The trypsin inhibitors present in seed of different grain legume species and cultivar

Trypsin inhibitors in a selection of grain legume seeds from different species and cultivars were studied. The results showed that trypsin inhibition content ranged from negligible in Lupinus spp. to very high in Glycine max. Although there is variation among cultivars, generally the highest TIU mg⁻¹ sample values occured in soybean (43–84) and common bean (21–25). Inhibitor content of different Lathyrus cultivars, ranged from 19–30 TIU mg⁻¹ sample. This was higher than the contents in chickpea (15–19 TIU mg⁻¹ sample) and pea (6–15 TIU mg⁻¹ sample). Lentil and faba bean had low values in most cvs (3–8, and 5–10 TIU mg⁻¹ sample, respectively). Trypsin inhibitor isoform analyses showed that the amount of TI detected, varied with legume species and variety.     

UHT奶的质量与原料奶的关系

主要论述了原料奶中的微生物尤其是嗜热性芽孢，低温性细菌及蛋白质的稳定性对ＵＨＴ奶的影响。     

嗜冷菌对UHT乳的影响及预防措施

嗜冷菌代谢所产生的酶在超高温(140℃、5 s)处理下仍有部分残留,引起UHT乳变质,产生胶凝现象及风味的改变,严重影响了乳的货架期.通过研究嗜冷菌及其所产生的酶的作用机制,从原料乳预处理、加工过程到包装讨论了对嗜冷菌的预防措施.     

中小型乳品厂UHT奶的二次污染问题原因探讨

本文主要从设备的角度以实例探讨了我国中小型乳品厂无菌包装鲜奶超高温灭菌后受到二次污染的主要原因。针对这些原因，提出了解决办法，从而在生产过程中严格检查和控制这些关键点，以防止UHT鲜奶的二次污染。     

耐热蛋白酶对UHT乳品质的影响及控制方法研究进展

从耐热蛋白酶对UHT乳品质的影响的角度出发．对近几年来国内外在牛乳中主要耐热蛋白酶的来源、检测方法、酶对UHT乳蛋白质水解和凝胶的影响、控制方法等方面的研究进展情况进行了综述，并提出今后深入研究应关注的方向和重点。     

Purification, characterization, and milk coagulating properties of ginger proteases

Ginger proteases are used as milk coagulants in making a Chinese traditional milk product (Jiangzhinai or Jiangzhuangnai), suggesting their potential as a source of rennet substitute that might be applicable in the modern dairy industry. In this study, ginger proteases were extracted from fresh ginger rhizome by using phosphate buffer and subsequently purified by ion exchange chromatography. Ginger proteases, all with a molecular weight around 31 kDa, were found to exist in 3 forms with isoelectric point values around 5.58, 5.40, and 5.22, respectively. These enzymes had very similar biochemical behavior, exhibiting optimal proteolytic activity from 40 to 60°C and maximum milk clotting activity at 70°C. They were capable of hydrolyzing isolated α_S1-, β-, and κ-casein, of which α_S1-casein was most susceptible to the enzyme; κ-casein was hydrolyzed with a higher specificity than α_S1- and β-casein. In addition, the ginger proteases exhibited a similar affinity for κ-casein and higher specificity with increasing temperature. Gel electrophoresis and mass spectra indicated that Ala90-Glu91 and His102-Leu103 of κ-casein were the preferred target bonds of ginger proteases. The milk clotting activity, affinity, and specificity toward κ-casein showed that ginger protease is a promising rennet-like protease that could be used in manufacturing cheese and oriental-style dairy foods.     

