PATTERNS OF FISH PASSAGE IN THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

Dams have been implicated in the alteration of natural river processes. Quantifying spatial and temporal movement and passage patterns of large river fishes are critical for determining the extent of restricted passage and the needs for fish passage improvements. However, limited information regarding this topic exists because of the inherent difficulties associated with large river systems and assumptions associated with movement studies. Because of this lack of information, we investigated broad scale passage patterns of several riverine fish species through seven locks and dams complexes of the Upper Mississippi River using telemetry. Over the course of our 5‐year evaluation, we observed species‐specific movement and passage patterns, and how these trends were affected by factors such as water level and lock and dam management. Stationary receivers placed in a monitoring array detected a total of 1036 passage events. Eighty‐four percent of the passage occurred through all but one of the lock and dam structures during both open and closed river conditions. While 70% of the passage occurred during open river conditions, further investigation of passages that occurred during closed river conditions (when gates are extended into the water column at some level) revealed that the majority of passage occurred when the average opening for all gates ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 m. Lock usage was also quantified, and most species were not routinely using the lock chambers for passage. Ultimately, these data have shown that individuals of each study species were able to negotiate most of the locks and dams during open and closed river conditions in both directions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

葛洲坝船闸水力学问题综合分析

对葛洲坝3座船闸在接近设计水头27m条件下运行中出现的水力学现象和原、模型观测资料进行综合分析。内容包括；船闸充泄水时上、下游引航道中的流速、流态、涌浪传播、间室充、泄水水力特性，阀门段水流空化及声振现象，阀门启闭力及阀门振动特性等。对船闸运行和检验中发现的问题及处理改善措施亦作了介绍，葛洲坝3座船闸运行了20a来的经验证明船闸按静水通航动水冲沙的原则指导设计是正确的，船闸输水系统布置型式是成功的。     

高坝瞬时泄洪对坝下游船舶航行及码头影响的数值模拟

以描述河流瞬变流的运动方程为基础,得出了模拟瞬时洪水波和溃坝波在天然河道和干河床中传播过程的数值计算方法.运用该方法模拟分析了金沙江向家坝突然泄洪过程,以及瞬变流对坝址下游165km长河道中船舶航行和码头的影响.     

汉江兴隆水利枢纽下游近坝段水位下降成因及防治对策

汉江兴隆水利枢纽2013年运用以来,坝下游近坝段中、枯水期水位较建坝前发生了不同程度的下降,到2018年枯水位最大下降1.67 m,造成船闸闸槛水深不足,影响船舶顺利过闸。基于对该河段实测水文、地质、河床地形资料分析,对坝下游近坝段水位下降的原因和防治措施进行了研究。结果表明:枢纽的清水下泄和河床床沙易被冲动,使河床平滩河槽冲刷下切和展宽,是造成坝下游中、枯水期水位下降的主要原因。为此,提出了对坝下游近坝段平滩河槽进行护底、修筑潜坝等工程措施来防治河床冲刷并适当抬升河道枯水位,同时建议尽快修建引江补汉工程增加汉江中下游枯水期来水流量,从根本上解决船舶过闸问题和坝下游河道中、枯水期水位下降带来的不利影响。     

三峡船闸下游引航道通航条件研究

三峡船闸末级闸室泄水和大坝泄洪引起下游引航道水位波动,水流往复运移。这种非恒定流影响船舶在引航道安全航行和停泊。通过物理模型试验介绍了船闸下游引航道非恒定水流特性和通航水流条件,并提出了改善通航水流条件的有效措施。     

Influence of dams on river water‐quality signatures at event and seasonal scales: The Sélune River (France) case study

