Treatment of Wastewater Containing RDX by Fenton＇s Reagent

Fenton＇s reagent was employed to treat the wastewater containing RDX.The effects of FeSO4 concentration,H2O2 concentration,pH value,reaction time,temperature and initial COD of wastewater on residual COD of wastewater were investigated.The results show that the optimum FeSO4 concentration and pH are 700 mg/L and 2.5,respectively,and the residual COD of wastewater decreases with the rise in H2O2 concentration,but increases with the rise in temperature.After Fenton＇s reagent treatment,the initial COD of less than 874 mg/L wastewater can meet effluent standard.Under conditions of 100 mg/L H2O2,437 mg/L initial COD and 15 ℃ temperature,the lowest residual COD is obtained at 83.80 mg/L in 5 min.     

Study of nano-nitramine explosives： preparation,sensitivity and application

Nano-nitramine explosives （RDX, HMX, CL-20） are produced on a bi-directional grinding mill. The scanning electron microscope （SEM） observations show that the prepared particles are semi-spherical, and the narrow size distributions are characterized using the laser particle size analyzer. Compared with the micron-sized samples, the nano-products show obvious decrease in friction and impact sensitivities. In the case of shock sensitivities, nano-products have lower values by 59.9% （RDX）, 56.4% （HMX）, and 58.1% （CL-20）, respectively. When nano-RDX and nano-HMX are used in plastic bonded explosives （PBX） as alternative materials of micron-sized particles, their shock sensitivities are significantly decreased by 24.5% （RDX） and 22.9% （HMX）, and their detonation velocities are increased by about 1.7%. Therefore, it is ex- pected to promote the application of nano-nitramine explosives in PBXs and composite modified double-based propellants （CMDBs） so that some of their properties would be improved.     

The Dilution/Crystallization Kinetics of RDX and HMX（英）

Three thermokinetic equaions describing the crystal growth process and two relationships between the parameters and the constants of the kinetic equations are derived.The thermokinetic data of crystal growth processes of RDX and HMX are treated based on the derived equations and relationships.The results show that the exothermic dilution/crystallization processes of RDX and HMX are the first order reaction and accord with the dislocation theory.     

Experimental investigation of a cook-off temperature in a hot barrel

The experimental investigations of the effect of contact time/temperature on initiating the cook-off using 7.62 mm calibre cartridge cases （CC） were conducted previously. These cartridges were filled with commercial off-the-shelf （COTS） double based （DB） propellant （Bulls Eye） and were loaded in a hot chamber. The thermal explosion temperature is of great significance to both weapon designers and safety inspectors as it provides the operational limit and safe operating temperature. For CC under test, it was found that the cook-off temperatures of this propellant were encountered with the heat transfer profile of the simulated gun barrel between 151.4 ℃ and 153.4 ℃, with a reaction occurring in less than 300 s after the round was chambered. Usefully, each experiment was found to be consistent and repeatable.     

Burning characteristics of microcellular combustible objects

Microcellular combustible objects for application of combustible case, caseless ammunition or combustible detonator-holding tubes are fabricated through one-step foaming process, in which supercritical CO2 is used as foaming agent. The formulations consist of inert polymer binder and ultra fine RDX. For the inner porous structures of microcellular combustible objects, the cell sizes present a unimodal or bimodal distribution by adjusting the foaming conditions. Closed bomb test is to investigate the influence of both porous structure style and RDX content on burning behavior. The sample with bimodal distribution of cell sizes burns faster than that with unimodal distribution, and the concentration of RDX can influence the burning characteristics in a positive manner. In addition, the translation of laminar burning to convective burning is determined by burning rate versus pressure curves of samples at two different loading densities, and the resulting transition pressure is 30 MPa. Moreover, the samples with bigger sample size present higher burning rate, resulting in providing deeper convective depth. Dynamic vivacity of samples is also studied. The results show that the vivacity increases with RDX content and varies with inner structure.     

