Ultrasonic velocity measurements for characterizing the annealing behaviour of cold worked austenitic stainless steel

Precise measurements of shear wave velocities have been made in 20% cold worked and annealed samples of alloy D9 (Ti-modified austenitic stainless steel) to characterize the microstructural changes during annealing. The variation in wave velocity with annealing time exhibited a three stage behaviour. In the first stage, a slight increase in the velocity during recovery regime has been observed. This is followed by a significant increase in the velocity in the recrystallization regime (second stage) and reaching saturation on completion of recrystallization (third stage). Microstructural observations using optical metallography confirmed these three stages. The maximum variation in velocity is observed only when the polarization or the propagation direction of the shear wave is alingned with the cold working direction. Variation in shear wave velocity during annealing process, in general, is just opposite to that of the variation in longitudinal wave velocity. A number of velocity measurements were made by changing the propagation and polarization directions of the shear waves with respect to the cold working direction. Based on these measurements, a suitable velocity ratio parameter is suggested for determining the degree of recrystallization during annealing of cold worked alloy D9.     

Effect of deposition conditions on the properties and annealing behavior of cold-sprayed copper

The deposition of copper by cold gas dynamic spraying has attracted much interest in recent years due to the capability to deposit low-porosity oxide-free coatings. However, it is generally found that as-deposited copper has a signicantly greater hardness, and potentially lower ductility, than bulk material. In this article, copper was deposited by cold spraying using helium as the driving gas at both 298 and 523 K. Evidence is presented indicating that the material sprayed at the lower temperature exhibits a lower dislocation density throughout the grain structure than the material sprayed at the higher temperature. The low stacking fault energy of copper restricts recovery during annealing, and thus microstructural changes during annealing only proceed once recrystallization begins. The material sprayed at low temperature (with the low dislocation density) exhibited recrystallization at annealing temperatures as low as 373 K with a corresponding reduction in hardness. However, the copper sprayed with helium at 523 K was resistant to annealing at temperatures up to 473 K where the dislocations in the structure prevented recrystallization. However, at higher temperatures, recrystallization did proceed (with corresponding reductions in hardness). The fracture behavior of the copper that was cold sprayed with helium at 523 K, both in the as-sprayed condition and following annealing, was measured and explained in terms of the annealing mechanisms proposed. The original version of this paper was published in the CD ROM Thermal Spray Connects: Explore Its Surfacing Potential, International Thermal Spray Conference, sponsored by DVS, ASM International, and HW International Institute of Welding, Basel, Switzerland, May 2–4, 2005, DVS-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.     

Hot Deformation and Subsequent Annealing on the Microstructure and Hardness of an Al0.3CoCrFeNi High-entropy Alloy

The influence of simple thermomechanical processing such as hot deformation and heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of an Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy has been investigated.Results show that the relatively high deformation temperature can induce discontinuous dynamic recrystallization with fine grains initially nucleating at the elongated grain boundaries.The transition from partial recrystallization to fully recrystallization,as well as the precipitation behavior after annealing,has been described in detail.Both bcc precipitation and completely recrystallized grains can be observed after annealing at 1000 ℃.Based on detailed microstructure analysis,the decrease in hardness value is shown to be related to both dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recovery which lead to softening.     

退火温度对冷轧低碳钢再结晶行为的影响

利用热感应马弗炉模拟罩式退火工艺,研究不同退火温度对冷轧低碳钢再结晶行为的影响。结果表明,退火温度为565 ℃时,试样以回复软化机制为主,轧后扁平状的铁素体保持不变;退火温度上升到580 ℃时,试样的屈服强度和抗拉强度下降明显,断后伸长率迅速上升,维氏硬度值也显著下降,表明此阶段完成再结晶,组织以片层渗碳体为主,有少量变形的铁素体;退火温度达到580 ℃以上时,力学性能和硬度变化不明显,表明580 ℃时试样充分完成再结晶。     