Dams and reservoirs are known to disturb river‐water composition, among other impacts, with potential implications for downstream river ecosystems and water uses. Existing studies have emphasized the variable influence of dams on water composition according to the element, its speciation (dissolved vs. particulate), reservoir properties (residence times), reservoir functions (e.g., hydropower, irrigation), and management (water releases). A now common approach to analyzing hydrological, geochemical, and biological controls on element export from unregulated rivers is to study hydrochemical signatures such as concentration‐flow relationships. We investigated a case study to analyze hydrochemical signatures of a regulated river (Sélune River, western France) upstream and downstream of a chain of two hydropower dams, assuming that the dams disturbed the river's signatures, and that those disturbances would provide information about processes occurring in the reservoirs. Both seasonal and event‐scale signatures were analyzed over two contrasting hydrological years and a range of storm events. The dams induced a chemostatic downstream response to storm events whenever elements were diluted or concentrated upstream. Dams did not disturb the seasonality of major anions but did modify silica and phosphorus concentration‐flow relationships, especially during low flow. Such changes in dynamics of river‐water composition may affect downstream biological communities. This study presents an initial state of the hydrochemical signature of the downstream river, before the removal of the two dams.     

Low‐Head Dam Impacts on Habitat and the Functional Composition of Fish Communities

The natural flow regime of many rivers in the USA has been impacted by anthropogenic structures. This loss of connectivity plays a role in shaping river ecosystems by altering physical habitat characteristics and shaping fish assemblages. Although the impacts of large dams on river systems are well documented, studies on the effects of low‐head dams using a functional guild approach have been fewer. We assessed river habitat quality and fish community structure at 12 sites on two rivers; the study sites included two sites below each dam, two sites in the pool above each dam and two sites upstream of the pool extent. Fish communities were sampled from 2012 to 2015 using a multi‐gear approach in spring and fall seasons. We aggregated fishes into habitat and reproductive guilds in order to ascertain dams' effects on groups of fishes that respond similarly to environmental variation. We found that habitat quality was significantly poorer in the artificial pools created above the dams than all other sampling sites. Fast riffle specialist taxa were most abundant in high‐quality riffle habitats farthest from the dams, while fast generalists and pelagophils were largely restricted to areas below the downstream‐most impoundment. Overall, these dams play a substantial role in shaping habitat, which impacts fish community composition on a functional level. Utilizing this functional approach enables us to mechanistically link the effects of impoundments to the structure of fish communities and form generalizations that can be applied to other systems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双线船闸引航道水力特性数值模拟

长沙综合枢纽双线船闸共用引航道,船闸引用流量大,在灌、泄水时引航道内形成非恒定流,水流十分复杂.为确保引航道内船舶航行和停泊安全,采用三维数学模型对船闸最不利运行工况下引航道内复杂非恒定流进行了深入研究,分析了复杂水流形成机理、发展和传播过程,获得了不利工况下的波高、波速、比降和系缆力等水力要素,提出并研究了双线船闸错峰运行和增加船闸旁侧泄水等改善措施,有效改善了引航道内水流条件.研究成果已应用于依托工程中,船闸试运行表明研究提出的改善措施十分有效,该成果可供类似工程参考借鉴.     

分汊河段船闸扩建对已有建筑物运行影响及改善技术研究

航运的发展促使内河航运枢纽中的船闸扩建工程日益增多,在已建枢纽基础上进行船闸扩建势必会改变现有工程河段的边界条件和水动力特征,从而对已有建筑物运行产生影响。结合富春江船闸扩建工程,采用整体物理模型试验,研究了分汊河段扩建船闸对已有建筑物的影响及相关改善技术。结果表明:富春江船闸位于峡谷分汊河段,扩建船闸及导航墙的兴建,导致汊道分流比发生明显改变,左汊主河道分流量增加、水位壅高,对发电、行洪产生不利影响;为减小扩建船闸的影响,需在右汊船闸隔流墙与江心洲之间开挖一条行洪渠道,以尽量维持河道原有分流比,但行洪渠道紧邻下游口门区,受渠道内集中水流影响,口门区通航水流条件不满足要求,船闸通航条件与发电、行洪相互制约;提出了在汊道进口设置节制闸控制分流的创新技术,通过节制闸调节两汊分流比,能够解决船闸通航与枢纽建筑物运行之间的相互影响问题。     