提高弹药安全性的关键——钝感弹药（英）

The development of Insensitive Munitions （IM） has been progressing for over three decades. Ever since the highly publicized US Navy aircraft carrier accidents in the 1960s to 1980s, there has been a growing recognition of the value of IM. Reminders of the need for IM have been provided all too often in the form of accidents, such as experienced by the US Army at Camp Doha and the prevalence of attacks on military installations around the world. The process for developing IM has improved over the years as technology for mitigating the consequences of accidental initiation has emerged. Early IM developments were based upon replacement of the traditional TNT-based explosives, with their high vulnerability, with reduced vulnerability PBXs. This led to significant improvements, such as that observed with the replacement of H-6 with PBXN-109 in the US Navy Mk82 GP bomb. From the early 1990s, the use of a complete systems approach was highlighted as the optimum method to achieve IM compliance while maintaining or enhancing operational performance. The use of a systems approach has resulted in the fielding of a number of munition systems with significant IM properties. The challenge for the future is to continue the development and fielding of improved performance IM munitions with limited funding for research and the high cost of introducing new ingredients into energetic formulations. A key development to allow continued progress to occur is the introduction of improved versions of current explosive ingredients. The attention focused in the past few years on forms of RDX with reduced shock sensitivity has highlighted the possibility of improving well-known materials. In the near future, the application of materials technology may provide improved versions of other important crystalline energetic materials currently in production or advanced development, including HMX, NTO, CL-20 and ADN and help advance the development of further explosive ingredients such as FOX-7 and LLM-105. Advances in the development and application of computer modeling must be made if we are to move forward from our current reliance on a limited number of canonical tests that are held to be representative of the hazards likely to be encountered. The availability of verified and validated models describing the response of energetic materials to various thermal and mechanical threats will enable us to perform parametric studies on systems. This will allow us to estimate their response to hazards that are characteristic of the specific environment experienced by that system, and so to tailor the materials and packaging to minimize risk and maximize performance.     

Interaction and Compatibility Between DAAzF and Some Energetic Materials

The interaction and compatibility between diaminoazofuraz （DAAzF） and some energetic materials are studied by using pressure differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） method. The energetic materials include cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine （HMX）, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine （RDX）, nitrocellulose （NC）, nitroglycerine （NG）, 125/100--NC/NG mixture （NC ＋ NG）, N-nitrodihydroxyethylaminedinitrate （DINA）, aluminum powder （A1）, and 3,4-dinitrofurzanfuroxan （DNTF）. The results show that there are obvious interactions between DAAzF and DNTF, DINA, HMX or RDX, while weak interactions between DAAzF and NC, NG, NC ＋ NG or A1. According to the evaluated standard of compatibility, the binary systems of DAAzF with NC, NG, NC ~ NG and A1 are compatible, the binary system of it with RDX is slightly sensitive, the binary systems of it with HMX and DINA are sensitive, and the binary system of it with DNTF is hazardous. Copyright 2013, China Ordnance Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

Molecular Dynamic Simulation for HMX/NTO Supramolecular Explosive

Based on the crystal engineering, six models of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine(HMX)/3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one(NTO) supramolecular explosive were designed. The probable formation of HMX/NTO supramolecular explosive was investigated by the molecular dynamic (MD) method. Interaction between oxygen atoms in HMX and hydrogen atoms in NTO or between hydrogen atoms in HMX and oxygen atoms in NTO were studied by the radial distribution function (RDF). It shows that there are strong hydrogen bonds and Van Der Waals forces between HMX and NTO, in which the hydrogen bonds between oxygen atoms in the NTO and hydrogen atoms in HMX are the main host-guest interactions. The distributions of bond length, bond angle and dihedral angle were simulated by MD. It shows that the structure of HMX is seriously distorted. The binding energies and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns were calculated on the basis of the final HMX/NTO supramolecular structures. The results show that the binding energies of six supramolecular models are E binding (1 1 1-) >E binding (1 0 0)>E binding (0 2 0)>E binding (random)>E binding (1 0 2-)>Ebinding (0 1 1), and the XRD patterns of six supramolecular models are quite different from pure HMX or NTO. Based on the investigation for growth morphology, binding energies and RDF, the model of HMX supercell substituted by NTO along the (1 1 1-) surface of HMX is easier to form.     