Assessment of the production of Bacillus cereus protease and its effect on the quality of ultra-high temperature-sterilized whole milk

Bacillus cereus is one of the most important spoilage microorganisms in milk. The heat-resistant protease produced is the main factor that causes rotten, bitter off-flavors and age gelation during the shelf-life of milk. In this study, 55 strains of B. cereus were evaluated, of which 25 strains with protease production ability were used to investigate proteolytic activity and protease heat resistance. The results showed that B. cereus C58 had strong protease activity, and its protease also had the highest thermal stability after heat treatment of 70°C (30 min) and 100°C (10 min). The protease was identified as protease HhoA, with a molecular mass of 43.907 kDa. The protease activity of B. cereus C58 in UHT-sterilized whole milk (UHT milk) showed an increase with the growth of bacteria, especially during the logarithmic growth phase. In addition, the UHT milk incubated with protease from B. cereus C58 at 28°C (24 h) and 10°C (6 d) were used to evaluate the effects of protease on the quality of UHT milk, including protein hydrolysis and physical stability. The results showed that the hydrolysis of casein was κ-CN, β-CN, and α_S-CN successively, whereas whey protein was not hydrolyzed. The degree of protein hydrolysis, viscosity, and particle size of the UHT milk increased. The changes in protein and fat contents indicated that fat globules floated at 28°C and settled at 10°C, respectively. Meanwhile, confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that the protease caused the stability of UHT milk to decrease, thus forming age gelation.     

The Extracellular Protease AprX from Pseudomonas and its Spoilage Potential for UHT Milk: A Review

The negative effects of proteases produced by psychrotrophic bacteria on dairy products, especially ultra‐high‐temperature (UHT) milk, are drawing increasing attention worldwide. These proteases are especially problematic, because it is difficult to control psychrotrophic bacteria during cold storage and to inactivate their heat‐resistant proteases during dairy processing. The predominant psychrotrophic species with spoilage potential in raw milk, Pseudomonas, can produce a thermostable extracellular protease, AprX. A comprehensive understanding of AprX on the aspects of its biological properties, regulation, proteolytic potential, and its impact on UHT milk can contribute to finding effective approaches to minimize, detect, and inactivate AprX. AprX also deserves attention as a representative of all extracellular metalloproteases produced by psychrotrophic bacteria in milk. The progress of current research on AprX is summarized in this review, including a view on the gap in current understanding of this enzyme. Reducing the production and activity of AprX has considerable potential for alleviating the problems that arise from the instability of UHT milk during shelf‐life.     

UHT乳贮存期间蛋白变化的研究

在UHT乳贮存期间,对其纤维蛋白酶活力、蛋白沉淀量、下层蛋白粒径、游离氨基氮含量进行测定。结果表明,随着贮存时间的延长,纤维蛋白酶活力、蛋白沉淀量、下层蛋白粒径、游离氨基氮含量变化极显著(P<0.01);贮存时间与纤维蛋白酶活力、蛋白沉淀量、下层蛋白粒径、游离氨基氮含量间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。      

Effect of moderate inlet temperatures in ultra-high-pressure homogenization treatments on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of milk

The effect of ultra-high-pressure homogenization (UHPH) on raw whole milk (3.5% fat) was evaluated to obtain processing conditions for the sterilization of milk. Ultra-high-pressure homogenization treatments of 200 and 300 MPa at inlet temperatures (Ti) of 55, 65, 75, and 85°C were compared with a UHT treatment (138°C for 4 s) in terms of microbial inactivation, particle size and microstructure, viscosity, color, buffering capacity, ethanol stability, propensity to proteolysis, and sensory evaluation. The UHPH-treated milks presented a high level of microbial reduction, under the detection limit, for treatments at 300 MPa with Ti of 55, 65, 75, and 85°C, and at 200 MPa with Ti = 85°C, and few survivors in milks treated at 200 MPa with Ti of 55, 65, and 75°C. Furthermore, UHPH treatments performed at 300 MPa with Ti = 75 and 85°C produced sterile milk after sample incubation (30 and 45°C), obtaining similar or better characteristics than UHT milk in color, particle size, viscosity, buffer capacity, ethanol stability, propensity to protein hydrolysis, and lower scores in sensory evaluation for cooked flavor.     

