When selective adaptation and contrast effects are distinct: A reply to Diehl, Kluender, and Parker.

Two alternative conceptualizations of selective adaptation with speech have recently received attention: the adaptation level theory (AL) outlined by R. L. Diehl (see record 1981-05067-001) and a 2-stage model outlined by the 1st author and P. Jusczyk (see record 1982-00351-001). Diehl et al (see record 1986-05428-001) reported evidence of streaming in selective adaptation and claimed that their results provide a counterdemonstration to recent studies that have argued against the AL approach. It is shown how the Diehl et al results can be accounted for by both the 2-stage model and AL theory. Results are presented from a study with 74 undergraduates that compared adaptation and paired-comparison procedures. These results are precisely as predicted by the 2-stage model, but they cannot be accounted for by AL theory. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Yes, I have heard about family psychotherapy—but opinions are no substitute for data.

E. Rudolph (see record 1982-26266-001) criticized an article by the present author (see record 1981-33210-001), saying that the existence and impact of family therapy was omitted from a review of the claims and progress of psychotherapy. It is argued that Rudolph's claim that family therapy represented a significant breakthrough in psychotherapy is unsupported by research data and that overall results of outcome in family therapy appear to be comparable to those for individual psychotherapy. Results of a study by S. L. Garfield and R. Kurtz (see record 1976-24639-001) show relatively little involvement of clinical psychologists with family therapy in terms of time devoted to professional activities. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical judgment and affective disorders.

Addresses 3 limitations of previous work on counselor clinical judgment by the 1st author et al (see record 1983-11141-001) and R. F. Haase et al (see record 1983-26503-001). Results of the study of 20 practicing counselors suggest that the judgment process used by experienced counselors to make diagnoses of affective disorders differs depending on the type of diagnostic judgment and that attributions may play a role in at least certain types of judgments. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

And binding nature fast in fate, left free the human will.

Suggests that the papers by B. D. Slife (see record 1995-13451-001), M. Gergen (see record 1995-14294-001), R. N. Williams (see record 1995-12851-001), and M. S. Richardson (see record 1995-14311-001) demonstrated no simple solution to the free will (FW) problem. How humans achieve some limited exercise of FW in a world of nonagentic, coercive forces remains unclear, especially as human nature and lives represent complex phenomena in which the person who exercises FW is anything but omnipotent, ahistorical, self-contained, and acultural. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The farmer and the cowman should be friends: An attempt at reconciliation with Batson, Coke, and Pych.

R. L. Archer et al (see record 1982-05783-001) suggested that high dispositional empathy and socially evaluative circumstances be added to the 2-stage model of empathically-mediated helping of J. S. Coke et al (see record 1980-00984-001). C. D. Batson et al (1983) responded with 2 lines of argument against this. To the 1st of their arguments, that the original model will apply to Ss low as well as high in dispositional empathy, the present author replies that both hypotheses (theirs and his) await an adequate test. To the 2nd, that the success of the model in experimental contexts lacking in social evaluation is well-demonstrated, the author replies that those experimental paradigms may also have socially evaluative aspects. A reconciliation based on shared beliefs that the 2-stage model has potential and deserves more investigation is also explored. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Confusing clinical and statistical significance? A reply to Reynolds and Gutkin.

C. R. Reynolds and T. B. Gutkin (see record 1982-27115-001) reported that the study by the 1st author and V. C. Sanchez (see record 1981-09257-001) is an inappropriate test of their formulae, which are designed to predict premorbid functioning in children. The present article addresses those remarks and highlights additional attempts at cross-validating their formulae. It is concluded that Reynolds and Gutkin extrapolated beyond their data, made conclusions without any empirical support, and confused statistical and clinical significance. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Health promotion and coronary heart disease: A comment on consensus.

Responds a 2nd time (for the 1st response, see record 1986-20182-001) to R. C. Lefebvre's (see record 1986-20193-001) critique of the present author's (see record 1985-21441-001) article on health promotion and coronary heart disease by contending that contrary to Lefebvre's view, there is not a clear consensus among epidemiologists about the value of lowering blood cholesterol to prevent coronary heart disease. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Examples, blueprints, and theories in the ecological study of memory: Reply to Hirst and Levine and to Neisser.

Responds to W. Hirst and E. Levine's (see record 1986-08241-001) argument that the present author (see record 1986-03043-001) was not sufficiently directive in his ecological study of memory by providing another illustration of ecological memory research. In considering the nature of future ecological theories of memory as proposed by U. Neisser (see record 1986-08246-001), the present author suggests that specifying relations between mechanisms and functions of memory is generic to all such theories. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The issue of sex bias in DSM-III: Comments on the articles by Spitzer, Williams, and Kass.