富铜相对Fe-3%Si-Cu合金再结晶行为的影响

以2块热轧Fe-3%Si-Cu合金板为研究对象,分别过时效处理和固溶处理后多道次冷轧再进行500~800 ℃再结晶退火处理,分析了合金再结晶退火后的显微组织及不同再结晶退火工艺下合金的硬度变化,从而研究了冷轧Fe-3%Si-Cu合金的再结晶行为。结果表明,热轧试样经650 ℃过时效处理后有椭球形或棒状的面心立方ε-Cu相析出,棒状富铜相的尺寸较大,其长轴≥100 nm。不同工艺热处理的试样经冷轧后均表现出随退火温度的升高,完全再结晶时间缩短,且由于富铜相的析出,经固溶处理后的试样退火后其再结晶时间明显比过时效处理后试样的短。当再结晶退火温度为500 ℃时,冷轧前进行了固溶处理的试样出现了回复引起的软化不足以抵消析出造成的硬化的现象,在10⁴ s时硬度曲线上出现明显的时效硬化峰;在600 ℃以上退火时,则表现出再结晶占优势的退火特征,硬度曲线没有明显的时效硬化峰。     

Rapid annealing of severely deformed low carbon steel in subcritical temperature range

A low-carbon steel sheet containing 0.05 C, 0.203 Mn, and 0.0229 Si (all in wt%) was rapidly annealed in a temperature range of 300 °C to 600 °C after severe plastic deformation by using constrained groove pressing (CGP) technique. Microstructure evolution was investigated by scanning electron and optical microscopes. Mechanical properties were evaluated by hardness measurements and shear punch test. The results showed a thermal stability up to 400 °C where recrystallization did not occur in the specimens even after 7200 s. This thermal stability is in agreement with previously reported results of conventional annealing of the same steel after CGP. However, annealing at 500 °C and 600 °C led to recrystallization which started after holding times of 600 s and 20 s, respectively. Longer holding times resulted to grain growth and deterioration of strength and hardness, but the final strength and hardness were still higher than those of conventionally annealed specimens. The reason has been attributed to no abnormal grain growth in the present study, in contrast to that occurs after conventional annealing of CGPed low carbon steel. The kinetics of recrystallization at 600 °C was studied using the celebrated Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) model; the results showed a bi-linear JMAK plot indicating two different stages of recrystallization rate before and after 70% recrystallization.     

Effect of Annealing on the Microstructure and Properties of In-situ Cu-Nb Microcomposite Wires

The effects of annealing on microstructure,magnetoresistance,and hardness of an in situ Cu-Nb microcomposite wire have been investigated.Neither changes in microstructure nor hardness were found until 500 ℃.Particularly,microstructural change within the Nb films was observed in the annealed samples.The room-temperature magnetoresistivity was almost negligible,while magnetoresistivity at-196 ℃ increased with magnetic field.At temperature above500℃,recovery and recrystallization occurred,and both the resistance and hardness decreased.     

一种Ni3Al基单晶高温合金的再结晶动力学及组织变化（英文）

研究了一种Ni3Al基单晶高温合金的再结晶动力学及组织变化,解释了造成枝晶干和枝晶间再结晶行为不一致的原因。单晶合金经表面喷砂处理,再在惰性气氛中,于1280℃下退火不同时间形成再结晶晶粒。研究发现：枝晶干再结晶层厚度大于枝晶间再结晶厚度,枝晶干再结晶速率快于枝晶间再结晶速率。在退火过程中,枝晶间有Y-NiMo相析出,且强烈抑制再结晶。然而,随着时间的延长Y-NiMo析出相逐渐溶解,且抑制再结晶的作用逐渐减弱,最终,枝晶干再结晶层厚度仍然大于枝晶间再结晶厚度。     

冷变形Cu-0.36Cr(wt%)合金的抗软化性能和再结晶行为

通过光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和硬度测试,研究了析出相尺寸不同的冷变形Cu-0.36Cr(wt%,下同)合金的抗软化性能和高温再结晶行为.结果表明,Cr可以有效地阻碍再结晶过程,提高材料抗高温软化性能;在退火过程中可发生原位再结晶和不连续再结晶两种再结晶形式,再结晶的形式主要取决于析出相颗粒的大小,可以钉扎住晶界移动的Cr析出相的临界尺寸约为43.8 nm,小于临界尺寸的析出相促使原位再结晶发生,原位再结晶后析出相仍比较细小,合金保持较高硬度;而且析出相尺寸还可以影响再结晶的开始温度和速度.     