分汊河段河中布置船闸水沙碍航特性研究

分汊河段的汇流口水沙条件复杂多变,为保证航道稳定及船舶航行安全,分汊河段水利枢纽平面布置时一般将通航建筑物布置于其中一个汊道的靠岸侧。受工程建设条件限制需将通航建筑物布置于分汊河段河中时,既存在流态碍航问题又存在泥沙淤积碍航问题。针对布置于分汊河段洲尾汇流段的已建桃源枢纽船闸存在的通航条件较差的问题,采用整体定床水流、定床输沙与遥控自航船模试验相结合的研究手段,开展了船闸下游口门区水沙碍航特性试验研究。结果表明:水流条件是导致流态碍航与泥沙淤积碍航的根本因素,左、右汊不同下泄水流在汇流段形成单边突扩或水流掺混交汇,致使下游口门区所处的汇流段水流流态差且推移质泥沙落淤碍航,分汊河段船闸河中布置应慎重考虑。     

滦河流域大中型闸坝水文生态效应

为揭示滦河流域水库对下游河流水文影响,辨析其生态效应,建立了流域闸坝水生态效应评估体系,运用河流影响因子(RI)法评估了闪电河、庙宫、潘家口和桃林口水库的水生态效应,进一步运用水文变化范围(RVA)法评估了潘家口水库的水生态效应。结果表明:1各水库对水文的影响程度为:潘家口桃林口闪电河庙宫,水库的水文效应同时受其级别(库容)和河流原始径流量影响,小型河流水库的水文生态效应不容忽视。2潘家口水库IHA指标(RVA法)总改变度为0.88,第1~2组指标发生了高度改变(0.91),第3~5组指标发生中度改变(0.45),强烈改变了鱼类洄游、底栖生物和植物群落等生态过程。生态水文同步监测与生态模型构建将有助于提升河流生态系统预警能力,为河流生态恢复提供科学依据和技术工具。     

Effects of Damming on Long‐Term Development of Fluvial Islands,Elbe River (N Czechia)

Damming and water impoundment have fundamental influences on the geomorphology and ecological processes of lotic systems. Although these engineering projects affect all segments of the river channel, fluvial (mid‐channel, river) islands are among the most threatened features because of their link to both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects of damming. In this study, we used historical maps (1843, 1852) and aerial photos (1954, 2014), as well as other written and iconographic documentary sources, to document the long‐term development of the fluvial islands and channel planform in the Lower Labe (Elbe) River area (Northern Czechia) over the past ~170 years. Our results indicate the decrease of fluvial islands from 16 (1843), resp. 20 (1852) in the mid‐19^th century to eight in 1954, and finally to five in 2014. Most islands have disappeared because of the construction of dams and lock chambers for the purpose of river navigation in the first half of the 20th century. The possible processes responsible for island extinction in individual river segments include sediment starvation (downstream of the dam), erosion by overflow (near upstream of the dam) and decreased flow in inter‐island branches (far upstream of the dam). The islands most susceptible to extinction are those with a smaller size and elliptical or irregular shape. Based on visual evaluation of historical photos and survey of present day temporary islands, the medium and fine sedimentary fraction and absence of a vegetation cover seem to be another predictor of island extinction. Finally, we stress the relevance of our findings for the current discussion on the construction of new lock chambers downstream of the study area. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长洲水利枢纽三线四线船闸布置位置选择

长洲水利枢纽是西江下游河段广西境内的最后一个梯级,现有通航建筑物为双线单级船闸水利枢纽(1×2000t+1×1000t),为适应日益增长的货运量发展需求,需新建双线2×3000t船闸.文章主要介绍了长洲水利枢纽2×3000 t三线四线船闸布置位置的比较选择,为繁忙航道上复杂枢纽的船闸位置选择提供参考和借鉴.     

