STRATIFIED VAPOR EXPLOSION EXPERIMENTS

An experimental investigation has been conducted on vapor explosions in a stratified contact mode, where the cold liquid and the hot liquid are initially separated by a stable vapor film. A series of experiments were conducted in a narrow, rectangular vessel (20 cm long, 2.54 cm wide, 65 cm high). One face of the vessel wall is made of transparent material for the visual observation using a high speed camera. The explosion is externally triggered at the one end of the vapor film layer by a pressure shock produced by a magnetic hammer. Four quartz pressure transducers are mounted horizontally at the vessel wall. The mechanical energy release is measured by the displacement of a slug which is initially held at the middle of the vessel. The results with water (10 ∼ 85°C) and saturated liquid nitrogen (- 196°C) show that the explosion propagates along the vapor film interface at a speed of 100∼250m/s. The mechanical energy release was up to 33 joules. The variation of the triggering shock pressure revealed that there exists a triggering threshold. Both the higher initial water temperature and the higher triggering shock pressure increase the mechanical work release. High speed cine film shows the course of the explosion: stable liquid-liquid film boiling, triggering, explosion propagation, and expansion.     

池沸腾下朝向曲面加热面临界热通量分析模型

堆内熔融物滞留（IVR）策略得以实施的关键在于压力容器下封头外部冷却（ERVC）能力,即压力容器下封头外部临界热通量（CHF）高于下封头壁面对应的热通量。通过结合Helmholtz不稳定性与液膜蒸发,提出了池沸腾下朝向曲面加热面临界热通量的分析模型。由于表面张力作用,内部嵌有汽柱的薄液膜附着在下封头壁面外,Helmholtz 不稳定性作用于薄液膜与汽柱的交界面;随着加热表面热通量的增大,汽柱与液膜之间相对速度达到一定时,在Helmholtz 不稳定性的作用下,汽液交界面产生畸变,并形成汽膜,阻碍主流液到达加热表面;当加热热通量接近CHF时,液膜逐渐蒸发直至CHF触发。通过该模型计算得到了不同过冷度下,CHF随加热曲面方位角的变化,计算结果与现有的大量实验数据一致性较好。     

喷雾冷却中液滴撞击带气泡液膜的数值模拟

在喷雾冷却过程的核态沸腾区,液滴与液膜及液膜内气泡的撞击对过程传热有重要影响。本文建立以水为冷却工质的单液滴撞击带气泡液膜的二维数值模型,模拟研究过程现象和传热规律。结果表明,We为6.94、量纲为1的液膜厚度为0.5（对应液滴速度0.5m/s、液膜厚度1mm）时,撞击过程中液膜扰动不显著、运动形态近似波纹;当We增大到111.11（对应液滴速度2m/s）时,撞击过程中液滴与液膜接合处的表压达到6000Pa,成为颈部射流现象的推动力,并逐步发展形成冠状水花;撞击过程中气泡的存在会阻碍液滴与加热表面的直接接触,但随着气泡的破裂,液滴与加热表面直接接触换热,使撞击点附近表面传热系数远大于其他区域,提高了传热能力,且液膜厚度越小、液滴速度越大,表面传热系数峰值越高。研究结果可为喷雾冷却系统的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR THE PREDICTION OF THE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OF FILM BOILING

The stability of film boiling on a vertical, constant temperature wall is analyzed by a steady-state small perturbation method. It was found that large amplifications of the perturbations in the downstream direction are predicted when the vapor Reynolds number falls below a critical value, indicating a great tendency to collapse the vapor film. Using a relatively simple model for the film thickness, the minimum wall temperature required to sustain the vapor film is calculated. The results show a tendency which is in agreement with experimental observation. It is suggested, however, that using a more accurate model for the film thickness can lead to a good prediction of the minimum wall temperature and explain the large effect of liquid subcooling, system pressure, surface tension and other fluid properties.     