Application of positron annihilation spectroscopy to study recovery and recrystallization of commercial pure Al and Al-1 wt% Mn alloys

Isochronal annealing of cold worked commercial pure aluminum (99.5%) and Al-1wt% Mn alloys was demonstrated between room temperature and 823 K. The stages of recovery and recrystallization were studied using microhardness and positron annihilation lifetime measurements. Apositive correlation was established between the variation of the intensity of long lived component and Vickers microhardness with annealing temperature during the two stages of recovery, which were identified in both aluminum and Al(Mn). The retardation of the recovery stages and recrystallization in Al(Mn) alloys is interpreted in terms of precipitation of aluminum-manganese particles as well as manganese-vacancy interaction.     

退火温度对冷轧气相沉积高纯钨再结晶行为的影响

通过不同温度的退火试验研究了化学气相沉积高纯钨冷轧后的再结晶行为。结果表明,冷轧钨中形成层状异质结构,提高了材料的应变硬化率,进而提高了塑性,韧脆转变温度降低到200 ℃以下,硬度从沉积态的402 HV0.2提高到547 HV0.2。高温退火后,冷轧钨在1100 ℃发生再结晶,与沉积态钨相比,再结晶温度降低了880 ℃,这是由于低温塑性变形导致材料储存能升高,再结晶驱动力提高,再结晶温度降低。随着退火温度的升高,由于晶粒尺寸的增大,层状异质结构逐渐消失,硬度迅速降低到完全再结晶态的370 HV0.2,而屈服强度从冷轧态的1224 MPa逐渐降低到1800 ℃退火后的558 MPa,但韧脆转变温度仍保持在200 ℃以下。     

Cold-working and annealing of the chemically ordered L10-phase Fe50–Pd50

We performed an experimental investigation of the annealing behavior of equiatomic γ₁-FePd at temperatures below the critical disordering temperature after cold deformation by rolling in the fully L1₀-ordered state. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to monitor microstructural changes. We used vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements to determine the evolution of the coercivity of the material in response to cold deformation and annealing. We discuss our findings in the context of previous reports related to studies of recovery and recrystallization during annealing after cold deformation in intermetallic systems that undergo ordering transformations.     

The use of thermoelectric power measurements to study recovery,recrystallization, and phase transformations in cold worked Zr-1%Nb and zircaloy-4 nuclear fuel sheathing

Thermoelectric power (TEP) measurements are used to study recovery, recrystallization, and other microstructural changes during annealing of cold worked Zr-1wt.%Nb and Zircaloy-4 tubing at temperatures from 300 to 1100 °C. The measured value of thermoelectric power is very sensitive to microstructural evolution in zirconium alloys, and TEP measurements correlate well with both microstructural changes, as seen using optical microscopy, and microhardness measurements.     

Nb-7Ta合金再结晶退火温度研究

研究了退火温度对棒材组织、硬度及力学性能的影响,确定了变形量对铌钽合金棒再结晶退火温度的影响规律.结果表明,随变形量的增大,材料的再结晶退火温度降低.变形量为90%时,锻造棒材的再结晶退火温度为1000～1050℃;变形率95%时,轧制棒材的再结晶退火温度为950～1000℃.     

退火温度对船用Al-Mg-Mn-Cr合金组织和性能的影响

通过力学性能测试、光学显微镜及腐蚀性能测试等手段,研究了不同退火温度对实际生产的5AN6铝合金板材组织和性能的影响。结果显示:合金在退火后力学性能持续下降,于280 ℃退火时强度发生大幅度下降;在300~360 ℃退火时,合金力学性能趋于稳定;原始状态合金的晶粒组织为不完全的纤维组织,在280 ℃退火之后晶粒明显细化,可认为合金在280 ℃退火后发生了再结晶;5AN6铝合金的腐蚀性能温度敏感区间为160~240 ℃,在此温度区间内显微组织显示为沿晶界连续析出的β相。     

表面机械研磨处理后316L不锈钢的表层结构及硬度的热稳定性

对316L不锈钢进行表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),获得表面为纳米晶、晶粒尺寸沿厚度方向逐渐增大的梯度组织．对SMAT前、后样品进行不同温度和时间的真空退火．结果表明：当退火温度低于0．5Tm(Tm为熔点)时,梯度组织中晶粒尺寸未发生明显变化,只是在表面纳米晶层及其相邻的亚微晶层上因残余应力释放而发生了马氏体相变,对应的硬度沿深度分布也未见明显的改变;当退火温度高于0．5Tm时,梯度组织发生回复和再结晶,加之残余应力大幅度下降,使硬度明显下降．与退火温度相比,退火时间对梯度组织和硬度的影响不大。     

