been carried out from time to time, but it is difficult to compare the results of one study with another due to wide variation in the parameters chosen. This review aims to develop a clear understanding of these issues. Published information on the types of GA, their effects on health, their typical concentrations in potatoes, their formation mechanisms, and how their levels can be controlled by following appropriate post harvest practices and storage regimes are critically analysed. The levels of GA in potato can be controlled effectively by adopting appropriate post‐harvest practices. Further studies are necessary, however, to investigate best practices, which either check completely or retard substantially their formation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Beneficial phytochemicals in potato — a review

Potato contains several phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, polyamines, and carotenoids, which are highly desirable in diet because of their beneficial effects on human health. The concentration and stability of these constituents are affected by several factors such as genotype, agronomic factors, postharvest storage, cooking and processing conditions. The advances in analytical techniques have made possible the identification and understanding the functions of phytochemicals, particularly their antioxidant properties. The potatoes are stored and processed into a variety of products before consumption. In the present review, phytochemicals present in potatoes, factors affecting their content, stability and health benefits are discussed. Processing the potatoes rich in phytochemicals can play an important role in promoting the health of a large segment of population in the countries where potatoes form a substantial part of daily diet.     

甘薯多糖的性质与开发利用

甘薯是我国主要的粮食作物之一,其不仅具有食用价值,还具有预防心脑血管疾病、糖尿病和降低癌症风险等药用价值。多糖是一类复杂的高分子碳水化合物,与蛋白质、核酸和脂类构成生命体的四大基本物质。甘薯多糖是由甘薯果实中分离出的一类有特殊生物活性的多糖,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖、调节免疫等生物活性。食用含甘薯多糖的制品有利于提高我国居民健康水平,然而目前,我国对于甘薯多糖的开发利用率不高,造成大量的功能性成分浪费,限制了甘薯多糖产业的发展。本文综述了近年来国内外甘薯多糖的性质及对其发展前景进行展望和提供理论依据。从而提高甘薯的综合利用价值,为我国未被充分利用的大量甘薯提供其他可发展利用的可能性。     

Exogenous methyl jasmonate diminishes the formation of lipid‐derived compounds in boiled potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

BACKGROUND: During potato storage the tubers tend to develop off‐flavours, mainly due to lipid‐derived aldehydes, whose formation is increased after boiling or processing. This may become a problem when boiled or precooked potatoes are used. Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is a phytohormone capable of modifying plant and food composition. The aim of this work was to control the formation of off‐flavours in different cultivars of raw potato during storage by MJ treatment. RESULTS: The use of Carbowax 20M as support in MJ emulsion resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of lipid‐derived compounds than the use of lanolin. Levels of the lipid‐derived aldehydes propanal, hep‐2‐enal, nonanal, oct‐2‐enal and hexanal, although dependent on variety, generally decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after treatment with MJ/Carbowax 20M emulsion. Sugar‐derived compounds such as pyridine and furfural, however, were not affected by this treatment. CONCLUSION: Treatment with MJ/Carbowax 20M can be used to diminish the formation of off‐flavours in boiled potato. However, this treatment is not useful to avoid the sweetening caused by sugar‐derived products. Additional advantages of exogenous MJ are a delay in the appearance of sprouting and aging and hence prolongation of the storage life of potato tubers. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Impact of potato processing on nutrients,phytochemicals, and human health

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are an important global crop that can be transformed into many products impacting several health dimensions ranging from undernutrition, food security and disease prevention to issues of overnutrition including obesity, diabetes, heart disease. Processed potato products are typically categorized as high fat and sodium foods, as well as being classified as a significant source of carbohydrate, in the form of starch. Conversely, potato products are less known for their contribution of key micronutrients (vitamin C, potassium, magnesium), fiber, and phytochemicals (phenolics and carotenoids). More recent insight into the nutritional value of potatoes and the potential of potato phytochemicals to modulate oxidative and inflammatory stress as well as the potential to alter glycemic response has resulted in increased interest in strategies to improve and leverage the nutritional quality of processed potatoes. This review summarizes critical information on nutritional profiles of potatoes and their processed products and describes the state of the science relative to the influence of in-home and common commercial processing on nutritional quality and potential impacts on human health.     