壁面润湿性对微细通道内R141b流动沸腾不稳定性的影响

为了探究壁面润湿性对制冷剂R141b流动沸腾不稳定性的影响，设计微细通道流动沸腾实验平台，制备3种不同润湿性的矩形微细通道，其壁面接触角分别为62.3°、接近0°和158.7°。以R141b为实验工质，在截面宽×高为1mm×2mm的矩形微细通道内进行流动沸腾换热实验，研究了沿程测点压力波动情况以及影响进出口总压降波动的因素，最后对总压降波动信号进行Hurst指数分析，结果表明：微细通道沿程测点波动方差最大的位置正处于沸腾起始点（ONB）附近，热流密度的减小以及质量通量的增大均会使沸腾起始点推后；进出口总压降波动受热流密度、质量通量和壁面润湿性的影响，相同工况下，热流密度增大和质量通量的减小都会引起系统不稳定性增强，超疏水表面微细通道的总压降波动方差均比其他两种表面的大，是波动方差最小的超亲水表面的1.35～1.84倍；利用Hurst指数分析，表明系统具有混沌现象，超疏水表面微细通道的Hurst指数最大，表现出更强烈的不稳定性。     

分相式多孔壁微通道流动冷凝传热强化与减阻

微通道换热器应用广泛,强化传热和减阻是新型换热器设计的重要目标。为了同时实现这两相目标,本文提出了一种分相式多孔壁微通道冷凝器,利用微针肋阵列组成的多孔壁在冷凝传热过程中实现了汽液两相分离。采用实验研究方法对比了分相式多孔壁微通道与普通实心壁微通道的流动和传热特性,结果证明分相式微通道在冷凝传热中同时具备强化传热和减阻的作用。深入研究了通道内两相流动摩擦耗散原理并提出了相分离减阻理论,指出汽液两相流内部摩擦耗散的减小是分相流减阻的关键。另一方面,分相过程使针肋换热面侧壁直接与高温蒸汽接触,极大消减了蒸汽与换热壁面之间的传热液膜厚度。沿流动方向不断扩展的液通道截面与不断减缩的汽通道截面积适应了流动冷凝过程延工质流动方向"水渐多,汽渐少"的规律,保证沿程传热效果不会恶化。     

Experimental investigation of transition process from nucleate boiling to microbubble emission boiling under transient heating modes

This study investigated the transition from nucleate boiling to microbubble emission boiling (MEB) on a small heating surface under transient heating modes. During the short unstable boiling process after critical heat flux with a rapid increase in wall temperature, capillary waves were observed over the vapor film at subcooling of 30–40 K. The visualization results in this process demonstrated that the partial collapse of vapor film induced strong jet toward the heating surface and therefore avoided complete dryout thereon. This mechanism certainly plays an important role in the transition to stable MEB. Further comparison between the wall temperature and boiling states indicates that the wall temperature at onset point of stable MEB is determined by the predominance of MEB mode over film boiling in the transition process. Effects of liquid subcooling and surface oxidation on the transition process were also investigated at the same time.     

微肋结构对储罐失压下液化气瞬态暴沸特性的影响

沸腾液体蒸气膨胀爆炸（BLEVE）是液化气储运中的一类常见灾害,其爆炸剧烈程度取决于容器失压时亚稳态液体的过热度。为避免发生液化气爆炸,提出了一种采用微肋结构来促进过热液体成核的防制思路。通过搭建可视化的实验装置,对比观测了失压条件下光滑和微肋表面上的气泡成核过程,并测量了失压后容器内的瞬态压力曲线。结果表明,微肋表面上的成核起始时间相比光滑表面提前了50 ms;在200～500 kPa泄放压力范围下,通过采用微肋结构表面,暴沸引发的压力反弹相比光滑表面降低了24.1%,液体最大过热度下降了21.7%。     

重大工艺爆炸事故严重度评价

在研究分析了许多典型国内外事故危险性评价模型的基础上 ,总结并提出了重大工艺爆炸事故危险性分级、严重度评价方法及模型。并利用此模型开发了重大工艺爆炸事故严重度评价软件 ,介绍了评价软件的功能模块设计。并列举了评价软件对重大蒸气云爆炸、液化气和过热液体扩展蒸气爆炸事故的评价实例。     

