一种圆柱度测量基准的误差分离方法

通过对主轴回转误差运动的分析，结合三点法圆度误差分离技术，提出了一种完全分离圆柱度测量基准误差的分离方法，即利用主轴回转轴线平均线、测量传感器及直行导轨之间的空间位置关系，建立相应的坐标系，在分离出被测截面圆度误差、最小二乘圆心初始坐标的基础上，完整地分离出影响圆柱度精密测量的径向回转运动误差和导轨的直行运动误差。该技术不仅可以消除测量基准误差对圆柱度测量精度的影响，还可以实现主轴回转误差、导轨直线度以及导轨对主轴平行度误差的精密测量，对高精度误差补偿加工和机床的精度检验也具有重要意义。     

精密硬车加工轴承套圈的表面完整性试验研究

针对磨削加工中套圈精密加工存在的不足,进行精密硬车削加工轴承套圈新工艺的开发,通过加工试验分析了精密硬车加工轴承套圈的表面完整性,探究了基准面平面度、刀具磨损量等工艺参数与加工精度的对应关系。基于精密硬车削套圈试样的表面粗糙度、沟道圆度、显微硬度、热损伤、金相组织、残余应力分布、加工效率等方面的研究,得出了精密硬车削可达到磨削加工精度的结论,且金相组织稳定,不易存在热损伤,具有可控的残余应力分布和较高的加工效率,有利于产业化生产高精密轴承。利用磁性卡盘装夹套圈,分析试样基准面平面度对精密硬车削套圈沟道圆度的影响,发现提高基准面平面度可以有效提高加工套圈的沟道圆度;分析了刀具磨损对硬车削套圈加工精度的影响,得出在精密加工阶段刀具磨损量是控制套圈圆度的重要监控工艺参数的结论。     

轴颈形状误差对液体静压主轴回转精度的影响

液体静压主轴是精密、超精密机床的核心功能部件,已在工程领域广泛应用,但轴颈形状误差作为静压主轴形成回转误差的主要因素,其对回转误差的定量影响规律并不明确。通过分析和简化主轴轴颈的形状误差特征,运用CFD动网格技术定量计算了形状误差作用下主轴在轴承油膜中的平衡位置,模拟了主轴旋转时轴颈形状误差凹、凸部位依次通过最小油膜厚度位置的轴心轨迹,发现了轴颈圆度误差使主轴形成回转误差,其大小与轴颈圆度频次和幅值有关,揭示出轴颈圆度误差对液体静压主轴回转精度的作用机制。通过对比理论计算和试验测试轴颈圆度误差作用下的回转精度,理论计算值约为试验测试值的75.2%。理论计算结果和所提出的研究方法具有重要的理论意义和工程参考价值。     

机床导轨对主轴回转轴线平行度的精密测量

机床导轨与主轴回转轴线之间的平行度是影响机床加工精度的重要因素．也是影响测量圆柱度测量精度的主要因素。提出了一种完全分离机床导轨与回转轴线平行度的新方法。即以主轴平均回转轴线为坐标轴所建立的绝对坐标系内，利用三点法圆度误差分离技术。通过分离各截面的圆度误差及回转误差，结合绝对坐标系与各截面测量坐标系的关系。计算出在绝对坐标系的两个坐标平面内直行导轨上对应点与主轴平均回转轴线的关系。从而实现导轨与回转轴线平行度的精密测量。     

用金刚石刀超精车削光学非球面镜

文章介绍了用金刚石刀超精车削光学非球面镜的方法。分析了在超精车削中影响镜头表面光洁度和圆度、面形精度的因素,其中介绍了机床主轴的非同步误差对表面光洁度的影响,并系统分析产生非同步误差运动的原因和降低非同步误差值的方法;为消除工件装卡变形对加工镜头精度的影响,加工中采用逐点趋近法分步消除工件的装卡变形,从而达到镜头圆度为0.35μm的高精度。     

Real-Time Prediction of Workpiece Errors for a CNC Turning Centre, Part 1. Measurement and Identification

This paper analyses the error sources of the workpiece in bar turning, which mainly derive from the geometric error of machine tools, i.e. the thermally induced error, the error arising from machine–workpiece–tool system deflection induced by the cutting forces. A simple and low-cost compact measuring system combining a fine touch sensor and Q-setter of machine tools (FTS FQ) is developed, and applied to measure the workpiece dimensions. An identification method for workpiece errors is also presented. The workpiece errors which are composed of the geometric error, thermal error, and cutting force error can be identified according to the measurement results of each step. The model of the geometric error of a two-axis CNC turning centre is established rapidly based on the measurement results by using an FTSFQ setter and coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Experimental results show that the geometric error can be compensated by modified NC commands in bar turning.     

