Blind equalization for broadband access

This article discusses the general principles of blind equalization and its use in emerging broadband access applications such as FTTC and xDSL. New results obtained for these applications are also presented     

一种适用于FPGA的实现的盲均衡算法

本文提出一种适用于PAM和QAM调制信号的主副抽头分别调整变步长的盲均衡算法,并使用Altera公司的FPGA器件实现,理论分析和计算机模拟表明此盲均衡算法的收敛性能及误码性能均优于CMA算法,是一种很实用的均衡算法。     

A fast linear programming algorithm for blind equalization

A fast implementation of a special non-MSE cost function for blind equalization is presented here. This baud-rate equalization algorithm is based on a convex cost function coupled with a simple linear constraint on the equalizer parameters. For a generic class of channels with persistently exciting quadrature amplitude modulation input signals, this new algorithm allows the convergence of equalizer parameters to a unique global minimum achieving intersymbol interference suppression and carrier phase recovery     

A soft decision-directed LMS algorithm for blind equalization

An adaptation algorithm for equalizers operating on very distorted channels is presented. The algorithm is based on the idea of adjusting the equalizer tap gains to maximize the likelihood that the equalizer outputs would be generated by a mixture of two Gaussians with known means. The decision-directed least-mean-square algorithm is shown to be an approximation to maximizing the likelihood that the equalizer outputs come from such an independently and identically distributed source. The algorithm is developed in the context of a binary pulse-amplitude-modulation channel, and simulations demonstrate that the algorithm converges in channels for which the decision-directed LMS algorithms does not converge     

一种基于二阶统计量的盲均衡算法

对于多输入多输出(MIMO)信道,使用有色输入的二阶统计量进行盲均衡是一种有效的方法.相对于原有的、基于自相关匹配原理的盲均衡算法,本文给出了一个在时域上不必先知道用户自相关序列值就能实现均衡的条件,并提出了相应的的时域均衡器训练算法,对含白噪声的情况也进行了讨论.     

修正多模算法的盲信道均衡

基于对恒模算法(CMA)和多模算法(MMA)的研究,在两种算法的基础上提出了一种修正的多模算法。计算机仿真的结果表明,与恒模算法以及多模算法相比,该算法有较小的剩余误差和码间串扰(ISI)以及更稳定的收敛效果;而且该算法克服了信道传输引起的相位模糊(相位偏移)。     

一种新型变步长CMA盲均衡算法

针对传统固定步长CMA盲均衡算法中收敛速度和剩余误差这对矛盾,提出了一种新型变步长恒模盲均衡算法,即由瑞利分布函数实施对其步长的调节,通过调整该步长公式中的两个参数以加快收敛速度和减小剩余误差,并且在此基础上对该算法进行了改进。用4QAM信号,通过典型电话信道对固定步长的CMA算法,基于瑞利步长的CMA和改进后的CMA算法进行计算机仿真。通过对仿真出的算法收敛曲线以及输出星座图进行分析,最终得出在瑞利步长算法的基础上改进后的CMA算法克服了前两种算法的缺点,即具有收敛速度更快,剩余误差更小的优点。     

变速率部分更新盲均衡算法

对于长抽头系数自适应算法,基于最大化自适应滤波器系数误差向量原则的变速率部分更新算法,能够在大幅度降低算法实现复杂度的同时,解决部分更新算法收敛速度慢的问题。但是,该变速率算法仅适用于LMS结构,对于具有非线性代价函数的部分更新自适应盲均衡算法并不适用。基于同样的最优化思想,通过替换步长计算表达式中的部分统计量,提出了能够适合于部分更新多模盲均衡算法(MMA)的确定性变步长控制算法,并通过递归的方式计算步长值,简化了实现过程。对固定信道和时变信道的数值仿真结果表明,新算法相比传统基于收敛误差的经验性变步长算法具有更快的收敛速度和更好的跟踪性能,有效解决了部分更新自适应盲均衡算法的确定性变速率控制问题,提升了算法的收敛速度和跟踪性能。     

Convergence analysis of an algorithm for blind equalization

The authors consider a key algorithm for blind equalization and derive expressions for the evolution of the equalizer output error trajectory. The authors develop a model to examine the convergence behavior of this algorithm. Suitable approximations are incorporated into the model to facilitate analysis. The validity of these approximations is demonstrated for a typical communication channel. It is shown that even for a channel for which the assumption of Gaussianity of the equalizer input data may not be very good, the analysis presented predicts the convergence behavior reasonably well     

一种适用于强脉冲噪声下的对数型恒模盲均衡算法

针对脉冲噪声下恒模算法(Constant Modulus Algorithm,CMA)失败的问题,通过分析脉冲噪声的影响,提出了一种基于最小均方（Least Mean Square,LMS）准则的对数型恒模算法（Logarithmic-type CMA,LT-CMA）。LT-CMA利用对数函数的非线性变换特性自适应地抑制强脉冲噪声对误差函数的影响,并且利用l2-范数进行信号归一化处理以增强算法的稳健性。仿真结果表明,所提出的LT-CMA可以适应于高斯噪声环境和脉冲噪声环境;与经典自适应均衡算法相比,在收敛速度和稳健性两方面上,所提出的LT-CMA都有显著的提升。     

Improved CMA-FSE blind equalization algorithm for wireless ultraviolet communication

There are serious intersymbol interference (ISI) and signal attenuation in wireless ultraviolet communication system.Aiming at this problem,an improved constant modulus fractionally spaced equalizer (CMA-FSE) based on signal-to-noise (SNR) estimation was proposed.The algorithm combined the fractionally spaced equalizer (FSE) and constant modulus algorithm (CMA) for blind equalization of wireless ultraviolet channels.The input SNR was measured by the mean square value of the received signal,and it was used to determine the best iterative step to ensure the convergence of the equalization algorithm.Simulation results show that the improved CMA-FSE algorithm can converge rapidly under various SNR,and it can effectively suppress ISI and improve the BER performance of the system.Compared with the existing algorithms,the improved algorithm is more useful in channel tracking and noise suppression.     

