超声波破壁提取葡萄酒酵母泥中多糖的研究

目的 利用超声波法提取葡萄酒酵母泥中多糖。方法 研究了酵母浓度、超声温度、超声时间对葡萄酒酵母泥中多糖得率的影响, 并采用响应面分析法对葡萄酒酵母泥中多糖提取工艺进行优化设计。结果 超声波法提取葡萄酒酵母泥中多糖的最佳条件为: 酵母浓度9.10%, 超声温度为65.42 ℃, 超声时间为132.97 min。最终酵母多糖得率为1.85%, 对最佳工艺条件进行验证, 酵母多糖实际得率为1.86%, 结果重复性较好。结论 超声波辅助提取葡萄酒酵母泥中的多糖, 工艺简便, 多糖得率较高, 具有实际的应用价值。     

酵母多糖对葡萄酒品质的影响机理研究进展

酵母多糖是葡萄酒中一种重要的大分子,源于酵母菌在发酵过程中的释放与带酒泥陈酿过程中的自溶,其对葡萄酒品质的影响受到越来越多研究人员和酿酒师的关注。酵母多糖分子结构复杂,探究其与葡萄酒基质成分的作用机理对于提升葡萄酒品质具有重要意义。文章针对酵母多糖对葡萄酒口感、颜色、香气和稳定性的影响展开系统综述,阐述了添加外源酵母多糖后葡萄酒品质的变化,特别是其对于葡萄酒涩感的影响,并对今后的研究重点进行展望,旨在为改良葡萄酒品质提供参考。     

葡萄酒废酵母胞壁多糖提取工艺的优化研究

葡萄酒生产中会产生大量的废弃物酵母泥,废酵母细胞壁中富含多糖等生物活性物质。通过单因素试验和正交试验,对葡萄酒废酵母多糖的超声波提取工艺进行了优化,确定最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比为1∶15,提取温度80℃,超声作用时间70 min,超声频率80 kHz,在此工艺条件下酵母胞壁多糖提取率可达10.66%。     

如何提升葡萄酒的口感：酵母产多糖的重要作用

法国LALLEMAND集团分布在世界各主要葡萄酒产区的研究专家们对酵母产多糖进行了长期大量的研究，并取得丰硕的研究成果。研究表明，葡萄酿酒酵母通常在酒精发酵及酵后自溶中均会产生酵母多糖，而且不同酵母菌种产生多糖的能力有很大不同。酵母多糖产生越多，对葡萄酒的胶体结构改善就越大，并且增加葡萄酒美好的味觉后感、圆润感和醇厚饱满感。这也就是作为一名优秀的酒师，为什么会特别注重选择正确的酵母菌种，并积极借助这一重要工具的原因。在欧洲，酒师们常常将这一技巧视为其能够酿制出优质葡萄酒的秘方之一。1 葡萄酒中各种多糖…     

不同酵母多糖对桃红葡萄酒香气成分的影响

摘要：实验选用四种不同类型的酵母多糖,分别添加到桃红葡萄酒中进行陈酿,陈酿后葡萄酒的香气成分通过静态顶空气质联用仪定性,乙醇含量的百分比定量,来确定适合该款桃红葡萄酒陈酿的酵母多糖。实验结果表明：加入四种酵母多糖的桃红葡萄酒香气成分是有所差别、种类均有明显增加,但对香气浓郁度的贡献则表现不一。最终得出1号酵母多糖既能明显增加桃红葡萄酒的香气复杂性又能提升其浓郁度,适合作为桃红葡萄酒陈酿的酵母多糖。     