回转运动误差的精确测试理论与方法

本文提出了用瞬心的概念分析回转轴径向误差运动的新思想和新方法,根据微分几何学的原理提出了静瞬心线和动瞬心线、静轮转曲线和动轮转曲线、单周回转中心和单周回转轴心等概念及它们的计算公式;指出,单周回转轴心相对于单周回转中心的运动范围可表征回转轴本身径向运动误差的大小,而动、静累转曲线则分别对应于车、镗加工时的工件轮廓曲线,它们的圆度误差即表示车、镗类机床的加工精度过。与CIRP统一文件的近似测试理论不同,本文提出了一种回转运动误差的精确测试理论和方法。     

机床加工误差补偿信号的实时测量系统

机床加工误差补偿是提高加工精度的重要途径.正确测量机床主轴误差运动是实现加工误差补偿的前提.然而,这一测试问题一直未得到很好解决.本文提出的用差动传感器直接相对主轴表面测量的系统比较简单,容易实现,且为实时测量.该方法已用于车削加工误差实时补偿系统之中,取得了较好的效果.     

Automated measurement and compensation of thermally induced error maps in machine tools

In this paper, a direct method of machine tool calibration is adopted to model and predict thermally induced errors in machine tools. This method uses a laser ball bar (LBB) as the calibration instrument and is implemented on a two-axis computerized numerical control turning center (CNC). Rather than individually measuring the parametric errors to build the error model of the machine, the total positioning errors at the cutting tool and spindle thermal drifts are rapidly measured using the LBB within the same experimental setup. Unlike conventional approaches, the spindle thermal drifts are derived from the true spindle position and orientation measured by the LBB. A neural network is used to build a machine model in an incremental fashion by correlating the measured errors with temperature gradients of the various heat sources during a regular thermal duty cycle. The machine model developed by the neural network is further tested using random thermal duty cycles. The performance of the system is also evaluated through cutting tests under various thermal conditions. A substantial improvement in the overall accuracy was obtained.     

缸套孔系镗车复合数控机床的设计研究

根据柴油机机体缸套孔系结构及精度要求,提出了镗车复合加工新工艺,研究设计了双轴进给精镗止口、缸套孔、套筒偏心双层主轴单轴驱动精车止口端面立式数控机床,为稳定高效加工柴油机机体缸套孔系提供了新技术、新装备.     

A comprehensive technique for measuring the three-dimensional positioning accuracy of a rotating object

A method for measuring the accuracy of rotating objects was studied. Rotating axis errors are significant; such as the spindle error of a machine tool which results in increased surface roughness of machined work pieces. Three capacitance-type displacement sensors were used to measure the position of a rotating master ball. The sensors were mounted at the three orthogonal points on the spindle axis. The measurement data were analysed for rotating spindle accuracy, not only for the average roundness error but also for the spindle volumetric positional error during rotation. This method is simple and economical for industrial field use for regular inspection of spindles using portable equipment. The time taken for measurement and analysis using this method is only about two hours. This method can also measure microscopic amplitudes in 3-D directions of vibrating objects.     

The laser ball bar: a new instrument for machine tool metrology

Current techniques for mapping the volumetric positioning errors of machine tools are time and labor intensive. To address these shortcomings, a linear displacement measuring device is introduced to rapidly and easily determine tool positions via trilateration. The laser ball bar (LBB) consists of a laser interferometer aligned within a telescoping ball bar. The design of the device is discussed and an error budget is developed to estimate its predicted accuracy. Results of repeatability and linear accuracy test of the assembled prototype LBB are given. The LBB is used to map the volumetric errors of a two-axis turning center. Comparison of the LBB error map and the error map obtained through parametric error measurements shows the LBB can accurately map the machine errors in a timely manner.     

主轴热误差的数值建模分析

数控机床逐渐向高精度、高速度、精密化、智能化方向发展。机床的精度直接影响了工件的加工精度。以测量加工中心主轴系统的温度场和热误差数据为基础,采用五点法测量了加工中心主轴系统的温度场和热误差数据,用偏最小二乘回归方法建立了两者的多元线性回归模型,并对各个测温点的温度变化与主轴热误差之间的量化关系进行了定性研究。经研究分析,该模型具有较强的预测能力和较为理想的精度,可以满足加工中心热误差实时补偿的需要,也可作为机床设计和制造的参考依据。     

圆柱表面重构基准的曲线拟合提纯法

提出了一种新的重构基准提取方法一曲线拟合法,即采用分离出的回转误差运动中一阶谐波分量代替偏心误差运动。试验表明,该方法是可行的,有效地解决了圆柱度测量中重构基准难以确定的问题。     

