真空/压力烧结对硬质合金脱β层的影响

研究了真空和真空/压力烧结两种工艺对均质、梯度硬质合金的性能及其组织结构的影响,分析了梯度硬质合金脱β层的形成机理。研究表明,采用真空/压力烧结工艺可使硬质合金的抗弯强度得到明显提高;而采用相同烧结工艺时,梯度硬质合金的抗弯强度高于均质合金;梯度合金经真空/压力烧结后,虽然脱β层的厚度减小,但强度仍有增加。     

真空-压力两步烧结制备的表层脱立方相梯度硬质合金的组织与性能

本文通过真空-压力两步烧结制备了脱立方相梯度硬质合金,并对材料的组织和性能做了研究。研究发现,相比于一步真空烧结制备的脱立方相梯度硬质合金,真空-压力两步烧结制备的梯度硬质合金脱立方相层更厚,合金内部的立方相晶粒尺寸更大。梯度硬质合金脱立方相层中的平均WC晶粒尺寸比内部的更大,这与脱立方相层中Co含量更高以及内部含Ti立方相的存在有关。梯度硬质合金中过渡层的微观硬度高于合金内部,而脱立方相层的硬度最低,微观硬度变化与Co、Ti等元素含量变化紧密相关。压力烧结对表面脱立方相层的致密化作用明显,使得脱立方相层的孔隙减少,梯度合金相对密度达到99.6%。脱立方相层厚度增加和孔隙缺陷减少促进了梯度硬质合金横向断裂强度的提高。     

烧结工艺对梯度结构硬质合金梯度层组织和厚度的影响

本文用两步烧结方法制备了梯度结构硬质合金,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析研究了不同的烧结工艺和基体中Co含量对梯度层元素浓度分布、梯度层厚度及显微组织的影响。实验结果表明,烧结温度和保温时间对脱β层厚度有很大影响,基体中高的Co含量有利于梯度层厚度的增加。     

初始成分对梯度硬质合金微观组织及脱β层厚度的影响

采用普通市售中颗粒Ti(C,N)粉末,以一步烧结法制备脱β层梯度硬质合金;利用显微组织分析和图像分析等手段,研究合金初始成分对其微观组织及脱β层厚度的影响规律。结果表明:当Ti(C,N)含量低于1.6%(质量分数)时,随着Ti(C,N)含量的增加,脱β层厚度明显增大,而当Ti(C,N)含量超过1.6%时,脱β层厚度呈缓慢缩小的趋势;随着钴含量的增加,脱β层的厚度迅速增大,但当钴含量达到10%(质量分数)左右时,在脱β层与芯部的界面处钴相聚集现象严重;总碳含量为6.51%(质量分数)的合金中WC晶粒度较大且呈规则的多边形,在1 450℃、2 h梯度烧结工艺下制备的脱β层厚度可达38μm左右,而总碳含量为6.23%的合金中WC晶粒度较小且呈等轴化趋势,同时脱β层的厚度仅为17μm左右。     

脱β层厚度对CVD涂层硬质合金性能的影响

通过对WC-TiC-(Ta,Nb)C-Co硬质合金在1 300～1 380℃的渗氮气氛处理和随后的脱N烧结制得了不同脱β层厚度的合金基体,通过化学气相沉积(CVD)工艺制成从内到外依次为TiN/MT-TiCN/Al2O3/TiN的涂层硬质合金。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪、抗弯(TRS)和切削试验对合金基体涂层前后的组织特征与性能进行了研究。结果表明,随着脱β层厚度的增加,试样涂层前后的抗弯强度均增加,在厚度达到20μm以上时,增加不明显。CVD涂层硬质合金可转位刀片的抗冲击性能也有相应的规律,而耐磨性则基本上保持一致。     

烧结碳势对梯度硬质合金组织结构的影响

结合热力学计算,通过两次烧结法,先在含氮气氛下预烧结,然后在不同碳势的气氛下梯度烧结,分别制备了WC-Ti(C,N)-7.5%Co、WC-Ti(C,N)-10%Co、WC-Ti(C,N)-7.5%Co-3%Nb和WC-Ti(C,N)-10%Co-3%Ta共4组成分的梯度硬质合金。通过对其成分分布和微观组织结构的表征,研究了烧结碳势对不同组分的梯度硬质合金基体合金表面无立方相层厚度的影响。结果表明:烧结碳气氛与合金碳势差较大时能形成表面无立方相层,烧结气氛的碳势越高,表面无立方相层越薄;在气氛与合金碳势差过小时不形成梯度,而是形成均质结构;Co含量提高,更容易形成梯度,表面无立方相层加厚;加入了Ta或Nb之后,立方相增多,梯度形成效果更明显,但无立方相层变薄。     