过鱼式船闸布置研究初探

拦河大坝的建设影响了河流的连通,阻隔了水生生物尤其是鱼类的洄游通道。为维持大坝上下游鱼类遗传交流和生物的多样性,通过对已运行船闸内鱼类资源的调查分析,提出在传统船闸中增设辅助设施,利用船闸过鱼的新思路,使传统船闸的功能得以扩展。在通航河流上,采用过鱼式船闸,能增加鱼类的通过率,减缓工程建设对洄游鱼类的阻隔影响,更好地保护河流生态环境。     

坝前滑坡涌浪压力分布对震损拱坝损伤影响的研究

强震中震损边坡在震后比震前更容易诱发滑坡,震后滑坡涌浪可能会对震损拱坝产生附加损伤,可能造成坝体溃决。现有的滑坡涌浪对坝体研究主要针对震前完好拱坝,并且通常将坝前涌浪简化为沿着拱向波高及相位完全相同。然而关于滑坡涌浪的研究表明,传播至坝前的涌浪在坝面不同位置存在比较明显的高度差和时间差。针对强震中震损拱坝在震后承受涌浪冲击的问题,本文以某高拱坝为例,基于中国水科院涌浪高经验公式,分析了坝前涌浪高的分布规律,识别出了三种典型的坝前涌浪压力分布形式。基于所定义的拱坝损伤影响度量指标,分析不同坝前涌浪压力分布对震损拱坝损伤的影响。结果表明,坝前涌浪分布存在高度差和时间差时,其压力分布对震损拱坝的影响比按均匀分布涌浪考虑的影响会更大。以均匀分布的涌浪压力形式分析震损拱坝所受的影响时,对危险性的评估会怕偏于不足,因此,建议考虑坝前涌浪空间分布和时间特性的影响。该研究结果可为震后滑坡涌浪的安全评价提供参考。     

赣江石虎塘航电枢纽船闸引航道口门区通航水流条件试验研究

结合赣江石虎塘枢纽工程水工模型对其船闸引航道通航水流条件进行了细致研究,试验观测表明:由于赣江属于宽浅性平原河流,滩槽分布明显,水流条件顺畅,流态良好,上下游通航水流条件能够满足设计船舶的安全航行,但为了节省工程量和投资,对工程进行优化,将上下游引航道外引航墙进行适当缩短后,经水工模型试验研究发现:该优化工程措施值得在同类平原河道低闸坝枢纽船闸中借鉴。     

Numerical Simulation of Flood Wave Propagation in Two-Dimensions in Densely Populated Urban Areas due to Dam Break

Dams are important structures having many functions such as water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power and recreation. Although dam break failures are very rare events, dams can fail with little warning and the damage at the downstream of the dam due to the flood wave can be catastrophic. During a dam failure, immense volume of water is mobilized at very high speed in a very short time. The momentum of the flood wave can turn to a very destructive impact force in residential areas. Therefore, from risk point of view, understanding the consequences of a possible dam failure is critically important. This study deals with the methodology utilized for predicting the flood wave occurring after the dam break and analyses the propagation of the flood wave downstream of the dam. The methodology used in this study includes creation of bathymetric, DEM and land use maps; routing of the flood wave along the valley using a 1D model; and two dimensional numerical modeling of the propagation and spreading of flood wave for various dam breaching scenarios in two different urban areas. Such a methodology is a vital tool for decision-making process since it takes into account the spatial heterogeneity of the basin parameters to predict flood wave propagation downstream of the dam. Proposed methodology is applied to two dams; Porsuk Dam located in Eski?ehir and Alibey Dam located in Istanbul, Turkey. Both dams are selected based on the fact that they have dense residential areas downstream and such a failure would be disastrous in both cases. Model simulations based on three different dam breaching scenarios showed that maximum flow depth can reach to 5 m at the border of the residential areas both in Eski?ehir and in Istanbul with a maximum flow velocity of 5 m/s and flood waves having 0.3 m height reach to the boundary of the residential area within 1 to 2 h. Flooded area in Eski?ehir was estimated as 127 km², whereas in Istanbul this area was 8.4 km² in total.     