不同酵母多糖对蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒品质的影响

以酵母甘露聚糖、非活性酵母与酵母葡聚糖为研究对象,分析其对蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒基本理化指标、香气物质成分及感官品质的影响。结果表明:酵母甘露聚糖、非活性酵母与酵母葡聚糖的添加量分别为0.3、0.45、0.45 g/L时,对蛇龙珠干红葡萄酒品质影响效果最显著。其中酵母甘露葡聚糖作用效果最佳,与空白对照组相比,总酸、色调与单宁分别降低了13.3%,12.5%与12.3%,色度、总花色苷分别提升了16.3%和15.3%,柔和指数高于对照组,且在5.0以上;香气物质中酯类物质质量浓度提升了25.2%,醇类物质质量浓度无明显变化,酸类物质质量浓度降低了7.5%,醛酮萜稀类物质质量浓度增加了50%,其中新增风味物质均可增加葡萄酒香气复杂性;感官评定较空白对照组整体评分高。3种酵母多糖中甘露聚糖的添加效果最优,且3种酵母多糖均可降低葡萄酒酸度,减少单宁质量浓度,改善葡萄酒口感,增加酒体香气复杂性,稳定葡萄酒颜色,提高葡萄酒品质。     

酵母自溶及其对葡萄酒感官质量的影响

在葡萄酒发酵和陈酿阶段,酵母细胞会在酶促作用下发生自溶,释放大量自溶产物,这些物质对葡萄酒的感官质量有着或积极或消极的影响。本文重点阐述了酵母的自溶机理、自溶影响因素,及其所产生的多糖和多肽物质在现代葡萄酒酿造工艺中的作用和意义。在生产实践中,需要我们有意识地对自溶现象进行正确的引导控制,并加以科学的应用。     

酵母多糖在葡萄酒酿造中的应用探索

糖类是葡萄酒中的重要组成物质,除了由酵母代谢生成酒精决定酒品酒精度和赋于葡萄酒甜味外,也对葡萄酒的颜色、口感、香气、稳定性,甚至起泡酒的起泡特性等起到了非常重要的作用.按照聚合度不同,葡萄酒中的糖类物质可分为单糖、低聚糖和多糖.     

不同商用酵母对葡萄酒外观品质影响机理研究

用不同种类酵母发酵的红葡萄酒,其颜色会有一定差异.本文测定了4种商业酵母对红葡萄酒中5个与葡萄酒外观品质相关的颜色指标(色度、色调、葡萄酒总颜色、色素总颜色、聚合色素颜色)的影响,初步研究了酵母对葡萄酒外观品质的影响机理.结果表明,酵母对葡萄酒中的色素有吸附作用,添加酵母降低了葡萄酒颜色指标,不同酵母对葡萄酒外观品质有一定影响.     

葡萄酒酿造新辅料:酵母细胞壁

葡萄酒酿造辅料现在已经成为提高葡萄酒品质的重要工具,目前已经发展成为包括酿酒酵母、果胶酶、酵母多糖、发酵助剂、陈酿处理剂、过滤、稳定剂等诸多辅料产品。有一种非常重要且使用方便的葡萄酒酿造辅料可能比较陌生,就是酵母细胞壁。酵母细胞壁,顾名思义,就是酵母细胞的外壳,也叫酵母皮。酵母细胞壁的厚度为0.1～0.3μm,重量占细胞干重的18%～30%,主要由D-葡聚糖和D-甘露聚糖两类多糖组成,此外细胞壁中还     

葡萄酒多糖的演变及影响因素研究概述

多糖是葡萄酒中重要的大分子物质,与葡萄酒中的其他化合物相互作用,从而提升酒体稳定性和感官品质。葡萄酒中各类多糖的含量主要取决于葡萄品种、果实成熟度、酿酒工艺以及陈酿条件。由于多糖的结构极其复杂,其在葡萄酒中的演变过程尚不清晰。而且,酿酒新工艺作为改善葡萄酒品质的主要方法之一,对多糖的结构和含量会产生较大的影响。因此,该文就葡萄酒酿造过程中多糖的变化展开综述,深入分析了果实成熟度、品种、产地、年份以及不同酿造工艺等因素对多糖的影响,并对今后葡萄酒多糖的研究重点进行展望,以期为优化葡萄酒酿造工艺和提升葡萄酒品质提供参考。     