Spindle thermal drift measurement using the laser ball bar

Thermally induced errors are major contributors to the overall accuracy of machine tools. An important component of thermally induced errors is the error associated with spindle thermal drifts. In this paper, a novel method is developed to measure spindle thermal drifts in machine tools using a laser ball bar (LBB) as the calibration instrument. The method is implemented on a two-axis CNC turning center. The LBB is used to measure the coordinates of the spindle center and the direction cosines of the spindle axis at various thermal states. The axial, radial, and tilt thermal drifts of the spindle are then computed from the changes in these coordinates. The new method is verified by comparing the spindle drifts measured with the LBB to those measured by capacitance gauges. The results obtained by the new method show good agreement with the capacitance gauge technique. The primary advantage of the new method is the ability to measure the spatial coordinates of the spindle center and direction cosines of the spindle axis with the same instrument used for measurement of the geometric errors of the machine axes.     

Effect of hybrid electrochemical smoothing–roller burnishing process parameters on roundness error and micro-hardness

In this paper, a novel finishing process, which integrates the merits of electrochemical smoothing (ECS) and roller burnishing (RB) for minimizing the roundness error and increasing surface micro-hardness of cylindrical parts, is proposed. Through simple equipment attachments, electrochemical smoothing–roller burnishing (ECS–RB) can follow the turning process on the same machine. To explore the optimum combinations of the ECS–RB process parameters in an efficient and quantitative manner, the experiments were designed on the basis of the response surface methodology technique. The effect of ECS–RB parameters, namely, burnishing force, applied voltage, inter-electrode gap, and workpiece rotational speed on the roundness error and surface micro-hardness was studied. From the multi-objective optimization, the optimal combination of parameter settings are burnishing force of 350 N, applied voltage of 8.2 V, inter-electrode gap of 2.75 mm, and rotational speed of 970 rpm for achieving the required lower roundness error and higher surface micro-hardness. Surface micro-hardness considerably increases about 31.5% compared to the initial surface micro-hardness, and about 2.32 μm roundness error can be achieved using the optimum combination of process parameters. Therefore, the combination of ECS and RB is a feasible process by which it potentially reduces roundness error and surface micro-hardness of axis-symmetric parts improving their reliability and wear resistance.     

Ram spindle tolerance compensation for horizontal borer

Ram–Quill combination spindle has been applied widely in horizontal boring milling machine. It is a great benefit that the machine can be used for various applications. But as the report of experiment, the ram housing bent when it is moved for more than half of its maximum travel. The straightness of Ram housing is out of the tolerance and the runout of the spindle is way behind the requirement when spindle is at the maximum extension point. This paper proposes an electro-hydraulic monitoring and compensation system which will be able to adjust the pressure to the compensation mechanism in time. The experiments prove that the straightness of horizontal surface can meet the requirement, and a ball bar test at the extremely weak point shows an improvement of the roundness tolerance for 65.8 %. This can improve the tolerance of the machine, becoming a superior device.     

Roundness measurement of spherical artifacts at arbitrary latitude

This technical note examines an approach to measuring the roundness of spherical artifacts at arbitrary latitude. A roundness measurement includes the combined contributions from the artifact’ form error and the spindle’ error motion. We show that it is possible to separate the spindle error from artifact form error at any inclination with respect to the axis of rotation if the axial and radial error motion is independently measured using an error separation technique such as Donaldson reversal. Comparison of the predicted and measured results shows agreement to less than a nanometer.     

Dynamic behavior of fluid‐structure coupling of hydrostatic spindle under effect of oil film slip

To better understand the dynamic characteristics of a hydrostatic spindle in fluid‐structure coupling, the impact of oil film slip on the 4 dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of the spindle is studied. On the basis of modified Reynolds equation, which considers the microscale velocity slip effect, rotation error of the spindle is calculated. To solve the rotor axis orbit under the existence of eccentric quality, 4 dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of the oil film, which describe the dynamics of a rotor axis orbit, are calculated by using load increment method and the pressure perturbation method. The research results show that velocity slip caused a certain impact on dynamics of bearing stiffness and damping performance. The experiment of the measuring path of the shaft verifies the correct and effect of the orbit of shaft center model.     

机床主轴回转误差测试系统的研究

针对机床主轴测试方法中存在的测量基准安装偏心的问题,提出了一种有效的解决方法,从测量原理、误差信号的处理等方面来阐述测试方法,最后通过实验对测量结果进行分析,实现了对测试方法的研究.