Interpretation of contact angle hysteresis

Hysteresis of the contact angle, i.e. the difference between the advancing and receding contact angles, is discussed in terms of the liquid film presence behind the drop when it has receded. It is shown that values of receding contact angles in many systems result from a well-defined free energy balance in the solid/liquid drop system. If a duplex film is present behind the drop, experimental receding contact angles up to 15° may be considered as lying in the range of the experimental error. In the case of low-energy solids (e.g. Teflon), it is possible to determine graphically the minimum value of the surface tension below which a liquid will leave a duplex film behind the drop when receding.     

AN ANALYSIS OF FLOW FILM BOILING OVER AN INCLINED SURFACE EMBEDDED IN POROUS MEDIA

The rate of heat dissipation during flow film boiling from inclined surfaces embedded in porous media is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical model relies on the well established Darcy model for the flow both inside the vapor layer and inside the forced convection layer surrounding the vapor film. The main focus is to study the effects of wall temperature, liquid subcooling, wall suction, and orientation of the heated surface on the heat transfer phenomenon. The resulting similarity equations are integrated numerically by use of the fourth-order Runge Kutta method. Systematic “shooting” is required to satisfy the boundary conditions at the liquid-vapor interface and at infinity. Results are reported for the behavior of the vapor film thickness and both the local and average heat transfer coefficients as a function of vapor superheat and liquid subcooling. Experiments were conducted in Freon-113 and a porous medium consisting of 2.8 mm glass beads to verify the theoretical findings, and excellent agreement was found between theory and experiments.     

液化石油气罐区的危险性定量模拟评价技术及其事故预防

分析了液化石油气罐区的主要危险性及其特点 ,针对主要危险事故类型 :蒸气云爆炸 (UVCE)、沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸 (BLEVE)和池火灾 (PoolFire) ,利用灾害定量评价技术和数学模型对其危险性进行了定量模拟评价 ,确定了其火灾、爆炸事故的严重度、伤害范围等 ;并提出了相应的事故预防技术措施。     

某涉氨制冷企业液氨储罐泄漏事故的后果分析

以某涉氨制冷企业液氨储罐为例,选用蒸气云爆炸、沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸和中毒模型对液氨储罐泄漏事故进行后果分析,定量地得出各类伤害半径,为企业制定应急救援预案和政府进行安全监管提供科学依据。     

AN ANALYTICAL MODEL ON VAPOR EXPLOSION OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE MOLTEN METAL DROP IN WATER INDUCED BY A PRESSURE PULSE

An analytical model for small-scale single drop fuel coolant interaction based on fragmentation caused by the Taylor instability and transient heat transfer during collapse and bounce period is developed. According to our previous analysis, pressure in the vapor film blanketing hot surface increases transiently more than 10 MPa, when thickness of the vapor film decreases less than 10 μm. The transient high pressure makes vapor-liquid interface bounce and causes the Taylor instabilities at both sides of the vapor-liquid interfaces by the large acceleration. As the growth time of the interface instability is enough short compared with the bouncing time, the instabilities result to fragmentation and mixing of both liquids. In the proposed model, the fragmentation time and fragmented particle size were estimated from the growth rate and the wave length of the instability. The analytical model composed of a set of time dependent differential equations was numerically calculated by the Runge-Kutta-Gill method. The numerical results were compared with the experimental ones done in Sandia Laboratory.     