Effect of deformation temperature on precipitation,microstructural evolution,mechanical and corrosion behavior of 6082 Al alloy

The influence of cryorolling (CR), room temperature rolling (RTR) and post annealing on precipitation, microstructural evolution (recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth), mechanical and corrosion behavior, was investigated in the present work. The precipitation kinetics and microstructural morphology of CR, RTR, and post annealed samples were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) to elucidate the observed mechanical properties. After annealing at 200 °C, UTS and hardness of CR samples (345 MPa and HV 127) were improved as compared to RTR samples (320 MPa and HV 115). The increase in hardness and UTS of CR samples after annealing at 200 °C was due to precipitation of β″ from Al matrix, which imparted higher Zener drag effect as compared to RTR samples. The improvement in corrosion and pitting potentials was observed for CR samples (?1.321 V and ?700 mV) as compared to RTR samples (?1.335 V and ?710 mV). In CR samples, heavy dislocation density and dissolution of Mg₄Al₃Si₄-precipitates in the Al matrix have improved corrosion resistance of the alloy through formation of protective passive layer and suppression of galvanic cell, respectively.     

Effects of Annealing Below Glass Transition Temperature on the Wettability and Corrosion Performance of Fe-based Amorphous Coatings

This study investigated the effect of annealing below glass transition temperature (T_g) on the microstructural characteristics, mechanical property, wettability, and electrochemical performance of activated combustion-high velocity air fuel (AC-HVAF)-sprayed Fe-Cr-Mo-W-C-B-Y amorphous coatings (ACs). Results showed that Fe-based ACs with a thickness of ~ 300 μm exhibited a fully amorphous structure with low oxidization. Originating from the reduced free volume, sub-T_g annealing increased the thermal stability, hardness, and surface hydrophobicity of Fe-based ACs. The enhanced corrosion resistance of sub-T_g annealed ACs in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was attributed to the increased surface hydrophobicity and passivation capability. This finding elucidates the correlation between sub-T_g annealing and the properties of Fe-based ACs, which promotes ameliorating ACs with superior performance.     

Optimum microstructure combination for maximizing tensile strength in a polycrystalline superalloy with a two-phase structure

Different microstructural features were obtained under various heat treatment conditions, which provided insight into the factors controlling the critical strength in a polycrystalline Ni–Co-based disk superalloy (TMW-4M3 alloy) with a two-phase structure. The contribution of each microstructural feature, namely, the grain size, annealing twin boundary and distribution of γ′ precipitates, to the total strength was analyzed quantitatively by measuring the Vickers hardness over the nanometer to micron size range. Grain boundary strengthening decreased to nearly zero with increasing solution heat treatment temperature, while the secondary and tertiary γ′ precipitation hardening increased. Therefore, there is an optimum combination of microstructural features for achieving the highest tensile strength in such superalloys, the key factors being the temperature and time used for the solution heat treatment and the subsequent aging treatment. A method for determining the optimum factors for TMW-4M3 is proposed.     

Optimization of Cold Rolling and Subsequent Annealing Treatment on Mechanical Properties of TWIP Steel

This research work studied the effect of cold rolling reduction and subsequent annealing temperature on the microstructural evolution and the mechanical properties of Fe-32Mn-4Si-2Al twinning-induced plasticity steel plates. For this, uniaxial tensile tests were carried out for three cold rolling reductions (50, 65 and 80%) and subsequent annealing treatment at 550-750 °C for 1.8 ks. The results were discussed in terms of the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and total elongation and its dependence on the introduced microstructure. Regression analysis was used to develop the mathematical models of the mechanical properties. Moreover, analysis of variance was employed to verify the precision of the mathematical models. Finally, desirability function was used as an effective optimization approach for multi-objective optimization of the cold rolling reduction and annealing temperature. It is considerable that there is no research attempting to find optimum mechanical properties of the steels using this approach. The results indicated that applying large cold rolling reduction (upper than 75%) and subsequent annealing treatment in the recovery region and also the application of large cold rolling reduction and the subsequent annealing treatment in the lower limit of partial recrystallization region were effective methods to obtain an excellent combination of mechanical properties.