Effects of dams in river networks on fish assemblages in non‐impoundment sections of rivers in Michigan and Wisconsin,USA

Regional assessment of cumulative impacts of dams on riverine fish assemblages provides resource managers essential information for dam operation, potential dam removal, river health assessment and overall ecosystem management. Such an assessment is challenging because characteristics of fish assemblages are not only affected by dams, but also influenced by natural variation and human‐induced modification (in addition to dams) in thermal and flow regimes, physicochemical habitats and biological assemblages. This study evaluated the impacts of dams on river fish assemblages in the non‐impoundment sections of rivers in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin using multiple fish assemblage indicators and multiple approaches to distinguish the influences of dams from those of other natural and human‐induced factors. We found that environmental factors that influence fish assemblages in addition to dams should be incorporated when evaluating regional effects of dams on fish assemblages. Without considering such co‐influential factors, the evaluation is inadequate and potentially misleading. The role of dams alone in determining fish assemblages at a regional spatial scale is relatively small (explained less than 20% of variance) compared with the other environmental factors, such as river size, flow and thermal regimes and land uses jointly. However, our results do demonstrate that downstream and upstream dams can substantially modify fish assemblages in the non‐impoundment sections of rivers. After excluding river size and land‐use influences, our results clearly demonstrate that dams have significant impacts on fish biotic‐integrity and habitat‐and‐social‐preference indicators. The influences of the upstream dams, downstream dams, distance to dams, and dam density differ among the fish indicators, which have different implications for maintaining river biotic integrity, protecting biodiversity and managing fisheries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determining the effects of dams on subdaily variation in river flows at a whole‐basin scale

River regulation can alter the frequency and magnitude of subdaily flow variations causing major impacts on ecological structure and function. We developed an approach to quantify subdaily flow variation for multiple sites across a large watershed to assess the potential impacts of different dam operations (flood control, run‐of‐river hydropower and peaking hydropower) on natural communities. We used hourly flow data over a 9‐year period from 30 stream gages throughout the Connecticut River basin to calculate four metrics of subdaily flow variation and to compare sites downstream of dams with unregulated sites. Our objectives were to (1) determine the temporal scale of data needed to characterize subdaily variability; (2) compare the frequency of days with high subdaily flow variation downstream of dams and unregulated sites; (3) analyse the magnitude of subdaily variation at all sites and (4) identify individual sites that had subdaily variation significantly higher than unregulated locations. We found that estimates of flow variability based on daily mean flow data were not sufficient to characterize subdaily flow patterns. Alteration of subdaily flows was evident in the number of days natural ranges of variability were exceeded, rather than in the magnitude of subdaily variation, suggesting that all rivers may exhibit highly variable subdaily flows, but altered rivers exhibit this variability more frequently. Peaking hydropower facilities had the most highly altered subdaily flows; however, we observed significantly altered ranges of subdaily variability downstream of some flood‐control and run‐of‐river hydropower dams. Our analysis can be used to identify situations where dam operating procedures could be modified to reduce the level of hydrologic alteration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

已建枢纽破坝新建二线船闸防洪影响问题探讨-以清远枢纽为例

清远水利枢纽新建二线船闸工程涉及破坝施工,其防洪问题,涉及到新建工程在施工期及运行期对已建枢纽的安全影响及河道防洪影响的问题。该文从水务管理角度,提出在论证该类建设项目的防洪影响问题时,应重点关注水行政主管部门关心的4个问题：①是否对现有水利枢纽安全造成不利影响;②是否降低附近水利工程的防洪标准;③是否对现有河势造成不利影响;④是否对第三人合法水事权益造成影响。鉴于破坝工程的特殊性,应采用综合的研究手段,运用岩土渗流、抗滑稳定计算方法、有限元数值模型等手段研究破坝对已有枢纽的影响及基坑开挖的安全;运用物理模型试验的手段研究工程对河势影响及对现有水利工程防洪水位的影响。该文成果可为类似已建枢纽新建二、三线船闸的水行政管理、审批提供参考。