Responds to comments by J. B. Williams and R. L. Spitzer (see record 1984-06864-001) and by F. Kass et al (see record 1984-06848-001) on the present author's (see record 1984-06847-001) article, in which she argued that masculine-biased assumptions about what behaviors are healthy are codified in diagnostic criteria and may account for higher treatment rates in women. The present author responds to criticisms and reiterates her point that histrionic and dependent personality disorders as defined by the DSM-III correspond to stereotypes of femininity. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Kurosawa.

Defends the 1st 2 authors' (see record 1982-30838-001) reanalysis of the M. L. Smith and G. V. Glass (see record 1978-10341-001) psychotherapy outcome study and responds to criticism by K. Kurosawa (see record 1984-24820-001) regarding their conclusion that there is convincing evidence for the efficacy of psychotherapy. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Minds, brains, and misunderstandings: Comment on Snyder.

Refutes D. M. Snyder's (see record 1986-26122-001) 2 major criticisms of the author's (see record 1986-11807-001) article: The author misinterpreted the meaning of the word "complementarity," and he failed to reference Snyder's perspectival approach, which resembles that of the author. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On worthwhile icons: Reply to Di Lollo and Haber.

Responds to R. N. Haber's (see record 1986-11000-001) and V. Di Lollo's (see record 1986-10993-001) comments on the study of a procedure to estimate the worth of an icon conducted by the present author et al (see record 1986-00309-001). In response to Haber, the author maintains that icons can be spatiotopic as well as retinotopic, knowledge of icons is necessary for designing video-display systems, and ecological validity should not be a criterion for the scientific investigation of some topics. Responding to Di Lollo, the author argues that this general model does not account for several salient aspects of data by the present author et al. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging-sensitive tests of fluid intelligence: Replication and extension.

Investigated further the range of intellectual reserve available to aging individuals and the question of replicability in a new cultural and laboratory setting. Ss were 204 60–86 yr old healthy adults who participated in a short-term longitudinal training study. For experimental Ss, 10 sessions consisted of cognitive training involving 2 subability tests (Figural Relations, Induction) of fluid intelligence developed by the present 1st author and S. L. Willis et al (see record 1981-07746-001) and by the present 1st author and R. Blieszner et al (see record 1982-09497-001), respectively. The pattern of outcomes replicated and expanded on earlier studies. Findings show that older adults had the reserve to evince substantial increases in levels of performance in fluid intelligence tests. Transfer of training, however, was narrow in scope. Training also increased accuracy of performance and the ability to solve more difficult test items. Difficulty level was estimated in a separate study with a comparable sample of 112 elderly adults. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Situation specificity of behavior and assessment center validation strategies: A rejoinder to Neidig and Neidig.

Responds to R. D. Neidig and P. J. Neidig's (see record 1984-13649-001) criticism of the present authors' (see record 1982-31460-001) conclusion that the failure to find consistency of assessment center dimension ratings across exercises constitutes a threat to the use of content validity to show job relatedness. The present authors contend that situational differences support the argument that the assessor judgment process is too complex to be justified on content-validity grounds alone. A reconceptualization of assessment centers is offered that relies on identifying critical managerial roles, designing exercises to simulate these roles, and evaluating effectiveness in each exercise. The conditions under which content validity is appropriate for showing the job relatedness of this type of center are specified. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to two critics.

Responds to comments by J. A. Mu?oz (see record 1986-12848-001) and M. B. Smith (see record 1986-12870-001) on the present author's (see record 1985-12952-001) contention that the American Psychological Association should not be involved in social advocacy. The present author questions how social responsibilities are to be recognized and whether it is appropriate to give ethics a corporate voice. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Comments on three recent subliminal psychodynamic activation investigations": Rejoinder to Oliver and Burkham and to Porterfield.

Considers the replies of A. L. Porterfield (see record 1986-11991-001) and J. M. Oliver and R. Burkham (see record 1986-11985-001) to the critique of the present author (see record 1986-12007-001). The original criticisms are seen as valid. A critical deficiency in the design of Porterfield and S. L. Golding's (see record 1986-11992-001) study is viewed as disqualifying it as a fair attempt at replication. It is suggested that although Oliver and Burkham's (see record 1983-01571-001) study was well-designed, statements made in their write-up are unwarranted. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)