APPLICATION OF A FUNCTIONAL MATHEMATICAL QUALITY INDEX TO ASPARAGINE,FREE SUGAR AND PHENOLIC ACID CONTENT OF 20 COMMERCIAL POTATO VARIETIES

ABSTRACT

In this article, we apply a functional mathematical index (FMI), introduced in a previous publication, to 20 commercial potato varieties. The index allows evaluation of nutritional, safety and processing “quality parameters” of different potato cultivars. The main goal of the index is to link the quality of the chemical composition with factors that may affect the growth, production, distribution and processing of potatoes and potato products for commercial use. The index has been used to assess FMI values of 20 commercial potato cultivars in terms of their content of asparagine and reducing sugars, which form heat‐induced potentially toxic acrylamide and of antioxidative phenolic compounds, which participate in nonenzymatic browning reactions and may exert beneficial effects after consumption.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The index could be useful to a wide set of users, including consumers of potatoes as well as to potato producers and breeders, because it makes it possible to relate the index to the potato price and operate a more accurate choice for selection of so‐called “optimal potatoes.” Potato producers may find the index useful because it can help them detect the critical points throughout the whole food production chain in order to facilitate selection of high‐quality potatoes for sale to consumers. Potato breeders could apply the index to the development and selection of improved cultivars for commercial use.     

Phenolic compounds: evidence for inhibitory effects against obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms

Phenolic compounds are widely present in the plant kingdom. Many epidemiological studies have indicated that consumption of some plant-derived foodstuffs with high phenolic content is associated with the prevention of some diseases and that these compounds may have similar properties to antioxidants, antimutagenic agents, antithrombotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-HIV-1, and anticancer agents. However, obesity is an important topic in the world of public health and preventive medicine. Relationships between body mass index, waist circumference, or waist-to-hip ratio and the risk of development of some diseases (such as heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, kidney failure, cancer, stroke, osteoarthritis, and sleep apnea) have been observed. Evidence that phenolic compounds have beneficial effects in fighting obesity is increasingly being reported in the scientific literature. These in vitro and in vivo effects of phenolic compounds on the induction of pre-adipocytic and adipocytic apoptosis and inhibition of adipocytic lipid accumulation are considered in detail here. This review presents evidence of their inhibitory effects on obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms.     

Edible plant Jiaosu: manufacturing,bioactive compounds,potential health benefits,and safety aspects

Edible plant Jiaosu (EPJ), a type of plant-based functional food fermented by beneficial bacteria, has gained publicity in recent years for its potential benefits to health. Important progress in relevant manufacturing technology has been made in the past decade with respect to raw materials, fermentation microorganisms and fermentation conditions. Current research has revealed that EPJ contains abundant nutrients and bioactive compounds, such as minerals, amino acids, polyphenols, organic acids and polysaccharides. Thus, many studies have focused on the beneficial effects of EPJ in preventing lifestyle diseases, such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver, obesity, diabetes and some cancers, although limited studies have involved the related active compounds and their protective mechanisms. Furthermore, very few studies have investigated the potential safety risks associated with the consumption of such food. In this review, we present a brief summary of the current research progress pertaining to the manufacturing, bioactive compounds, potential health benefits and safety aspects of EPJ. However, as a result of the complex components in EPJ, further studies on the bioactive compounds with relevant beneficial effects in EPJ and the safety evaluations of EPJ consumption are needed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Impact of food processing on the glycemic index (GI) of potato products

Potatoes are one of the most popular carbohydrate foods in industrialized and some developing countries. However, contradicting arguments and misconceptions on potatoes as a high glycemic index (GI) food is directly affecting potato consumption during the past years. Potato varieties, maturity level, starch structure, food processing techniques and composition of the meal contribute to the GI of potatoes. Domestic boiling, baking, microwave cooking, oven cooking, extrusion and frying result in different degrees of gelatinization, and the crystallinity of starch in potato. French fried potatoes contain more resistant starch whereas boiled and mashed potatoes contribute to significant digestible starch. Extrusion processing conditions could affect the starch physicochemical structure and resulting nutritional value. Extrusion cooking makes more gelatinized starch than conventional cooking methods. Cooling or storing after processing of potatoes significantly reduces the GI due to retrogradation of starch molecules. This review provides a brief idea about the glycemic index, glycemic load, and their importance to human diseases, and detail information on the effect of food cooking methods on the glycemic index of potatoes.     

Fortification of Bread with Potato Products

The supplementarity of potatoes for cereal proteins which are poor in lysine is attested by the historical fact that bread and potatoes have sustained people through adverse nutritional circumstances such as the two World Wars. This review summarizes the state of the art of breadmaking with potato products. Traditionally used bread additives such as cooked potatoes, potato starch, potato flour, potato flakes, potato water, etc. as well as unconventional ones such as potato protein concentrates recovered from potato processing plant wastes are discussed.     

