Sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind generation system with squirrel cage induction generator

This paper proposes a technique that determines the optimal windmill operation speed and the optimal rotor flux. Moreover, the position and speed sensor-less wind generation system using the electromotive voltage observer to estimate rotor position and full-order observer to estimate rotor speed and the windmill output torque are proposed. The position and speed sensor-less maximum power point of wind power generation system is controlled by using the above estimated values, optimized windmill operation speed for maximum output power and optimized rotor flux for minimum generator losses. The effectiveness of the position and speed sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind power generation system with squirrel cage induction generator is verified by simulations. The simulation results confirm that the proposed method can estimate the operation speed efficiently.     

Monitoring of magnetic saturation level of a synchronous generatorunder load

This paper presents a new method to monitor magnetic saturation level of a synchronous generator operating in an electric power system. The proposed method makes use of air-gap permeance distributions, which can be derived from air-gap flux distributions measured by a search coil wound around a stator tooth of a generator. Tests were conducted on a laboratory-model power system to verify the validity of the proposed monitoring method. Test results under various operating conditions are presented to show a wide range of change in saturation level inside the generator. Its effects on generator performance in the power system and the benefits of the monitoring method are also discussed     

Conceptual design of coupled nonequilibrium disk MHD generator and superconducting magnet system

The authors propose a new conceptual design method for a coupled nonequilibrium disk MHD generator and superconducting magnet system. At first, a generator with constant magnetic flux density is conceptually designed by using the new generator design method recently developed by the authors, and several superconducting magnets suitable for the generator are conceptually designed. Next, considering the obtained magnetic flux density distribution of each magnet, the design calculation of the generator is performed again, and the specifications of the generator are corrected. From the obtained coupled systems, the optimum system is finally selected through synthetical consideration of various requirements. The procedure of the proposed method is very simple, and no iterative calculation is contained in the correction process. Incorporating the new generator design method makes this advantage possible because the generator size can be fixed in the correction process. In the conventional method, a change of magnetic flux density distribution leads directly to a change in the generator size, and therefore, design calculations of the generator and magnet should be iterated in the correction process until they converge to consistent sizes. The procedure of the new conceptual design method is explained in detail by taking the case of a supersonic generator with a caesium seeded helium plasma and 100 MW thermal input.     

Single-phase operation of a three-phase induction generator using a novel line current injection method

By using two capacitances and a current injection transformer, a three-phase induction generator can operate with good phase balance and line power factor while delivering power to a single-phase power grid. This paper presents a systematic analysis on this novel induction generator configuration. The solution of the system's inspection equations using the method of symmetrical components enables the steady-state generator performance at any speed to be computed. The conditions for achieving perfect phase balance are deduced from the phasor diagram. It is shown that the capacitances that result in perfect phase balance depend on the generator admittance, power factor angle, as well as the turns-ratio of the current injection transformer. Where possible, the computed results are verified by experiments conducted on a 2-kW induction machine. An experimental investigation on the system waveforms and harmonics is also carried out.     

Conventional and TFPM linear generators for direct-drive wave energy conversion

The archimedes wave swing (AWS) is a system that converts ocean wave energy into electric energy. The goal of the research described in this paper is to identify the most suitable generator type for this application. Of the conventional generator types, the three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous generator with iron in both stator and translator is most suitable, because it is cheaper and more efficient than the induction generator, the switched reluctance generator, and the permanent-magnet (PM) generator with an air-gap winding. The paper also proposes a new transverse-flux PM (TFPM) generator topology that could be suitable for this application. This new double-sided moving-iron TFPM generator has flux concentrators, magnets, and conductors on the stator, while the translator only consists of iron.     

Characterization of three phase flux reversal machine as anautomotive generator

The three phase flux reversal machine (FRM) is a doubly-salient stator-permanent magnet (PM) machine with flux linkage reversal in the stator three phase concentrated windings. It can operate in both motoring and generating modes. In this paper, a prototype three phase flux reversal machine operating as a generator is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The equivalent model considering the core losses is obtained through extensive loss tests. A constant output voltage rectifier-chopper unit is then coupled with the loss model and the PSpice simulation is carried out. Hardware of the rectifier-chopper unit is then built and put into operation together with the FRM. Encouraging results are achieved indicating that the three phase FRM, with proper output control, is a viable option for the next generation automotive generator system with the merits of robustness, low cost, wide speed range and fast transient response. Whereas the studied machine in this paper is only a prototype, a new three phase FRM of improved design is being built and its projected performance in terms of the power density and the cogging torque is much better     

Network power flux control of a wind generator

In this paper, a network power flux control of a variable speed wind generator is investigated. The wind generator system consists of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to the network associated to a flywheel energy storage system (FESS). The dynamic behaviour of a wind generator, including the models of the wind turbine, the doubly fed induction generator, the back-to-back AC/AC converter, the converter control and the power control of this system, is studied. Is also investigated a control method of the FESS system which consists of the classical squirrel-cage induction machine (IM) supplied off the variable speed wind generator (VSWG). In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, a dynamic model of the proposed system has been simulated, for different operating points, to demonstrate the performance of the system.     