烧结温度对梯度硬质合金表层组织结构和力学性能的影响

梯度硬质合金表层组织结构的变化直接影响着CVD涂层硬质合金刀具的加工性能,而烧结温度的变化将显著影响梯度硬质合金表层和芯部组织结构。本文研究了1 410、1 440℃和1 460℃3种烧结温度对梯度硬质合金表层（0～100μm）组织结构和力学性能的影响规律。采用SEM和EBSD对梯度硬质合金表层组织结构、梯度区和合金芯部粒度进行了分析,研究了不同温度下表层组织结构的变化对梯度硬质合金抗弯强度和显微硬度的影响。结果表明：随着温度升高,表面Co含量明显下降,梯度层厚度增加。合金硬质相（WC和立方固溶体相）晶粒度随烧结温度升高而明显长大,梯度区内WC晶粒度大于芯部WC晶粒度,并且二者差异随烧结温度的升高而加大,芯部立方固溶体的生长速度高于WC。随烧结温度的升高,合金的磁力下降了10.3%,合金的断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别提高了8.5%和7.7%,相比去除梯度层试样,3个烧结温度下保留梯度层合金试样的抗弯强度提高了7.6%～9.8%。从表面至芯部合金的显微硬度先降低至最低点后逐渐上升至接近芯部硬度,梯度层内HV最低点约为芯部HV的87%。随烧结温度的升高,梯度区和芯部的HV都呈现下降趋势。     

梯度硬质合金梯度层形成的计算机模拟及验证

结合相图热力学计算,使用DICTRA软件计算模拟Co-W-Ti-C-N、Co-W-Ti-Nb-C-N和Co-W-Ti-Ta-C-N体系梯度硬质合金梯度层形成过程,对比计算模拟和实测的梯度硬质合金中Co含量的距离变化曲线。通过分析各相体积分数及组元成分随距离的分布研究烧结时间、烧结温度、Co含量和Ti含量对梯度层厚度的影响。结果表明:计算模拟与实验数据吻合较好。延长烧结时间、升高烧结温度和增加Co含量均会促进梯度层厚度的增加,而增加Ti含量则会抑制梯度层厚度的增加。     

硬质合金表面脱β层工艺研究

主要研究了硬质合金含碳量、含氮量与脱β层间的影响关系,从动力学上对合金这一组织结构的形成机理进行了论证,通过试验得出碳、氮的添加量直接影响到脱β层的厚度,为产业化脱β层合金工艺控制指明了方向。     

一次烧结法制备两相梯度合金的研究

研究了一次烧结制备两相梯度合金的工艺,并对一次烧结和两次烧结制备的梯度合金结构进行了比较。结果表明:如工艺控制得当,一次烧结法可以制备出较理想的梯度结构,随着渗碳温度和保温时间的增加,无η相层厚度增大,一次烧结法比二次烧结法的渗碳效率更高。     

基体碳含量对梯度结构硬质合金微观结构与性能的影响

Co相梯度结构硬质合金与传统硬质合金(WC-Co)相比具有良好的硬度和韧性组合.本文通过固体渗碳烧结处理制备出了Co相梯度结构硬质合金,研究了贫碳量对固体渗碳后硬质合金中Co相梯度结构、力学性能的影响,探索了Co相梯度结构的形成机制.结果表明,贫碳合金碳含量越低,η相体积分数越大,渗碳时需要消耗更多的活性碳原子,渗碳烧...     

烧结制备含Ti功能梯度硬质合金的研究进展

随着科学技术的发展,对硬质合金的性能提出了越来越高的要求。功能梯度硬质合金通过赋予材料不同部位以不同的性能,成功应用于现代工业技术领域。本文综述了气氛烧结制备含Ti功能梯度硬质合金的研究进展,分析了国内外对表面梯度层的形成机理、制备工艺、梯度结构特征及切削性能的研究成果,指出加强相关机理研究和实验工艺优化是今后研究工作的重点。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of functionally gradient cemented carbides fabricated by microwave heating nitriding sintering

A new method is presented for the fast preparation of functionally graded cemented carbide materials by microwave heating nitriding sintering. The influence of composition and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties, microstructure, and phase composition of the materials was studied. Results showed that functionally graded cemented carbides with the desired mechanical properties can be obtained rapidly by microwave heating nitriding sintering. A gradient layer with a Ti(C, N)-enriched surface layer, and underneath a Co-enriched layer formed on the top of the hard alloy substrate. The nitriding process had little effect on the microstructure of the matrix. A lower surface roughness, and the similar layer thickness as seen in conventional heating nitriding was obtained by microwave heating nitriding sintering in a short period of time. The thickness of the gradient layer increased with increasing temperature. The high Ti content in the raw material was beneficial to the formation of the gradient layer; however, the Co content had little effect on the gradient layer thickness when it increased from 6% to 10%.     

