呋咱含能化合物的合成及其衍生物反应研究进展

阐述了二肟脱水和氧化呋咱还原2种构建呋咱环的主要方法,以及氨基取代呋咱衍生物、硝基取代呋咱衍生物和氰基取代呋咱衍生物的反应;列举了几种典型的呋咱含能化合物如二硝基呋咱(DNF)、二氨基偶氮呋咱(DAAF)、3,4–双(4′–硝基呋咱–3′–基)氧化呋咱(DNTF)、呋咱醚类化合物(FOF–1,FOF–2,FOF–13)和稠环类呋咱含能化合物(MNOTO、4,5,9,10–四硝基–1,4,5,8–四氮杂氢化萘(2,3,–6,7)并双呋咱)的合成方法及性能。     

偶氮及氧化偶氮呋咱化合物的合成与表征

以3,4-二氨基呋咱(DAF)为原料,次氯酸钠为氧化剂合成出3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(DAAF);用相对较强的氧化剂过硫酸氢钾的复合盐(OXONETM)氧化DAF得到3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(DAOAF);以100%硝酸为硝化剂硝化DAAF制得3,3′-二硝氨基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(DNAAF);DAAF和DAOAF分别经重氮化叠氮取代得到3,3′-二叠氮基-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(DADAF)和3-氨基-3′-叠氮基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(AAAF);DADAF久置一段时间完全转化成5-[4-叠氮基呋咱基]-5H-[1,2,3]三唑并[4,5-c][1,2,5]呋咱内盐(I)。采用红外、质谱、核磁等分析手段对所合成化合物进行表征。     

几种呋咱类含能化合物的合成、热行为及理论爆轰性能预估

用双氧水、钨酸钠及甲磺酸氧化3,4-二氨基呋咱(DAF)合成了3-氨基-4-硝基呋咱;用100%硝酸硝化DAF得到3,4-二硝胺基呋咱;用NaNO_2、H_2SO_4及NaN_3DAF重氮、取代DAF得到3-氨基-4-叠氮基呋咱;用30%的双氧水、钨酸钠及甲磺酸氧化3-氨基-4-叠氮基呋咱,得到3-叠氮基-4-硝基呋咱及3,3′-二叠氮基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱。用TG-DSC研究了这些化合物的热行为。采用B3LYP/6-31G*方法预估了化合物的理论密度、标准生成、爆速、爆压。结果表明,氧化偶氮基的引入增强了呋咱类化合物的热稳定性;叠氮基的引入提高了化合物的生成焓。3-氨基-4-硝基呋咱中氨基转化为叠氮基,生成焓由183.26kJ/mol增至571.40 kJ/mol;硝胺基的引入显著提高了含能化合物的密度、爆速和爆压。     

α-多硝甲基氧化偶氮含能化合物合成研究进展

综述了α-多硝甲基氧化偶氮基团的构建方法,重点介绍了以伯胺和2,2-二甲基-5-硝基-5-亚硝基-1,3-二氧环己烷为原料,经过氧化偶联、水解、脱羟甲基、硝化等步骤合成该类含能基团的研究现状。根据文献及理论计算数据,对比分析了3,3′-双(α-二硝甲基氧化偶氮基)-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱、3,3′-双(α-三硝甲基氧化偶氮基)-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱等8种已报道的典型化合物的物化性能和爆轰性能。指出α-多硝甲基氧化偶氮基团是合成高能量密度化合物理想的结构单元,将其引入现有的氮杂含能母体结构,有望设计合成出性能优异的新型含能化合物。     

3,3’-二硝氨基-4,4’-氧化偶氮呋咱羟胺盐的热行为和热安全性研究（英文）

利用C500量热仪研究了3,3′-二硝氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱羟胺盐(HNAF)的热分解特性,根据Kissinger和Ozawa方程计算了热分解的动力学参数,同时计算了热分解的热力学参数;采用Micro-DSCⅢ量热仪测定了3,3′-二硝氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱羟胺盐的比热容,计算获得了3,3′-二硝氨基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱羟胺盐热安全评价参数。结果表明,HNAF的活化能(E)和指前因子(A)分别为205.26 kJ/mol和1020.32 s-1;活化熵、活化焓和活化吉布斯自由能分别为140.76 J/(mol·K)、201.56 kJ/mol和200.39 kJ/mol。比热容方程与298.15 K时的摩尔比热容分别为C p=-1.560+0.016 T-2.263×10-5 T 2(J/(g·K))和446.028 J/(mol·K)。自加速分解温度、绝热分解温升、热爆炸临界温度分别为444.44 K、2382.89 K、452.86 K,绝热至爆时间为12.46~12.54 s。     