Experimental Studies of Toxicity on HNIW and Its Intermediates

The polycyclic nitramine hexanitrohexaazaisowurtane（HNIW） is a compound of high energy density. HNIW can replace 1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazacyclohexane（RDX） or HMX, hut its toxicity is unknown. In this paper, HNIW, hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane （HBIW）, tetraacetyldibenzulhexaazaisowurtzitane （TADBIW）, tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane（TADFIW） and tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane（TAIW）, which are intermediates of the synthesis of the HNIW, were selected as the tested objects in acute toxicity test, acute eye stimulation test and skin irritation test according to the standards of ＂chemical product testing method-401 ： acute oral toxicity test＂, ＂chemical product testing means-405： acute eye irritation/corrosion test＂ and ＂chemical product testing means-404： acute dermal irritation/corrosion test＂ of National Circumstance Protect Bureau. The results show that all of the five objects have no toxicity, no stimulation to eye and skin under the tested conditions.     

Synthesis of Keto-RDX and its Characterizations Calculation（英）

Keto-RDX was obtained by one-step method with a certain amount of RDX as by-product. The effects of various parameters on high yield were studied. A simple analytical method was also introduced to determine simultaneously Keto-RDX/RDX mole ratio. Some important theoretical characterizations of Keto-RDX such as detonation performance at maximum nominal density and shock sensitivity were determined by new methods and compared with RDX.     

Fenton氧化和光助Fenton氧化处理黑索今回收过程废水

采用Fenton氧化和光助Fenton氧化对黑索今回收过程废水处理进行研究,考察了FeS04浓度、H202浓度、pH、反应时间和反应温度等因素对处理过程的影响规律。结果表明：FeS04浓度和废水的pH值都存在最佳值,分别为FeS04 700 mg/L和pH 2.5;COD去除率随着H202浓度增大而增大,随温度的升高而降低;5 min反应基本完成;当H2 02浓度为100 mg／L反应温度为15℃时,COD去除率可达82.07%．在光助Fenton下,FeS04的适宜浓度降低为50 mg/L.     

物性对含能材料撞击起爆感度的影响

为了研究物性对含能材料撞击起爆感度的影响,利用WL-1型落锤仪对含能材料AP、HMX、RDX进行撞击感度测试,采用扫描电镜（ SEM）对落锤撞击前后的样品细观形貌进行观测。结果表明：AP塑性强,HMX、RDX脆性强,同等条件下,AP比HMX、RDX容易爆发;AP的撞击感度随着粒度的增大而减小,HMX、RDX的撞击感度随着粒度的增大而增大。可见,选取大粒度AP,小粒度HMX、RDX可有效降低撞击感度。     

RDX/HMX炸药晶体内部缺陷表征与冲击波感度研究

采用折光匹配显微观察(OMS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)表征、X射线小角散射(SAXS)、表观密度浮沉法(SFM)、微聚焦CT扫描等方法,研究了不同结晶品质RDX、HMX晶体缺陷。OMS观察结果表明,普通RDX/HMX较降感RDX/降感HMX(RS-RDX/RS-HMX)晶体含有更多的表面裂纹与内部孔洞;X射线小角散射与高精度CT扫描统计测试结果表明,RS-RDX/RS-HMX晶体内部也含有一定数量较小尺寸的缺陷,但较普通RDX/HMX晶体内部含较大尺寸缺陷数量少。冲击波感度实验结果表明,炸药晶体缺陷数量、尺寸对PBX冲击波感度有较大影响。     

RDX和HMX晶体力学性能的分子动力学模拟及其撞击加载响应

用分子动力学模拟方法研究了RDX和HMX晶体的力学性能。用撞击加载实验、激光粒度仪和扫描电子显微镜分析了两种晶体的破碎特性。结果表明: HMX晶体的弹性系数和模量计算值大于RDX晶体, RDX晶体的延展性好于HMX晶体。在相同撞击加载条件下,RDX和HMX晶体均发生塑性形变和脆性断裂,但前者以塑性形变为主,而后者以脆性断裂为主,且破碎程度更加显著。评价不同炸药晶体力学性能间差异性的分子动力学模拟方法具有较高的准确度和有效性。     