南方野生葡萄酵母菌资源研究进展

在南方野生葡萄人工大面积种植及各地大力发展葡萄酒产业的基础上,该文对南方地区野生葡萄酵母菌种生境的优势、酵母菌资源研究进展及酵母菌资源开发的研究方法进行了综述,发现南方地区的野生葡萄及葡萄酒产业具有独特的发展优势,且酵母菌资源丰富,但目前对其的开发及应用的程度有限,仍有较大的研究空间。为选育出适合酿造南方野生葡萄酒的优质野生酵母菌种、生产出具有地域性特色的葡萄酒产品以及为提高品牌的知名度提供了广阔的应用前景。     

葡萄酒与微生物

在整个葡萄酒的酿造生产过程中 ,不同的微生物起着不同的作用 ,酿酒酵母将糖转化成酒精 ,乳酸菌会将苹果酸转化成乳酸等 ,这些是正常的发酵过程 ;而醋酸菌会使葡萄酒发生酸败 ,产膜酵母会使葡萄酒起膜浑浊 ,霉菌会影响酒的风味等 ,这些是有害微生物的作用     

葡萄酒的风味及其改良途径

葡萄酒的风味主要由葡萄酒中的风味物质产生，风味物质的含量及其组成比例决定着葡萄酒的特性。葡萄酒的风味特征主要表现为色泽、香味、滋味。葡萄酒的风味物质主要来源于葡萄本身和由酵母发酵代谢产生的物质。可利用风味酶水解和果胶酶浸提法有效地浸取葡萄中原有的风味物质；还可通过诱导苹果酸-乳酸发酵和控制好葡萄酒陈酿时期的氧化还原电位来增加葡萄酒中的风味物质，协调葡萄酒的风味和提高葡萄酒的质量。(孙悟)     

葡萄酒微生物病害

葡萄酒是由新鲜葡萄浆果或葡萄汁发酵生产的酒精饮料。引起葡萄酒变质的主要微生物有酵母、醋酸菌和乳酸菌。对于微生物病害要以预防为主,通过微生物计数和稳定性试验等预兆特征来预防病害的发生,在保证原料质量的基础上、控制卫生条件及采用合理的工艺和贮藏管理措施来控制病原菌和发病条件。     

干化葡萄酒生产中果胶酶和酵母的研究

介绍了干化葡萄酒生产过程中果胶酶和酵母的使用研究,根据不同果胶酶和不同酵母的对比试验结果表明,EX-V 果胶酶和 RC212 酵母用于干化葡萄酒的生产效果较好。     

响应面法优化黑枸杞-葡萄复合果酒发酵工艺的研究

以黑枸杞汁和葡萄汁为原料,考察酵母添加量、发酵温度和初始糖度对复合果酒的品质的影响。在单因素试验结果的基础上,采用响应面法优化黑枸杞-葡萄复合果酒的发酵工艺参数。结果表明,黑枸杞汁与葡萄汁的最佳配比为7∶3（V/V）,最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度20 ℃、酵母添加量0.03%、初始糖度24%。在此条件下,发酵所得复合果酒酒精度为12.7%vol,感官评分为90分,果酒酒香浓厚,酒体澄清透明,呈酒红色。     

Protein evolution during the early stages of white winemaking and its relations with wine stability