Phenolic Compounds of Cereals and Their Antioxidant Capacity

Phenolic compounds play an important role in health benefits because of their highly antioxidant capacity. In this review, total phenolic contents (TPCs), phenolic acid profile and antioxidant capacity of the extracted from wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, rye, oat, and millet, which have been recently reported, are summarized. The review shows clearly that cereals contain a number of phytochemicals including phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, etc. The phytochemicals of cereals significantly exhibit antioxidant activity as measured by trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and DNA, Rancimat, inhibition of photochemilumenescence (PCL), and iron(II) chelation activity. Thus, the consumption of whole grains is considered to have significantly health benefits in prevention from chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer because of the contribution of phenolic compounds existed. In addition, the extracts from cereal brans are considered to be used as a source of natural antioxidants.     

Potato Production,Usage, and Nutrition—A Review

Potato is an economically important staple crop prevailing all across the world with successful large-scale production, consumption, and affordability with easy availability in the open market. Potatoes provide basic nutrients such as—carbohydrates, dietary fiber (skin), several vitamins, and minerals (e.g., potassium, magnesium, iron). On occasion exposures to raw and cooked potatoes impart allergic reactions. Dietary intake of potatoes, especially colored potatoes, play an important role in the production of antioxidant defense system by providing essential nutrient antioxidants, such as vitamins, β-carotene, polyphenols, and minerals. This may help lower the incidence of wide range of chronic and acute disease processes (like hypertension, heart diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative, and other diseases). However, retention of nutrients in potatoes is affected by various cooking and processing methods. Cooking at elevated temperature also produces acrylamide—a suspected carcinogen. Independent and/or collaborative studies have been conducted and reported on the various pathways leading to the formation of acrylamide in heat processed foods. This article reviews the latest research on potato production, consumption, nature of phytochemicals and their health benefits, and allergic reactions to children. Also included is the discovery of acrylamide in processed starch-rich foods including potatoes, mechanism of formation, detection methodologies, and mitigation steps to reduce acrylamide content in food.     

红薯泥饼干的研制

为了能更好地保存红薯中的大部分营养素,并保持原有口感风味,将红薯制成红薯泥,并以此为原辅料加工为红薯食品,以提高红薯的食用价值。通过正交试验确定产品的最佳配方为:红薯泥∶低筋面粉∶糖∶猪油为3∶3∶1∶1.4。通过测定红薯泥及红薯泥饼干的理化指标,证明了红薯泥及红薯制品对人身体具有很大益处。     

Impact of plant extracts upon human health: A review

Abstract

With the increase in evidences directly linking diet and health, several foodstuffs, such as phenolic rich fruits and vegetables, have emerged as possessing potential health benefits. Plants, given their fiber and phenolic content (and their intrinsic biological potential), have long been considered as contributing to health promotion. Therefore, the present work aimed to review the existing evidences regarding the various potential benefits of plant extracts’ and plant extract-based products’ consumption, with emphasis on in vivo works and epidemiological studies whenever available. Overall, the information available supports that, while there are indications of the potential benefits of plant extracts’ consumption, further human-based studies are still needed to establish a true cause-effect.     

Phenolic constituents levels in cv. Agria potato under microwave processing

Phenolic compounds have long been associated with flavour and colour characteristics of fruits and vegetables and actually attract a great interest due to their health protecting properties. In this work, the influence of different power input of microwave baking on the amount of protocatechuic acid (1), tryptophan (2), chlorogenic acid (3), neo-chlorogenic acid (4), and cryptochlorogenic acid (5) marker compounds left over in peeled and not-peeled potatoes (Solanum tuberosus L., Agria cultivar) was assessed. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with diode-array detection (DAD) was used to identify and quantify compounds 1-5. Other tubers were used to perform analysis of raw potato (control) and traditional baking potatoes products (boiled potatoes). Dielectric behavior of the irradiated tubers was also investigated to emphasize if microwaves treatments are suitable for food processing in terms of nutritional factor preservation. The main results of this work consist on the relevance of the water contents in potato matrixes during the baking processes since these have a crucial role to keep lossy features, to avoid thermal damages and to preserve antioxidant. The best compromise in terms of short baking time and reduced water and phenolic losses is obtained using 500 W as power input.