硝胺粒度及类型对BAMO-AMMO基ETPE发射药燃烧性能的影响

通过密闭爆发器实验研究了硝胺粒度及类型对BAMO-AMMO基发射药燃烧性能的影响规律。结果表明,在50～260MPa范围内,BAMO-AMMO基发射药燃速压力指数较高,约1.2;在75～175MPa和175～260MPa的压力区间,压力指数存在转折,从1.2下降到1;RDX粒度越大,BAMO-AMMO基发射药燃速和压力指数越大;通过RDX粒度的级配或两种氧化剂(RDX和HMX)混合使用可以提高BAMO-AMMO基发射药在中高压段(75～260MPa)的燃速,也可降低此压力范围内的燃速压力指数,但不显著;氧化剂类型(RDX,HMX)不同的BAMO-AMMO基发射药相比,以HMX为氧化剂的样品燃速较低,压力指数较高。     

I-RDX及其PBX老化研究进展

总结了降感黑索今(I-RDX)及其高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)老化研究成果,从RDX晶体特性及其评价方法、I-RDX及其PBX老化前后的晶体特性、冲击波感度特性方面进行了综述,认为I-RDX晶体中不含奥克托今(HMX)或含有微量HMX、或机械混入少量HMX时,材料老化后的冲击波感度特性没有明显变化,最后对I-RDX晶体中HMX的影响机理进行了讨论。     

糖颗粒对HMX和RDX两种单质炸药非冲击点火的影响

为了研究惰性糖颗粒对奥克托今(HMX)和黑索今(RDX)两种单质炸药非冲击点火机理的影响,利用配备了光学观测系统的落锤撞击装置,捕获了含惰性糖颗粒的HMX和RDX经历的破碎、熔化、溅射、点火和燃烧过程。结果表明,在含糖HMX颗粒炸药和含糖RDX粉末炸药中,点火易发生在糖颗粒的周围,燃烧会沿着糖颗粒周围向外部传播;燃烧反应前两者均发生剧烈的溅射现象;含糖HMX颗粒在固相中发生点火;在含糖RDX粉末炸药中,靠近糖颗粒周围的炸药先进入熔融状态,随后熔融区域逐渐扩展,点火点易出现在糖颗粒边缘处的RDX熔融液相中。对比了在HMX/RDX单质炸药中分别加入一个和三个糖颗粒情况下的点火频率,结果表明,三个糖颗粒的情况更容易引起炸药点火;三个糖颗粒由于破碎后产生较多的碎片,其与HMX或RDX单质炸药具有较强的相互作用,可能会在多个位置形成热点,其导致的燃烧反应会比单个糖颗粒的情况更为剧烈。采用上下极限法分析得到,糖颗粒的加入对HMX颗粒炸药的点火具有抑制作用,对于RDX粉末炸药的点火具有促进作用。     

含RDX的炸药废水O3氧化处理试验研究

为研究臭氧(O3)对含黑索今(RDX)的炸药废水的处理效率,向RDX废水连续通O3进行试验,采样分析RDX浓度、化学需氧量(COD)等。结果表明:浓度为3.0 mg.L-1的O3氧化10 mg.L-1的RDX 2 h可使RDX去除58.01%;pH=12,O3氧化4 h可除去约83.15%的RDX;提高废水的pH值、降低RDX浓度及提高温度均利于O3氧化效率的提高。可见,对于pH值较高、浓度较低的RDX废水,单独利用O3氧化法处理是可行的。     

粒度对硝胺类炸药烤燃热感度的影响

为了探索硝胺类炸药的粒度对其烤燃热感度的影响,采用喷射细化法和滴加法,分别制备了三种粒度(亚微米、微米、数十微米)的黑索今(RDX)、奥克托今(HMX)、太安(PETN)粉末.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光粒度分析仪对样品进行了表征,并按照GJB772A -1997方法608.1在自制的慢烤装置中对其进行了烤燃(c...     

2种非TNT基熔铸炸药水下爆炸特性

为选择水下炸药中的主炸药,分析RDX与HMX在水下爆炸的能量输出特性差异,分别以RDX和HMX为主炸药,制备了2种非TNT基熔铸炸药R-RDX与R-HMX,并在直径为85 m的水池中进行水下爆炸试验,测试水下爆炸压力及脉动周期,计算冲击波能及气泡能.试验结果表明:在4~6 m范围内,R-RDX炸药的冲击波能为1.18 MJ/kg,气泡能为4.00 MJ/kg;R-HMX炸药的冲击波能为1.19 MJ/kg,气泡能为4.01 MJ/kg;对于非TNT基熔铸炸药,HMX作为主炸药同RDX相比,在水下爆炸时并无能量优势.