板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测的偏最小二乘回归法

搭建板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻实验台,测得不同时间、流速和温度下天然循环冷却水（松花江水）中铁离子、氯离子、细菌总数、pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率等水质参数,随机取一组实验的水质参数作为输入变量,建立换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测的偏最小二乘回归模型,对板式换热器的污垢热阻进行预测。整个实验过程中,热水进口温度为43.5～44.5℃,冷却水进口温度为21.5～22.5℃,流速为0.104 m·s-1,当温度和流速发生变化时,则重新采取数据。经过计算,确立本模型应提取4个潜变量,由此建立了板式换热器冷却水污垢热阻预测模型。预测结果和实验结果最大相对误差在5.11%以内。结果表明偏最小二乘回归算法的污垢模型预测精度高,所建预测模型是合理可行的。     

Ca2+环境下水质参数变化对板式换热器铁细菌微生物污垢的影响

换热设备微生物污垢形成机制和影响因素复杂,污垢数据和规律的获取难度较大。本文采用搭建的板式换热器循环冷却水实验系统,获得了加入Ca²⁺后板式换热器冷却水铁细菌微生物污垢热阻数据,研究了加入Ca²⁺后不同运行工况下冷却水水质参数（OD、pH、电导率）的变化,进一步分析了水质参数变化对微生物污垢生长带来的影响。结果表明,加入Ca²⁺后微生物污垢热阻渐变化明显。随着低温循环冷水进口温度增加,含有Ca²⁺和铁细菌的循环冷却水OD逐渐降低,pH则逐渐升高,电导率减小,微生物污垢热阻逐渐降低;随着流体速度的增加,循环冷却水OD则升高,pH降低,电导率增大,但流速的增大同样加剧了冷却水对通道壁面的剥蚀作用,导致微生物污垢热阻随流速增逐渐下降。     

Ca~(2+)环境下板式换热器微生物污垢特性

为了研究Ca2+环境下微生物的污垢特性,通过人工配比方法加入Ca Cl2与铁细菌,对板式换热器循环冷却水系统在不同温度、速度和铁细菌浓度下的污垢特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:在Ca2+环境下污垢热阻高于纯铁细菌污垢热阻,且温度越高污垢热阻渐近值越小,流体速度越大污垢热阻渐近值越小,铁细菌浓度越大污垢热阻渐近值越大。     

估量冷却水成垢的新模式

在大量循环冷却水模拟试验的基础上,对冷却水在换热器水侧所产生的污垢热阻进行了探讨.提出用一个可进行线性回归的、能反映诱导期的指数函数R_f=R_f~e-A/t-t.来描述污垢增长的规律.经将60轮模拟试验数据进行回归分析表明,这个指数函数能很好地与实验数据相符合.采用新的模式,就能由实验所得的R_f和相应的t值,直接回归出极限污垢热阻R_f~.     

循环水冷却水系统换热器中污垢的预测和监测

为了获取循环冷却水换热器中长期运行的污垢数据，使用了在线污垢监测器。根据这些数据建立了一个模型，用于预测任何水化学的冷却水换热器的污垢性能。后来将该预测指数用于实际运行的换热器，具有良好的相关性。实例研究对该预测指数作了验证。     

板式换热器以松花江水为冷却水条件下的污垢特性

为研究板式换热器在天然水下的污垢特性,实验采用BR0.015F型板式换热器,研究了其在不同的流速和温度下的污垢特性,用扫描电镜观察了已经结垢的换热表面。结果表明：此板式换热器松花江水的污垢类型为渐进型且不存在诱导期,随着流速的增大污垢热阻降低的幅度减小。冷却水温度在27.5～28.5 ℃时污垢热阻较大,温度升高污垢热阻降低;换热表面的混合污垢成片的附着于换热面,有少量的难溶盐析出的晶体生成。     

复合改性表面抑制颗粒污垢积聚特性分析

换热设备颗粒污垢一般指悬浮在流体中的固体颗粒在换热面上的积聚。开发了一种Ni-P-TiO₂防垢型复合改性表面,并将之用于板式换热器抑制纳米MgO颗粒污垢在换热表面的积聚。基于搭建的板式换热器颗粒污垢热阻动态监测实验系统,研究了不同冷却水流速(0.1~0.3 m/s)、入口温度(30~40℃)及纳米MgO浓度(100~400 mg/L)对Ni-P-TiO₂复合改性换热表面抑垢特性的影响。结果表明,随着流速的增加,污垢热阻渐近值减小了27.85%~34.41%;随着冷却水入口温度的升高,污垢热阻渐近值减小了25.15%~39.14%;随着MgO颗粒浓度的增加,热阻渐近值减小了26.15%~45.36%。结合Ni-P-TiO₂复合改性表面的表面能分析了其表面的抑垢性能,发现制备的Ni-P-TiO₂复合改性表面的表面能与纳米MgO颗粒污垢层的表面能相接近,符合Zhao提出的“最优表面能”抑垢理论。与常规板式换热器不锈钢表面相比,Ni-P-TiO₂复合改性表面不仅抑制了颗粒污垢的积聚,还降低了颗粒污垢的固着强度,使得积聚其上的颗粒污垢更容易被剥离换热表面,实现了换热表面持久高效抑垢。     

冷却水系统中的污垢热阻及金属腐蚀速度的在线监测

研究了冷却水系统中污垢热阻及腐蚀速度的在线监测方法;研制了能模拟冷却水流动和传热状态,并消除自腐蚀电位漂移和溶液IR降影响的冷却水污垢热阻及腐蚀速度在线监测装置;同时开发出相应的软件使整个测量和数据处理过程实现了计算机自动控制。实验结果表明:该装置能真实地在线反映换热器结垢和腐蚀变化情况。     

U形管式换热器CaCO_3型污垢热阻变化趋势预测研究

用自制的实验装置模拟工业U形管式换热器Ca CO3型污垢的形成过程,通过计算机采集系统对实验数据进行记录和分析,采用灰色Verhulst模型对污垢热阻随时间的变化趋势进行预测并取得了良好的效果。该研究结果为U形管式换热器污垢热阻研究提供了实验和预测依据。     

新型循环冷却水自动加药控制装置的研制

为抑制水冷凝汽器结垢,基于某电厂1。机组的实际工况,研制新型循环冷却水自动加药控制装置,以模拟换热器为监控对象,对循环冷却水系统的污垢热阻和关键水质参数（pH值、ORP值和浓缩倍率）进行在线实时监测,以测量值作为反馈参数,实时调整缓蚀阻垢剂、浓硫酸和杀菌灭藻剂的投加量,补充水量并控制排污量。给出自动加药控制装置的硬件和监控软件设计方案。实际投运结果表明：在控制循环冷却水水质稳定的前提下,该装置将污垢热阻控制在1．0×10%-4m^2·K／W以下,循环冷却水浓缩倍率控制在8．0—4．5。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。