SnO2溶胶系水解缩合实验研究

通过加入稳定剂、催化剂，由锡酸四丁酯Sn(OBu^n)4制备出稳定的SnO2溶胶液，并有效地控制其Sol-Gel过程，同时测量Sol-Gel过程中SnO2溶胶液pH，粘度η随时间动态变化关系及凝胶时间Tg，对凝胶液稳定性、acacH稳定作用机理、催化机理、SnO2胶粒分形结构进行了研究分析，结果表明：acacH与Sn(OBu^n)4形成双螯合中间体，降低锡酯单体水解活性而使胶粒稳定生长，导致胶粒的准线性无机聚合物特性，催化剂阴离子通过对acac-螯环的部分取代反应，旋即水解、缩合，生产催化作用，阴离子尺寸大小支配催化作用强弱，溶胶液pH平稳值及Sol-Gel过程速度，流变学实验数据分析发现：溶胶液特性粘度[η]很好地符合近似线性模型，改性单体官能度f≈2.0,SnO2胶粒为准线性分子链，分型维度D≈1.80,分形结构介于自回避无规链(SAW)和无规高斯链之间。     

SnO_2溶胶系水解缩合实验研究

通过加入稳定剂、催化剂 ,由锡酸四丁酯Sn(OBun) 4制备出稳定的SnO2 溶胶液 ,并有效地控制其Sol-Gel过程 ,同时测量Sol-Gel过程中SnO2 溶胶液pH ,粘度 η随时间动态变化关系及凝胶时间Tg,对凝胶液稳定性、acacH稳定作用机理、催化机理、SnO2 胶粒分形结构进行了研究分析 .结果表明 :acacH与Sn(OBun) 4形成双螯合中间体 ,降低锡酯单体水解活性而使胶粒稳定生长 ,导致胶粒的准线性无机聚合物特性 ;催化剂阴离子通过对acac -螯环的部分取代反应 ,旋即水解、缩合 ,生产催化作用 .阴离子尺寸大小支配催化作用强弱 ,溶胶液pH平稳值及Sol-Gel过程速度 .流变学实验数据分析发现 :溶胶液特性粘度 [η]很好地符合近似线性模型 ,改性单体官能度 f≈ 2 .0 ,SnO2 胶粒为准线性分子链 ,分型维度D≈ 1.80 ,分形结构介于自回避无规链 (SAW )和无规高斯链之间 .     

催化剂对SnO2溶胶系水解缩合、胶粒生长结构的影响

研究了催化剂对锡酸四丁酯Sn(OBu^n)4水解缩合反应、胶粒生长结构的影响，给出了切粘度η、特性粘度[η]及pH随时间的变化曲线。结果表明：溶胶特性粘度[η]很好地符合近似线性模型，单体官能度f≈2.0,SnO2胶粒为近似线性分子链，分形锥度D≈1.80，分形结构介于SAW链和无规高斯链之间。为鳌合中间体Sn(OBu^n)2(acac)2的存在提供了实验证据。SnO2溶胶粒的生长遵循三阶段模型和胶粒结构不变的规律。同时溶胶液酸性对生长动力学速率有较大影响。     

冶金固体废弃物精细化利用过程中中间体的聚合行为

对冶金固体废弃物精细化利用过程中中间体?含镁、铝离子硅酸体系中硅酸胶凝时间、单硅酸聚合速度及溶胶胶粒生长进行了研究. 结果表明,在pH<4的酸性范围内,Mg2+与Al3+离子促进硅酸的聚合反应,在反应初期Al3+已明显促进反应进行. 且Al3+与硅酸负离子、OH-的结合能力均强于Mg2+,其对硅酸的促凝作用较强;Mg2+和Al3+等浓度共存时,促凝效果介于单金属离子之间;Mg2+与Al3+促进了硅酸体系中溶胶胶粒的生长及SiO2粒子的长大,Al3+进入凝胶内部取代硅形成四面体配位;凝胶后所得SiO2为非晶态结构.     