液滴冲击加热壁面沸腾现象特征分析

采用高速摄像仪对液滴冲击加热壁面过程进行实验观测,分析了不同实验流体的沸腾现象特征,探讨了中间射流及宝塔状气泡的形成机理。观测发现,壁温高于液体对应的Leidenfrost温度时水滴撞击后会出现暴沸现象,由于气泡夹带伴随强烈的核化作用,氯化钠溶液液滴撞击后可以观察到中间射流的产生,醇类液滴则发生完全反弹;壁温低于Leidenfrost温度时液滴在加热壁面会出现泡状沸腾现象,与半球形气泡不同,宝塔状气泡出现在液膜厚度较大的区域。此外定量考察了液滴在加热壁面完全反弹时的最大铺展因子,发现铺展因子仅受Weber数影响,与文献结果比较表明本研究得出的铺展因子经验公式可较好地预测液滴在加热壁面的铺展尺度。     

微肋阵通道流动沸腾换热与压降特性

为探究不同截面微肋阵通道内的流动沸腾换热机理,以去离子水为工质,在质量流速为96～224 kg·m^-2·s^-1,有效热通量为10～240 W·cm^-2的范围内,对圆形、菱形、椭圆形微肋阵通道内流动沸腾换热及压降特性进行了实验研究,同时对微通道内流动沸腾的不稳定性进行了分析。通过实验发现：在低热通量下,核态沸腾占主导地位,而在中高热通量下,薄膜蒸发对流换热为主要沸腾机制;沸腾传热系数随着热通量和出口干度的增加而减小,两相压降随着热通量和出口干度的增加而增大;微肋阵肋间形成的次级通道宽度对换热和两相压降有很大的影响,次级通道越宽,气泡越容易脱离,换热效果越好,压降越大;微肋的存在抑制了气泡的反向流动,减小了沸腾不稳定性,推迟了临界热通量的发生,椭圆形微肋阵通道的流动沸腾稳定性最好,而圆形微肋阵通道的流动沸腾稳定性最差。     

Film boiling of mercury droplets

Vaporization times of mercury droplets in Leidenfrost film boiling on a flat horizontal plate are measured in an air atmosphere. Extreme care was used to prevent large amplitude droplet vibrations and surface wetting: therefore, these data can be compared to film boiling theory. For these data, diffusion from the upper surface of the drop is a dominant mode of mass transfer from the drop. A closed-form analytical film boiling theory is developed to account for the diffusive evaporation. Reasonable agreement between data and theory is seen.     

规整填料表面液膜流动特性的数值模拟

精馏过程气液两相流运动分布特征对分离效率具有重要影响。为研究规整填料表面液膜流体动力学特性建立了基于VOF方法的CFD分析模型,并基于文献试验结果进行了验证。对液膜随时间和空间的演化分布特征、速度场分布和液相流量影响进行了模拟分析。液膜在波纹顶部下沿聚集形成凸起状波峰,在波纹底部波峰消失,而到达下节波纹上沿时,波峰重新形成;瞬态液膜厚度随时间波动,且沿填料表面液膜平均厚度先减小后保持稳定;发现液相聚集及形成液滴坠落容易导致出现干板区。不同位置液膜速度分布存在明显差异,沿填料表面液膜平均速度先增后减或保持稳定;液膜绕过波纹顶部时会加速,在波纹底部和上沿处会减速。液相流量增大,液膜平均厚度和速度均有所增大。     

R32在水平微细圆管内凝结换热的数值模拟

采用VOF模型对R32在内径为1 mm水平圆管内的凝结换热进行了数值模拟.圆管进口饱和蒸气和壁面温度分别为40℃和30℃.假设气相为湍流、液相为层流,考虑重力和表面张力的影响,模拟分析了干度、液膜厚度和轴向速度沿管长的变化.结果表明,沿管轴向顶部液膜先增厚后基本保持不变,管底部液膜持续增厚.表明当量直径在1 mm时重力作用仍不可忽略.传热系数的模拟值随干度的增大而增大;与实验结果相比,模拟值小于实验值,但二者差别在实验误差范围内.     

STABILITY OF THE LENSLIKE LIQUID THICKENING (THE DROP) ON A SOLID SUBSTRATE

The quasi equilibrium of a liquid lens or a liquid drop on a solid substrate is considered on the basis of the thermodynamics of microscopic thin liquid films. Both contact angles, corresponding to the membrane model and to the finite thickness layer convention of the film, have been derived as a function of the disjoining pressure isotherm. The analytical expressions for the line tension terms have been obtained, and the criterion for the stability of a liquid drop on a solid substrate has been proposed.