物化/生化一体式反应器对校园污水的再生回用处理

采用混凝沉影曝气生物滤池一体式反应器对校园污水的再生回用处理进行了研究，考察了系统对SS、COD、NH3-N和TP的去除效果。结果表明：在混凝剂最佳投量为40mg／L、沉淀池水力负荷为5m^3／（m^2·h）的条件下，混凝沉淀对SS、COD和TP的平均去除率分别为67％、51．3％和73．3％；在COD和NH3-N的容积负荷分别为2．16kgCOD／（m^3·d）、1．07kgNH3-N／（m^3·d）的条件下，曝气生物滤池对SS、COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为95％、93％和94．5％。系统出水水质满足《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920-2002）标准的要求。     

间歇重力流分体式MBR处理城市污水的试验研究

针对我国城市小区污水处理与回用技术的迫切需求和膜生物反应器(M em brane B ioreactor,M BR)能耗高的缺点,开发了一种间歇重力流分体式M BR。该反应器膜单元和间歇式生物反应器单元(Sequenc ing B ioreactor,SBR)分置;SBR单元和膜单元间的水力循环利用气升动力,无需循环水泵;利用SBR液位水头实现膜单元无动力出水,无需传统M BR的出水抽吸泵;系统具有维护方便、运行能耗低和建设投资省等特点。采用该反应器处理城市污水,处理出水水质达到了《城市污水再生利用——城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2002)标准。结果表明,间歇重力流分体式M BR对有机物、NH3-N、TP和SS均有很好的去除效果。当进水COD 202~550 m g/L、NH3-N 7.66~16.46 m g/L、TP 1.25~3.28 m g/L、SS 55~215 m g/L条件下,COD、NH3-N、TP和SS去除率分别达到93.5%、95%、95%和100%。     

PAC-MBR组合工艺处理焦化废水的试验研究

采用PAC—MBR组合工艺处理焦化废水，考察了该工艺对COD、NH3-N和浊度的去除效果。结果表明，在水温〉25℃、DO〉3mg／L、pH值为7～8的条件下，组合工艺对COD和NH3-N的去除效果较好，去除率分别大于86．8％和98％，出水COD约为80mg／L，NH3-N基本在10mg／L以下，分别达到了《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）的二级和一级标准；出水浊度〈10NTU，出水水质较为稳定。     

—体化间歇曝气多级生物膜反应器处理低温、低浓污水

采用新型一体化间歇曝气多级生物膜反应器处理低浓度小城镇污水，重点考察了冬季低温（5～8℃）对反应器处理效能的影响，以及采用分级间歇曝气方式能否解决连续流生物膜反应器除磷效能低的问题。试验结果表明：在水温为5～8℃、有机负荷为0．5kgCOD／（m^3·d）、氮负荷为0．12kgN／（m^3·d）、DO为6．0mg／L、HRT为6．0h、挂膜密度为30％，以及第一、二级生物膜反应区的停曝与曝气时间比均为1．0h／2．0h的条件下，处理平均COD为120mg／L、TN为30mg／L、NH4^＋-N为27mg／L、PO4^3--P为1．9mg／L的低浓度城镇污水，可使出水COD≤35mg／L，NH4^＋-N≤3．3mg／L，TN≤19mg／L，PO4^3--P≤0．8mg／L，达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）的一级B标准。     

ABR+SBR组合工艺处理淀粉废水的研究

介绍了采用ABR SBR组合工艺处理模拟淀粉废水的试验装置、方法及效果。试验表明,在稳定期间,系统对COD的去除率在90％以上,出水COD能够控制在60mg／L以下;对NH3-N去除率为80％左右,出水NH3-N能够保证在1 mg／L以下,而且对TP和TN都有着良好的去除效果,去除率分别在70％和80％以上。同时,对生物相进行了描述。     

UASB/SBR/MBR工艺处理生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液

采用UASB/SBR/MBR工艺处理生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液,处理规模为100 m3/d,设计进水COD为50 000 mg/L、BOD5为25 000 mg/L、NH3-N为300 mg/L、TP为15 mg/L、SS为9 000 mg/L,出水COD为50 mg/L、BOD5为15 mg/L、NH3-N为5.45 mg/L、TP为0.27 mg/L、SS≤20 mg/L、石油类≤0.1 mg/L,达到了<城市污水再生利用工业用水水质(GB/T 19923-2005)中冷却用水水质要求,可补充到电厂循环冷却水系统中回用,实现了垃圾焚烧厂废水的"零排放"目标.     