A robust power control strategy to enhance LVRT capability of grid‐connected DFIG‐based wind energy systems

This paper presents a new robust and effective control strategy to mitigate symmetrical voltage dips in a grid‐connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system without any additional hardware in the system. The aim is to control the power transmitted to the grid so as to keep the electrical and mechanical quantities above their threshold protection values during a voltage dip transient. To achieve this, the references of the powers are readjusted to adapt the wind energy conversion system to the fault conditions. Robust control strategies, combining the merits of sliding mode theory and fuzzy logic, are then proposed in this paper. These controllers are derived from the dynamic model of the DFIG considering the variations in the stator flux generated by the voltage drop. This approach is found to yield better performance than other control design methods which assume the flux in the stator to remain constant in amplitude. This control scheme is compliant with the fault‐ride‐through grid codes which require the wind turbine generator to remain connected during voltage dips. A series of simulation scenarios are carried out on a 3‐MW wind turbine system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes under voltage dips and parameter uncertainty conditions.     

Direct active and reactive power control of DFIG for wind energy generation

This paper presents a new direct power control (DPC) strategy for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy generation system. The strategy is based on the direct control of stator active and reactive power by selecting appropriate voltage vectors on the rotor side. It is found that the initial rotor flux has no impact on the changes of the stator active and reactive power. The proposed method only utilizes the estimated stator flux so as to remove the difficulties associated with rotor flux estimation. The principles of this method are described in detail in this paper. The only machine parameter required by the proposed DPC method is the stator resistance whose impact on the system performance is found to be negligible. Simulation results on a 2 MW DFIG system are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy during variations of active and reactive power, rotor speed, machine parameters, and converter dc link voltage.     

基于SVPWM的异步风力发电机直接转矩控制方法的研究

提出了一种改进的异步风力发电机直接转矩控制方法,此方法不仅简单,而且性能优于传统的滞环比较器控制方式。利用转矩模糊控制器和磁链控制器代替传统的滞环比较器,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真表明,基于空间矢量脉宽调制的直接转矩改进方法不仅改善了异步发电机稳态转矩脉动大的问题,而且减小了电机启动电流,还大大提高了整个控制系统的性能。     

Transient performance study of a brushless doubly fed twin stator induction generator

This paper presents theoretical, simulation, and experimental study of the brushless doubly fed twin stator induction generator (BDFTSIG) dynamics under vector control based on the orientation on the power machine stator flux. A complex transfer function is derived which links the control current and power winding current space vectors in the field coordinates. Based on this result, the transient response of the BDFTSIG to step changes in the control current is examined theoretically. The oscillatory transients are explained in detail and linked to control flux transients triggered whenever operation point of the generator is changed. Furthermore, BDFTSIG operation with closed loop control of the power machine active and reactive powers is examined theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that in the closed loop operation, the system damping may be reduced so that the PI controller gains must be properly selected to achieve a good transient response.     

Computer simulation studies of A double effect generation absorption air-conditioning system using water-salt and alcohol-salt mixtures

This paper presents a computer-simulation based thermodynamic assessment of a double effect generation absorption air-conditioning system. The proposed system consists of a second effect generator between the first effect generator and the condenser, along with two solution heat exchangers between the generators and the absorber. Input variables to the computer simulation based on heat, mass and material balance equations are the input generator heat supply, the solution flow rate and the ambient conditions. A detailed parametric study using water-LiBr and Methanol-LiBr. ZnBr₂ as working fluids for the double effect generation cycle has been carried out for a wide range of ambient conditions under optimum design and off-design conditions. It is found that the COP of this cycle approaches twice that of the single effect cycle for all operating conditions. It is concluded that a double effect cycle is thermodynamically feasible for solar air-conditioning.     