溶胶—凝胶法制备超滤Al2O3膜的研究：I勃姆石溶胶的制备

本文通过用异丙醇铝水解的溶胶—凝胶法制备了勃姆石溶胶。对其制备过程的主要影响因素—胶溶剂种类及其用量、水解温度及加水量、老化温度及老化时间等进行了研究,探索出了制备稳定、清澈的勃姆石溶胶（ 也称为铝溶胶） 的最佳条件,并对勃姆石溶胶的性质进行了探讨。证实勃姆石胶粒带正电荷,发现勃姆石溶胶稳定存在的ｐＨ 值为３ ．５ ～４ ．１ 。配性太强,溶胶粘度过大易胶凝;酸性太弱,得不到完全胶溶稳定的溶胶。勃姆石溶胶和凝胶之间可以相互转化并没有明显界限     

硝酸对溶胶-凝胶法制备AlOOH胶粒粒度的影响

为获得孔径可控的氧化铝滤膜,以异丙醇铝为原料,硝酸为胶溶剂,使用溶胶-凝胶法制备了AlOOH溶胶,并通过纳米粒度仪、Zeta电位等表征手段,研究了硝酸用量对AlOOH胶粒粒度及粒度分布的影响。结果表明,硝酸与异丙醇铝摩尔比R(n(HNO₃):n(Al(C₃H₇O₃)₃))为0.2~0.7时,随着R增大,AlOOH胶粒的平均粒径从66.69 nm(R=0.2)增大到138.80 nm(R=0.7),其粒度分布曲线的半高宽(FWHM)由144.62 nm增加到267.74 nm。AlOOH溶胶的粒度增大不是由颗粒团聚引起的,而是硝酸加入增大了异丙醇铝水解反应常数,使单位体积内能发生缩聚的中间产物增加,从而促进了AlOOH胶粒的生长。     

不同酸对胶凝过程及莫来石晶须形成的影响

以工业纯铝溶胶和硅溶胶为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备了莫来石晶须。研究了不同酸对胶凝过程及莫来石晶须形成的影响。结果说明,采用柠檬酸调节溶胶的pH值可以缩短胶凝时间,制备出形貌规则、长径比大的莫来石晶须。     

溶胶--凝胶镀膜技术综述(连载3)

2　溶胶向凝胶的转化一般采用升高温度或加入电解质的办法 ,促使溶胶向凝胶转化。升高温度 ,由于蒸发作用 ,胶粒间液体的量降低 ,同时也会使热骚动加剧 ,胶粒间碰撞机会增多 ,胶粒表面的 Si— OH发生聚合反应 ,使胶粒联在一起。加入电解质 ,调整胶体溶液的 p H值 ,减小胶粒间的电斥力 ,诱发胶粒间的碰撞 ,促使胶粒聚集形成凝胶。一般是加入酸 ,使溶液 p H值降低到5～ 6。溶胶在不断地转化为凝胶。这种胶粒的不断聚集 (微凝胶 )漫延到整个溶胶体系。然而 ,二氧化硅和溶剂的局部浓度保持不变 ,溶胶和凝胶之间具有图 7[12 ]　导致溶胶和凝胶…     

Fe3+离子对硅酸体系聚合行为的影响

向不含金属离子的硅酸体系中加入Fe3+离子,研究了体系胶凝时间、溶胶粒径、凝胶比表面积、官能团及热稳定性的变化. 结果表明,加入Fe3+降低了体系pH值;初始pH≤2时,Fe3+起促凝作用,初始pH≥3时,Fe3+起缓凝作用. 初始pH=2时,放置24 h溶胶粒径随Fe3+浓度增加而增大,凝胶比表面积逐渐增大,Fe3+浓度为0.03 mol/L时粒径为444 nm,比表面积为1500 m2/g;初始pH=3时,放置24 h溶胶粒径随Fe3+浓度增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,最大粒径达379 nm,而凝胶比表面积逐渐减小,Fe3+浓度为0.03 mol/L时为81 m2/g. Fe3+引起聚硅酸网络结构变形,导致凝胶部分吸收峰强度减弱和移位及凝胶结合水减少和晶化转变峰变弱.     

不锈钢表面SiO2-TiO2-ZnO-CaO溶胶-凝胶涂层的热变化和化学性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不锈钢表面制备了SiO2-TiO2-ZnO-CaO薄膜,用差热分析(DTA)、失重分析(TG)、红外光谱(IR)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)研究了薄膜的热变化过程及晶相转变行为,利用电子显微镜观察分析了不同组成的溶胶-凝胶涂层的抗酸性和高温抗氧化性. 结果表明: 在溶胶组成为SiO2∶TiO2∶ZnO∶CaO=x∶(80-x)∶10∶10(mol%,x=20～60)的四元系统中,TiO2含量高,溶胶胶凝时间长;涂有SiO2-TiO2-ZnO-CaO薄膜的不锈钢抗酸性和抗氧化性均有显著提高.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。