CIBR/波形潜流人工湿地工艺处理城市污水研究

针对武汉市城市污水的水质特点，采用一体式生物反应器（CIBR）与波形潜流人工湿地的组合工艺对其进行处理。研究表明，通过调整CIBR的运行工况来合理分配处理负荷，能有效降低季节性水质变化与湿地单元处理能力变化对出水水质的影响；当组合工艺的直接处理电耗平均值为0．19（kW·h）／m^3时，出水COD、NH3-N、TN及TP平均值分别为15．68、3．25、8．69和0．50mg／L，总体上达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）的一级A标准。组合工艺的总能耗为0．22（kw·h）／m^3，相比于A^2／O及Bardenpho工艺，其处理能耗分别降低了20．77％和40．12％，节能效果显著。     

改良厌氧/缺氧/好氧脱氮除磷工艺处理城镇污水

山东省东明县污水处理厂采用改良厌氧／缺氧／好氧脱氮除磷工艺处理城镇污水，运行结果表明：在平均进水COD为320mg／L、BOD5为154mg／L、SS为142mg／L、NH3-N为32mg／L、TP为2．8mg／L的条件下，其去除率分别为85％、88％、86％、90％、72％，出水水质可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）的一级B标准。     

接触氧化/厌氧氨氧化/微波工艺处理垃圾渗滤液

采用生物处理/厌氧氨氧化/物化处理组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液,系统能稳定运行且对污染物的去除效果较好.组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液中COD的平均去除率为94.97％,出水COD平均为47.5 mg/L;对NH3 -N的平均去除率为98.53％,出水NH3 -N平均为14.62 mg/L;对TN的平均去除率为98.23％,出水TN平均为21.3 mg/L;对TP的平均去除率为69.82％,出水TP平均为2.22 mg/L.渗滤液出水COD、NH3-N、TN、TP浓度均满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889-2008)的一级标准.     

UASB/SBR/化学混凝工艺处理养猪废水

针对养殖场废水COD高、氨氮高、SS高的特点，采用UASB／SBR／化学混凝作为主体处理工艺。UASB反应器采用消化污泥接种，SBR反应器采用好氧活性污泥接种，经过2个月的启动运行，对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、SS、TP的去除率分别达到了91．7％、91．6％、89．4％、98．1％和31．1％，出水各项指标都达到了《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》（GB18596-2001）。     

Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—III. Inorganic compounds and radicals

Second-order rate constants for reactions of ozone with 40 inorganic aqueous solutes are reported. Included are compounds of sulfur (e.g. H₂S, H₂SO₃, HOCH₂SO₃H), chlorine (e.g. Cl⁻, HOCl, NH₂Cl, HClO₂, ClO₂), bromine (e.g. Br⁻, HOBr), nitrogen (e.g. NH₃, NH₂OH, N₂O, HNO₂) and oxygen (e.g. H₂O₂), as well as free radicals (e.g. O₂⁻, OH^•). Most of these compounds exhibit an increase in rate constant with increasing pH corresponding to their degree of dissociation. Rate constants are based on ozone consumption rates measured by conventional batch-type or continuous-flow methods (10⁻³-10⁺⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range) and determinations of stoichiometric factors. Also listed are data determined by pulse-irradiation techniques using kinetic spectroscopy (10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range). Additional literature data are reviewed for completeness. Results are discussed with respect to water treatment and environmental processes.     

Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.     

Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment

The attenuation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) metabolites was studied at a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) site located in Arizona, USA. Two parcels of water were monitored during infiltration; one parcel was predominantly oxic while the other was predominantly anoxic. In this study, only alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APECs) and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) were detected, no short-chained APEOs were observed-even under anoxic conditions. APEO metabolites were rapidly (<7 days) removed under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. In general, the length of the ethoxycarboxylate chain decreases with depth--at depths greater than 3m, only alkylphenoxy acetic acids (AP1ECs), carboxyalkylphenoxy acetic acids (CAP1ECs), and alkylphenols (APs) remain. Under aerobic conditions, octylphenol and nonylphenol concentrations decreased by approximately 80% (w/w) within 3m of the ground surface. Under anoxic conditions however, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 200% during the first 1.5m and then decreased during the next 1.5m; overall, under anoxic conditions, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 38% within 3m. During infiltration, APEC and CAPEC concentrations decrease by more than 95% within 3m of SAT. Alternate flooding and drying cycles appear to enhance overall APEO metabolite removal efficiencies.     