1,3,4-噁二唑联呋咱含能化合物的设计及构效关系理论研究

在4种1,3,4-噁二唑联呋咱分子骨架上引入三硝基甲基、氟代偕二硝基、硝基及硝氨基等含能基团,设计了5类共10种含能化合物;采用密度泛函方法B3LPY/6-31G(d, p)基组,研究了化合物的物化性能、爆轰性能(密度、生成焓、氧平衡、爆速、爆压)与安全性能(静电势分布和键解离能)间的构效关系。结果表明,三硝基甲基及氟代偕二硝基可大大改善呋咱衍生物的爆轰性能,而联四芳环的1,3,4-噁二唑联呋咱的共轭母体骨架可有效提高致爆基团中C—NO_2的键离解能,是设计高能不敏感含能化合物的有效方法;其中,3,3′-二(5-三硝基甲基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(E-1)密度为1.969g/cm~3,爆速达9130m/s,爆压为38.82GPa,最弱键(C—NO_2)键离解能为131.57kJ/mol,表现出优异的综合性能。     

4,4'-二硝基双呋咱醚的合成与表征

以3,4-二氨基呋咱(DAF)为原料,经Caro-acid氧化生成二硝基呋咱(DNF),碱性条件下DNF分子间硝基醚化后合成目标化合物4,4′-二硝基双呋咱醚(FOF-1).采用红外光谱、质谱、元素分析及核磁共振进行了结构表征;初步探讨了硝基分子间醚化合成FOF-1的反应机理;优化了氧化、分子间醚化工艺,确定了最佳合成条件:氧化反应时间为3.5 h, H2SO4的起始浓度为51.7%,醚化反应时间为2.5 h,水质量分数小于0.03%.总收率达到42%,纯度为99.6%.     

3-氨基-4-偕氨肟基呋咱及其含能衍生物合成研究进展

综述了3-氨基-4-偕氨肟基呋咱(AAOF)的几种典型合成方法;基于AAOF分子结构中氨基、偕氨肟基的反应活性,可合成3,4-双(4′-氨基呋咱-3′-基)氧化呋咱(DATF)、3,4-双(4′-硝基呋咱-3′-基)氧化呋咱(DNTF)、3,4-双(4′-叠氮基呋咱-3′-基)氧化呋咱(DAZTF)、呋咱胺含能化合物、呋咱醚(FOF-2、FOF-13、BFFO、TFO)等典型含能化合物。系统介绍了上述8大系列30种高含能化合物的合成技术途径及主要的物化性能,有望在高能炸药、高能推进剂等领域得到应用。附参考文献56篇。     

3,3’-二硝基-4,4’-偶氮氧化呋咱的合成及性能

以丙二酸单酰肼单钾盐为原材料,经硝化和哑硝化反应“一锅法”合成了4-氨基-3-叠氮羰基氧化呋咱(AN-FO),然后通过ANFO合成出3,3 ’-二氨基-4,4’-偶氮氧化呋咱(DAAFO),DAAFO在双氧水/浓硫酸溶液中氧化为DNAFO.用元素分析、IR、MS和DSC-TG对其结构进行了表征.结果表明,丙二酸单肼单钾...     

4,4′-二硝基双呋咱醚的合成与表征

以3,4-二氨基呋咱（DAF）为原料,经Caro-acid氧化生成二硝基呋咱（DNF）,碱性条件下DNF分子间硝基醚化后合成目标化合物4,4′-二硝基双呋咱醚（FOF-1）。采用红外光谱、质谱、元素分析及核磁共振进行了结构表征;初步探讨了硝基分子间醚化合成FOF-1的反应机理;优化了氧化、分子间醚化工艺,确定了最佳合成条件：氧化反应时间为3.5h,H2SO4的起始浓度为51.7%,醚化反应时间为2.5h,水质量分数小于0.03%。总收率达到42%,纯度为99.6%。     

含羟基聚酰亚胺改性环氧胶的制备及性能研究

将3,3'-二氨基-4,4'-二羟基联苯(DADHBP)、2,2-双(3-氨基-4-羟基苯基)六氟丙烷(BAH-PFP)和3,3',4,4'-四羧酸二苯醚二酐(ODPA)、3,3',4,4'-四羧酸二苯甲酮二酐(BTDA)单体聚合,再经亚胺化得到含羟基聚酰亚胺(HPI)粉末,采用傅里叶红外光谱对其进行了表征。由HPI、烯丙基双酚A、双马来酰亚胺、2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑与N,N,N',N'-四缩水甘油基-4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM)共聚反应制得胶粘剂,并对胶粘剂的热性能、力学性能及吸水性进行了研究,结果表明:该胶拉伸剪切强度为21.1 MPa,固化后吸水率为0.49%。通过凝胶化时间法计算胶粘剂的表观活化能为64.5 kJ/mol。     