新型发动机排气温差发电器结构探索

根据汽车发动机排气可利用能量的形式,提出了一种新型的置于排气通道内的热电转换系统,使热电偶与热气流直接进行对流/辐射换热,将强化热流密度和转换电流密度、提高系统的温差。在使用现有热电材料的条件下,提高温差发电器的功率密度。     

考虑磁路饱和及集肤效应的异步风力发电机组暂态性能分析

为准确分析异步发电机不同详细模型对大型风电机组暂态性能的影响,该文结合2个质量块的风力机传动链等效模型,分别建立了笼型异步发电机考虑主磁路、定转子漏磁路饱和以及集肤效应影响的风电机组数学模型。针对大型风电机组在机械大扰动和电网电压骤降情况下,利用Matlab/Simulink平台对机组在不同数学模型描述时的暂态过程进行了仿真比较。结果表明,尤其在电网电压骤降时,电机磁路饱和对机组暂态运行性能的影响较为显著。     

Damper windings phenomena of synchronous machines during systemoscillations

The performances of the damper windings of a synchronous machine (generator) under the oscillatory conditions of the power system to which it is connected, are investigated both experimentally and analytically in this paper. Air-gap fluxes and induced voltages and currents of the damper windings under the oscillatory system conditions, when the machine is equipped both with and without damper windings, are measured and analyzed. Fourier analyses are used to examine the harmonic components appearing in the air-gap flux density distributions and the damper induced voltages and currents to clarify the phenomena caused by the damper as well as the effect of the damper upon power system performances     

Practical detailed model for generators

The Parks equation is currently used for mathematical expressions of the state of synchronous generators connected to power systems. The calculation results using the Parks equation, however, differ greatly from the results of measurement on the real generator when the Parks equation is applied to an event where the flux linking the generator undergoes a very large change as when the generator is suddenly disconnected from a load during normal operation. The difference between the field test result and the calculation result is larger for a turbogenerator with a solid iron rotor than for a salient synchronous machine. To deal with this problem, this paper introduces a mathematical expression of generating machines, which is an extension of the Parks equation and which is practically applicable to an event in which the flux within the generating unit changes sharply as when it experiences a load rejection. The newly introduced expression takes the following considerations: (1) a magnetic flux saturation coefficient k is applied to d- and q-axis; and (2) T'_q0 that corresponds to T'_d0 of d-axis is introduced to q-axis. A generator model incorporating the magnetic flux saturation coefficient k and another parameter T'_q0 has proved capable of providing a good simulation representing a load rejection whose calculation results coincide satisfactorily with the measurements of actual generators     

Main flux saturation modelling in double-cage and deep-barinduction machines

The available models of saturated double-cage and deep-bar induction machines are the current state-space model and the flux state-space model, where state-space variables are selected either as stator current and currents of both rotor cages, or stator flux linkage and flux linkages of both rotor cages. This paper presents a number of models of saturated double-cage (deep-bar) induction machines where alternative sets of state-spate variables are selected. The method of main flux saturation modelling relies on recently introduced concept of `generalised flux space vector', which has originally been developed for modelling of saturated single-cage induction machines. The procedure and the novel models are verified by experimental study and simulation of self-excitation process in a double-cage induction generator     

基于Matlab/Simulink的双馈感应风力发电机组建模和仿真研究

以双馈风力发电机组为研究对象,建立了包括风力机、传动部分、双馈感应发电机、定子磁链定向的矢量控制策略、最大风能捕获策略的整体数学模型;应用matlab软件中simulink工具,以建立的数学模型为基础搭建了双馈风力发电机组仿真模型,并以两次阶跃风速为例对所建模型并网后运行特性进行了仿真研究。实现了双馈风力发电机组的最大风能捕获和功率解耦控制,仿真结果表明,双馈风力发电机组具有良好的运行特性,同时验证了所建模型的正确性和有效性。     

Heat transfer coefficients in two phase flow for the water/lithium bromide mixture used in solar absorption refrigeration systems

This paper describes the experimental results obtained from the heat transfer in saturated nucleate boiling for the water/lithium bromide mixture flowing upward in a uniformly heated vertical tube, which is the generator of a solar absorption refrigeration system. The concentration range for the mixture was from 48 to 56 wt.% Plots of local and average heat transfer coefficients are shown against solution concentration, heat flux and the temperature difference between the wall tube and the fluid. It was observed that the average heat transfer coefficients increased for the mixture with an increase of the heat flux and with the decrease of the solution concentration and the temperature difference. The average heat transfer coefficients varied from 1.0 to 4.0 kW/m² °C.     

双馈感应风力发电机的无源性控制方法研究

基于双馈感应风力发电机Euler-Lagrange系统模型,设计了本质上是非线性反馈的无源性控制(PBC)策略,实现了负载转矩时变未知情形下磁链、转速的渐近跟踪控制.针对实际运行时风力发电机参数具有不确定性的问题,将PBC方法与自适应控制相结合,不仅可实现电机参数摄动时期望电流轨迹的准确跟踪,并可有效抑制由电阻、电感变化引起的跟踪误差.该方法从能量角度分析风力发电控制系统,确定不必抵消的"无功力",设计全局定义的控制律,具有形式简单、无奇异点、鲁棒性好等特点.基于dSPACE 的实验结果证明了该控制策略的有效性.