烧结工艺对超细WC-6%Co-0.6%(VC/Cr_3C_2/TaC)硬质合金性能的影响

硬质合金的性能随烧结工艺的不同而会发生变化,本文在1 380℃,经真空烧结和压力烧结(4 MPa)制备超细WC-6%Co-0.6%(VC/Cr3C2/TaC)(质量分数)硬质合金,分别采用SEM分析、XRD检测、钴磁检测、矫顽磁力检测、洛氏硬度检测、抗弯强度检测等方法,对比研究了真空烧结和压力烧结对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:与真空烧结相比,压力烧结提高了合金的相对密度,降低了孔隙度,从而提高了合金的综合性能。本次实验中,压力烧结条件下制备的合金相对密度为99.4%,孔隙度为A02B00,硬度为93.8 HRA,TRS为1 830 MPa。     

SPS烧结WC-5%Co纳米复合粉硬质合金

采用喷雾干燥、流态化床化学转化法生产的WC-5%Co纳米复合粉为原料,研究了放电等离子体烧结(SPS)对超细硬质合金显微结构和性能的影响,同时对SPS烧结、低压烧结、真空烧结等三种工艺进行了比较。结果表明:采用SPS烧结可以在较低的温度下实现超细硬质合金的固相烧结,使合金快速致密化,当1170℃保温6min、压力为50MPa时合金可以获得最好的力学性能;其显微硬度HV30、抗弯强度、断裂韧性分别为1870、3230MPa、10.96MPa/m1/2。低压烧结可促进颗粒在液相中重排,硬质合金压坯经8MPa、1410℃、保温45min烧结,也可以获得比较好的力学性能;而传统真空烧结,合金孔隙度比较高,晶粒不均匀,性能较差。     

Effect of ultra-fine TiC0.5N0.5 on the microstructure and properties of gradient cemented carbide

To increase the performance of cemented carbide, it was common to coat the wear surfaces with thin layers of hard materials. Cemented carbides with surface zone depleted of hard cubic phase and enriched in ductile binder phase were commonly used as the substrates. At the present, the so-called “gradient cemented carbides” were usually prepared by adding TiN or medium-sized TiCN, and a two-step sintering process including pre-sintering in nitrogen and gradient sintering in vacuum was usually adopted. In this paper, gradient cemented carbide based on WC–5.19 wt.%Ti–9.2 wt.%Co was prepared by simple vacuum sintering with the addition of 0.13 μm ultra-fine TiC_0.5N_0.5, compared with medium-sized TiN or TiCN. The result showed that gradient cemented carbide prepared with 0.13 μm ultra-fine TiC_0.5N_0.5 had better properties. With the increase of ultra-fine TiC_0.5N_0.5 content, the thickness of gradient surface zone decreased. TiCN coatings were deposited on gradient substrate and conventional substrate by moderate temperature chemical vapor deposition (MTCVD), respectively. Gradient substrate resulted in better adhesion and cutting performance.     

Fabrication of WC-Co/(Ti,W)C graded cemented carbide by spark plasma sintering

The WC-Co/(Ti, W)C graded cemented carbide was prepared by spark plasma sintering. The substrate is WC-8Co, and the hard layer is (Ti, W)C solid-solution. The effects of sintering temperature and holding time on the microstructure and properties of graded cemented carbide were analyzed. The hard layer is mainly formed by dissolving WC in the Co-phase and then by solid-solution reaction with TiC. As the sintering temperature increases, the migration rate of WC increases. When the holding time is 5 min, the thickness and the W content of the (Ti, W)C solid-solution hard layer increases with the increasing of sintering temperature. The thickness of the (Ti, W)C solid-solution can reach 51 ± 2 μm at the sintering temperature of 1700 °C for the holding time of 5 min. The hardness of hard layer surface increases first and then decreases with the increasing of sintering temperature. The Vickers hardness is the highest at 1600 °C, which can reach HV_0.221.53GPa. As the holding time increases, the thickness of the solid-solution hard layer increases, but the rate of growth decreases. As the thickness increases, the difference in the W element concentration between the solid-solutions of the same pitch decreases along the layer depth direction, and W element concentration in the entire hard layer increases. The oxidation behavior of graded cemented carbide at 400 °C and 600 °C was investigated. The (Ti, W)C hard layer has superior oxidation resistance relative to the WC-Co substrate.