Synthesis and thermal,mechanical and gas permeation properties of aromatic polyimides containing different linkage groups

Two series of aromatic polyimides containing various linkage groups based on 2,7‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)naphthalene or 3,3′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane and different aromatic dianhydrides, namely 4,4′‐(4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride), 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(phthalic anhydride), 3,3′,4,4′ benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 9,9‐bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]fluorene dianhydride and 4,4′‐(4,4′‐hexafluoroisopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride), were synthesized and compared with regard to their thermal, mechanical and gas permeation properties. All these polymers showed high thermal stability with initial decomposition temperature in the range 475–525 °C and glass transition temperature between 208 and 286 °C. Also, the polymer films presented good mechanical characteristics with tensile strength in the range 60–91 MPa and storage modulus in the range 1700–2375 MPa. The macromolecular chain packing induced by dianhydride and diamine segments was investigated by examining gas permeation through the polymer films. The relationships between chain mobility and interchain distance and the obtained values for gas permeability are discussed. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Novel phenylethynyl‐endcapped polyimide oligomers: Synthesis and characterization

A series of novel phenylethynyl‐endcapped polyimide oligomers were prepared by polycondensation of an aromatic diamine mixture of 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy) benzene (1,3,4‐APB) and 3,4′‐oxydianiline (3,4′‐ODA) with different aromatic dianhydrides including 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 4,4′‐(hexafluoro isopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA), and 4,4′‐[2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐(3′,5′‐bis‐(trifluoro‐methyl)phenyl)ethylidene]diphthalic anhydride (9FDA) in the presence of 4‐phenyl‐ethynylaniline (PEA) as endcapping agent in aprotic solvent at elevated temperature. The chemical structures, thermal behavior, and melt rheological properties of the synthesized polyimide oligomers were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the fluorinated polyimide oligomers derived from 6FDA (PI‐2) and 9FDA (PI‐4) are amorphous solid resins and exhibited lower melt viscosities than those prepared from the unfluorinated aromatic dianhydrides such as BPDA and ODPA. The BPDA‐based polyimide oligomers with a molar ratio of 1,3,4‐APB/3,4′‐ODA = 50:50 (PI‐5) showed lower melt viscosity than those derived from a mixture of 1,3,4‐APB and 3,4′‐ODA with molar ratios of 75:25 and 100:0, respectively. In addition, the melt viscosity of the polyimide oligomers increased obviously with increasing of the polymer calculated molecular weights. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation and properties of silane-endcapped polyimide adhesives

Silane-endcapped polyimide high temperature adhesive formulations were prepared by reacting anhydride-terminated poly(amic acid), obtained from benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and a diamine (3,3′-, 3,4′- or 4,4′ -diaminodiphenylmethane and 3,3′, 3,4′- or 4,4′ -diaminobenzophenone) with varying amounts of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in dimethylacetamide. Resin properties were evaluated by torsional braid analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Lap shear strengths of some of the adhesive bonds were determined at room temperature and at 177°C before and after ageing at 200°C for 2500 h and after boiling in water for 72 h.     

Gas permeability and permselectivity of polyimides prepared from phenylenediamines with methyl substitution at the ortho position

Polyimides were prepared from diamines: 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine (3MPDA) and 2,3,4,5-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (4MPDA). 1,4-Bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene dianhydride (HQDPA), 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), 3,3′-4,4′-diphenylsulphone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (SO₂PDA), 3,3′,4,4′-diphenylsulphide tetracarboxylic dianhydride (SPDA), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), and 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoroisopropane dianhydride (6FDA) were used as dianhydride. The gas permeabilities of H₂, O₂ and N₂ through the polyimides were measured at temperatures from 30 °C to 90 °C. The results show that as methyl and trifluoromethyl substitution groups densities increase from 7.73 × 10⁻³ mol cm⁻³ to 13.50 × 10⁻³ mol cm⁻³, the peameability of H₂ increases 10-fold at 60% loss of permselectivity of H₂/N₂; however, the permeability of O₂ increases 20-fold at 20% loss of permselectivity of O₂/N₂. For O₂/N₂ separation, PMDA-3MPDA has similar performance to 6FDA-3MPDA and 6FDA-4MPDA; all have higher permeabilities for O₂ than normal polyimides, and the P(O₂)/α(O₂/N₂) trade-off relationships lie on the upper bound line for polymers. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

羟基改性聚对亚苯基苯并二唑单体3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-二羟基联苯盐酸盐的合成