Background and Aims: Grape proteins are responsible for the appearance of haziness in white wines during storage after bottling. However, only a few studies have approached the analysis of the fate of must proteins throughout the alcoholic fermentation. This study aimed to systematically investigate the daily variations in protein type and content during the fermentation in order to understand its influence on hazing potential and to attain some basic information to improve the practical management of grape proteins involved in the hazing of white wines. Methods and Results: The evolution of total soluble protein and individual protein fractions was studied in samples taken before, during and after alcoholic fermentation of a white grape must. The results were then related to variations in protein instability as measured by the heat test. Both the quantity of soluble protein and the protein instability increased during fermentation and then decreased after 1‐month storage of the wine. Protein composition did not vary during fermentation as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and anion exchange chromatography (AEC). However, variations in the relative proportions of the six protein fractions obtainable by AEC were noted in the different samples. The contribution of each AEC protein fraction to wine instability was determined by considering both the intrinsic instability and the relative quantity of each of the individual protein fractions in the wine. It was demonstrated that the grape thaumatin‐like protein VVTL1, as identified by mass spectrometry, showed the largest increase during fermentation and accounted for almost 40% of the heat‐induced haze of the final wine. Moreover, the decreased protein instability noted after one month storage of the wine could be attributed to the stabilizing effect of polysaccharides released by the yeast cells. Conclusions: The quantity and relative proportion of soluble proteins vary during and after the alcoholic fermentation, as does their heat instability in wine. Grape VVTL1, constituting a large proportion of the total proteins in wine, seems to play a major role in protein haze formation. The release of yeast polysaccharides is related to an increased heat stability of total wine protein, despite the increase in the relative proportion of their most unstable component VVTL1. Therefore, the hazing potential of a white wine seems to be affected by variations in the relative proportions of its macromolecular components occurring in the early stages of winemaking. Significance of the Study: This study addressed for the first time the issue of the protein changing during the fermentation of white wine. The results obtained here offer useful information to aid understanding of the contribution of individual proteins to white wine instability, which can be applied for the improvement of the winemaking process.     

New perspectives in safety and quality enhancement of wine through selection of yeasts based on the parietal adsorption activity

The present article aims to review research papers that focus on the parietal adsorption activity of wine yeast and on its contribution to the enhancement of wine safety and quality. There is a great diversity among yeasts for their parietal adsorption activity: the outermost layer of the cell wall has a chemical composition that notably varies from yeast to yeast. Parietal mannoproteins can contain phosphate, pyruvate, or glucuronic acid, which impart negative charges, modifying the electrostatic and ionic interactions with wine components. The following could give a good reason to propose a specific selection of wine yeasts based on their parietal adsorption activity to improve wine safety and quality: (a) ochratoxin A content of wines is greatly reduced by expressly selected yeasts, sequestering the toxin during winemaking; (b) yeast influences concentration and composition of phenolic compounds in wine, above all by adsorbing them on cell wall; (c) among grape pigments, anthocyanins, in particular, may be adsorbed by yeast cell wall; and (d) yeast can also interact with wine colour producing anthocyanin-beta-d-glucosidase, pyruvic acid, and acetaldehyde or releasing mannoproteins and different polysaccharides. Genomic strategies could also be used to obtain a further enhancement of the adsorption/non-adsorption activity of wine yeasts. Based on winemaking requirements and on parietal adsorption activity, a specific selection of yeasts might be performed: (a) to protect wine colour during red winemaking, (b) to remove residual wine colour during white winemaking, (c) to selectively remove ochratoxin A, and (d) to protect phenolic compounds responsible for antioxidant activity.     

干化葡萄酒品质的比较及挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

以宁夏贺兰山东麓地区赤霞珠葡萄为原料,采用3种不同方法进行干化处理,而后接种酵母进行干化葡萄酒的酿造,用顶空-固相微萃取（HS-SPME）气质联用技术（GC-MS）分析比较了干化葡萄酒的挥发性风味物质的差异。结果表明,与鲜酿的葡萄酒相比,干化葡萄酒中总酚含量最高增加了2.47%,单宁含量最高增加了3.54%,花色苷含量最高增加了0.033 g/L;鲜酿的葡萄酒中检测的挥发性风味物质有36种,3种干化葡萄酒中检测到的挥发性风味物质分别有38、40、37种,酯类物质的含量最大提高了9.95%。