Removal of VUV pre-treated natural organic matter by biologically activated carbon columns

A potential alternative water treatment process using VUV (185 nm+254 nm) irradiation followed by a biological treatment is described. The system uses sufficient VUV radiation (16J cm(-2)) to significantly enhance the production of biologically degradable moieties prior to treatment with biologically activated carbon (BAC). Two similar activated carbons were used, one virgin and one taken from a water treatment plant with an established biofilm. The VUV-BAC process decreased the overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a natural water sample by 54% and 44% for the virgin carbon and previously used BAC, respectively. Furthermore, VUV-BAC treatment decreased the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP) by 60-70% and the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP) by 74%. The BAC systems effectively removed the hydrogen peroxide residual produced by VUV irradiation. Although nitrite formation can result from VUV treatment of natural organic matter (NOM), none was detected before or after BAC treatment.     

750kV GIS中金属氧化物避雷器对VFTO影响的研究

随着超高压气体绝缘变电站(GIS)的广泛使用,由隔离开关(DS)和断路器(CB)操作引起的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害越加明显。以西北地区750 kV官亭GIS变电站为计算原型,利用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)对不同运行方式下GIS设备上的VFTO进行数值仿真计算和分析。重点在于对不同运行方式下金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)的限制过电压效果进行分析。计算结果表明:DS无分合闸电阻时,MOA防护效果更明显;MOA主要的抑制效果体现在MOA附近的设备上,对于远离MOA的设备上的VFTO的抑制效果较小;由于VFTO持续的时间极短,通过MOA的能量很小。     

膨润土对重金属离子Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cr(VI),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

试验研究了pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对膨润土吸附重金属离子Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cr(VI)和Cd2 的影响.结果表明,在本试验的pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂用量条件下,膨润土对Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 的吸附效果均优于其对Cr(VI)的吸附效果;pH值是影响上述吸附的重要因素,离子交换和表面络合是上述吸附的主要形式.     

建筑西向房间夏季室内热环境改善

以国内某大学综合实验大楼为例,实测了其中一间西向房间的室内外空气温度与壁面温度,分析了其夏季室内热环境。为了在经济合理地使用能源的情况下,满足它对夏季冷量与冬季热量的需求,根据实测的数据,利用建筑热平衡原理,对其夏季室内热环境特性进行了分析,指出了其热工设计缺陷,并对其进行了热舒适性的改造。通过软件模拟出改造后房间室内空气温度值,对比改造前后室内空气温度值,结果显示改造后的温度值明显降低,热舒适性得到了改善。     

An energy-based partial pushdown analysis procedure for assessment of disproportionate collapse potential

A disproportionate (or progressive) collapse is triggered by localized structural damage that propagates throughout a large portion of a structural system. The current guidelines issued by the US Department of Defense use the alternative path method to assess the vulnerability of a structural system to disproportionate collapse. In this method, the capability of a structure to sustain local damage is evaluated by notionally removing primary load-bearing elements and checking whether the local damage can be absorbed. The assessment can be performed using linear or nonlinear static structural models or a nonlinear dynamic model. Although nonlinear dynamic analysis gives the most accurate results, it is computationally intensive and requires considerable skill to implement properly. In this paper, the vulnerability of three steel frames to disproportionate collapse is assessed using an energy-based nonlinear static pushdown analysis. The predictions are sufficiently close to the results of a nonlinear dynamic time history analysis that the method would be useful for disproportionate collapse-resistant design of buildings with regular steel framing systems.     

聚硅铁混凝去除腐殖酸的研究

考察了聚硅铁(PSF)对腐殖酸(HA)的去除效果及影响因素,并与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、硫酸铁[Fe_2(SO_4)_3]进行了比较.结果表明,当5相似文献   

Understanding soluble microbial products (SMP) as a component of effluent organic matter (EfOM)

Formation of soluble microbial products (SMP) during biological degradation of organic compounds in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography--size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) as well as other organic matter characterization tools. Results showed that carbon compounds in a glucose feed solution were totally transformed to other organic products classified biomass-associated products (BAP). The SMP-BAP contained in the SBR effluent consisted mainly of high-molecular weight (MW) fractions of organic matter, possibly originating from cell lysis. These compounds exhibited a low specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and a hydrophilic character. In addition, the characteristics of bulk effluent organic matters (EfOM) samples from wastewater treatment facilities were studied. It was observed that EfOM consisted of humic-like and hydrophobic (HPO) compounds, derived from the corresponding drinking water source, in addition to SMP-BAP. A superimposition of SEC chromatograms of the SMP-BAP and humic-like compounds represented a fingerprint of EfOM.