The expectation-maximization Viterbi algorithm for blind adaptive channel equalization

A blind maximum-likelihood equalization algorithm is described and its convergence behavior is analyzed. Since the algorithm employs the Viterbi algorithm (VA) to execute the expectation step of the expectation-maximization (EM) iteration, we call it the expectation-maximization Viterbi algorithm (EMVA). An EMVA-based blind channel-acquisition technique which achieves a high global convergence probability is developed. The performance of the method is evaluated via numerical simulations under static and fading channel conditions.     

DVB-C中盲均衡算法的收敛性

介绍了应用于DVB—C标准的QAM接收机中均衡器的盲均衡算法Stop—Go，RCA和Godard算法，分析了各种算法的收敛性，提出了避免系数收敛到局部收敛点的方法。     

A hybrid adaptive blind equalization algorithm for QAM signals in wireless communications

A hybrid adaptive channel equalization technique for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals is proposed. The proposed algorithm, which is referred to as the modified constant modulus algorithm (MCMA), minimizes an error cost function that includes both amplitude and phase of the equalizer output. In addition to the amplitude-dependent term that is provided by the conventional constant modulus algorithm (CMA), the cost function includes an additive signal constellation matched error (CME) term. This term can be designed to satisfy a set of desirable properties. The MCMA is compared with the CMA for blind equalization. The performance is measured for wireless channels using both transient and steady-state behavior of the mean square error (MSE). It is shown that MCMA is superior and more robust in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. Simulation results demonstrate that using MCMA improves adaptive channel equalization by increasing the convergence rate and decreasing the steady-state mean square error.     

一种基于盲均衡的新均衡器算法及实现

基于简化星座图(RCA)的盲均衡算法提出了一种新的均衡器算法———RCA-LMS算法,有效地结合了RCA算法和传统的最小均方(LMS)算法的优点,并应用于选择性反馈均衡器(selective feedback equalizer,SFE)结构,实现了RCA-LMS选择性反馈均衡器(RCA-LMSSFE)。仿真结果表明,该均衡器在低信噪比条件下,能较快地收敛,有较小的稳态剩余误差,从而有效地减小了信号的码间干扰,提高了通信系统的抗干扰能力。     

基于数据重用的集员滤波拟仿射投影盲均衡算法

传统常模盲均衡算法应用广泛但是其收敛速率很慢.为了满足在短突发数据条件下的信道盲均衡,提出一种基于数据重用的集员滤波拟仿射投影盲均衡算法.该算法将仿射投影思想结合到常模算法中,利用多数据向量同时提取信道信息,再附加改进的集员滤波算法有效减小了运算量,并结合数据重用思想重新设计所匹配的数据重用方式.仿真结果证明所提算法具有较快的收敛速率,与同类算法相比能提前700个迭代点收敛,且在信噪比为10 dB以上的信道环境中也有较好的效果,能够在短突发数据信道均衡中有效发挥作用.     

一种基于切换步长的加权多模盲均衡算法

研究了常数模算法、多模算法、加权多模算法,并分析了各个算法的优缺点。针对加权多模盲均衡算法稳态误差小,但收敛速度慢的缺点,提出了一种基于切换步长的加权多模算法,最后对各算法在复信道环境下进行了仿真。结果表明,改进算法不受相位偏移的影响,而且在稳态误差基本不变的情况下,加快收敛速度。     

Sparse adaptive constant blind equalization algorithm for sparse multipath channel

In order to improve the convergence rate of the blind equalizer for sparse multipath channel,a novel blind equalization approach called l₀-norm constraint proportionate normalized least mean square constant algorithm was proposed for M-order phase-shift keying (MPSK) signal.Based on the constant modulus characteristics of MPSK signal and the sparse property of equalizer,a new blind equalization cost function with the l₀-norm penalty on the equalizer tap coefficients was firstly constructed.Then the update formula of the tap coefficients was derived according to the gradient descent algorithm.Moreover,the iteration step was updated by drawing upon the normalized proportionate factor.The algorithm not only assigned step sizes proportionate to the magnitude of the current individual tap weights,but also attracted the inactive taps to zero adaptively.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing blind equalization algorithms for sparse channel in reducing ISI and improving convergence rate.     

脉冲噪声环境下的恒模盲均衡算法

α稳定分布噪声导致现有的基于梯度下降法的恒模盲均衡算法(SGD-CMA)失效.通过分析厚拖尾噪声对现有算法的影响,给出了2种改造算法,即韧性梯度下降恒模盲均衡算法(SGD-RCMA)和递归最小二乘恒模盲均衡算法(RLS-RCMA).仿真表明2种改造算法比传统的恒模盲均衡算法具有更好的适用性,不仅适用于高斯噪声环境而且适合于脉冲噪声环境.同时RLS-RCMA与SGD-RCMA相比具有更快的收敛速度和更好的码间干扰抑制能力.     

一种变步长双模式盲均衡算法的研究

在移动通信中,物体的高动态性引起多普勒频移,应用恒模( CMA)算法,不能克服波频率偏移引起的接收信号相位旋转.针对其存在的缺点,给出了一种变步长双模式盲均衡算法,该算法将修正常数模算法(Modify constant modulus algorithm,MCMA)和判决引导(Decision directed,DD)算法有机结合,不仅具有较快的收敛速度,而且能在去除码间干扰的同时有效克服相位旋转和一定范围的载波频率偏移,具有很好的实用性.通过计算机仿真验证了该算法的性能.