为改进聚对亚苯基苯并二唑（PBO）纤维复合黏结性能差等缺点,在苯环上引入极性基团羟基进行化学分子结构改性,3,3′-二氨基-4,4′-二羟基联苯盐酸盐（DADHBP·2HCl）是羟基改性PBO的关键单体。以4,4′-二羟基联苯（DHBP）为原料经硝化、还原反应合成得到中间体3,3′-二硝基-4,4′-二羟基联苯（DNDHBP）和羟基改性PBO的单体DADHBP·2HCl,并对其反应条件进行了优化。结果表明：对于硝化反应,以甲苯、冰乙酸的混合液为反应溶剂,n(DHBP)∶n(HNO₃)=1∶2,反应温度5℃,反应时间2.5h,收率81.39％,高效液相色谱（HPLC）纯度(质量分数)92.43％;还原反应,n(DNDHBP)∶n(FeSO₄·7H₂O)=1∶9,乙醇为溶剂,七水合硫酸亚铁为助剂,n(DNDHBP)∶n(N₂H₄·H₂O)=1∶5.5,反应温度78℃,反应时间9h,热过滤,滤饼盐酸精制后得到DADHBP·2HCl,收率67.16%,HPLC纯度（质量分数）98.20%。中间体和产物结构经红外光谱、核磁氢谱和电喷雾质谱表征确认。     

Synthesis and characterization of novel polyphenol species derived from bis(4‐aminophenyl)ether: Substituent effects on thermal behavior,electrical conductivity,solubility, and optical band gap

In this study, four different Schiff bases namely 4,4′‐oxybis[N‐(2‐hydroxybenzilidene)aniline] (2‐HBA), 4,4′‐oxybis[N‐(4‐hydroxybenzilidene)aniline] (4‐HBA), 4,4′‐oxybis[N‐(3,4‐dihydroxybenzilidene)aniline] (3,4‐HBA), and 4,4′‐oxybis[N‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzilidene)aniline] (HMBA) were synthesized. These Schiff bases were converted to their polymers that have generate names of poly‐4,4′‐oxybis[N‐(2‐hydroxybenzilidene)aniline] (P‐2‐HBA), poly‐4,4′‐oxybis[N‐(4‐hydroxybenzilidene)aniline] (P‐4‐HBA), poly‐4,4′‐oxybis[N‐(3,4‐dihydroxybenzilidene)aniline] (P‐3,4‐HBA), and poly‐4,4′‐oxybis[N‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzilidene)aniline] (PHMBA) via oxidative polycondensation reaction by using NaOCl as the oxidant. Four different metal complexes were also synthesized from 2‐HBA and P‐2‐HBA. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by FTIR, UV‐vis, ¹H and ¹³C NMR analyses. According to ¹H NMR spectra, the polymerization of the 2‐HBA and 4‐HBA largely maintained with C? O? C coupling, whereas the polymerization of the 3,4‐HBA and HMBA largely maintained with C? C coupling. The characterization was made by TG‐DTA, size exclusion chromatography and solubility tests. Also, electrical conductivity of the polymers and the metal complex compounds were measured, showing that the synthesized polymers are semiconductors and their conductivities can be increased highly via doping with iodine ions (except PHMBA). According to UV–vis measurements, the optical band gaps (E_g) were found to be 3.15, 2.06, 3.23, 3.02, 2.61, 2.47, 2.64, 2.42, 2.83, 2.77, 2.78, and 2.78 for 2‐HBA, P‐2‐HBA, 4‐HBA, P‐4‐HBA, 3,4‐HBA, P‐3,4‐HBA, HMBA, PHMBA, 2‐HBA‐Cu, 2‐HBA‐Co, P‐2‐HBA‐Cu, and P‐2‐HBA‐Co, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Curing properties of cycloaliphatic epoxy derivatives

In the cationic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ethers, three major factors, i.e. ring strain, basicity and steric hindrance, are known to govern the reactivity. Considering from these three factors, cycloaliphatic epoxides seem to be the best candidate for the high performance formulations. In the commercial applications, 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexene-carboxylate (ECC) is widely used as cycloaliphatic epoxy monomer. In ECC polymerization, the possibility of ester group participation was pointed out, which resulted in lower reactivity. The negative effect of ester group seems to be very important issue for improved reactivity.In this study, to clarify the effect of the ester group on the cationic polymerization, two di-functional monomers, 2,2-bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-propane (CADE-1) and 3,3′-bicyclohexene-3,3′,4,4′-diepoxide (CADE-2), were selected as candidate for no-ester monomers and their reactivity in the photo-initiated cationic polymerization was investigated. Using photo-DSC and real time DRA method, reactivity comparison of them with ECC was conducted. High curing rate of CADEs, especially for low viscous CADE-2, was confirmed. The curing rate of highly viscous CADE-1 was effectively accelerated by addition of low viscous oxetane monomer.