超高温奶的品质控制

从原料控制、生产控制、CIP清洗等方面讨论UHT奶的质量保证体系。并从UHT常见质量问题着手，分析产生问题的主要原因和解决方法。     

Use of reconstituted concentrated nonfat milk for the production of UHT milk: physical and chemical effects and stability

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of reconstituted concentrated nonfat milk for the production of UHT milk and to evaluate its physical and chemical effects and stability. The study considered three treatments related to the raw material and processing parameters. Increasing the intensity of thermal treatments resulted in increased hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content as well as the denaturation of whey protein. During storage, the milk that was produced from reconstituted concentrate displayed a lesser degree of proteolysis and higher pH value, sedimentation index and HMF, compared to natural milk. Under higher storage temperatures, the degree of proteolysis, HMF and pH decreased and the sedimentation index increased.     

耐热蛋白酶对UHT乳蛋白水解作用

采用SDS-PAGE、Urea-PAGE 分析耐热蛋白酶对UHT 乳蛋白的水解作用。结果表明：荧光假单胞菌(PF)蛋白酶和纤溶酶(PL)作用底物不同,产物也不同;前者优先水解κ- 酪蛋白生成副κ- 酪蛋白,而PL 主要水解β- 酪蛋白与α- 酪蛋白生成γ- 酪蛋白及胨、肽等。分别经PL和细菌蛋白酶水解3h的UHT乳水解产物,在pH4.6和12g/100mL三氯乙酸(TCA)沉淀后经反相高效液相色潽仪(RP-HPLC)分析滤液,两者呈现不同的色谱图。     

几种蛋白酶抑制剂对鸢乌贼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA）、焦磷酸钠（PPi）、牛血清蛋白（BP）、马铃薯粉（PP）等几种常见蛋白酶抑制剂对南海鸢乌贼鱼糜凝胶硬度、弹性和持水性的影响,并结合SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳对相关作用机理进行分析。结果表明,PPi、BP、PP都能显著提高鸢乌贼鱼糜的凝胶性能;当同时添加2%的谷氨酰胺转氨酶（TGase）、250 mg/kg的EDTA、0.3%的PPi、3%的BP和3%的PP时,鸢乌贼鱼糜的凝胶硬度、弹性达到最大。SDS-PAGE分析表明,4种蛋白酶抑制剂和TGase能共同促进鸢乌贼鱼糜凝胶的形成;TGase不能和肌动蛋白（Actin）发生交联反应;副肌球蛋白（PM）参与了鸢乌贼鱼糜凝胶的形成过程。      

蛋白酶对豆乳凝胶过程流变学性质的影响研究

研究了4种蛋白酶对豆乳凝胶性质的影响。通过流变学恒温定量比较结果表明:菠萝蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶都具有凝胶能力,凝胶弹性模量(G')最高可达10.28 Pa和5.27 Pa。升温可使菠萝蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶豆乳体系G'增强;且在40℃时,加入130 U/m L菠萝蛋白酶其豆乳体系G'达到最大值8.37 Pa;木瓜蛋白酶在高温下显示较强的凝胶能力;高温90℃时,含量较低的碱性蛋白酶(70 U/m L)豆乳体系G'达到最大值11.34 Pa;在豆乳体系中加入少量中性蛋白酶,其体系G'随着温度的升高先增强后降低,高添加量则相反。振荡频率扫描结果表明,不同体系G'均随频率的增加而增强,蛋白酶凝胶能力与其添加量有关。     

Influence of storage time on protein composition and simulated digestion of UHT milk and centrifugation presterilized UHT milk in vitro

The centrifugation presterilizing UHT (C-UHT) sterilization method removes 90% of the microorganism and somatic cells from raw milk using high-speed centrifugation following UHT treatment. This study aimed to study the changes in protein composition and plasmin in the UHT and C-UHT milk. The digestive characteristics, composition, and peptide spectrum of milk protein sterilized with the 2 technologies were studied using a dynamic digestive system of a simulated human stomach. The Pierce bicinchoninic acid assay, laser scanning confocal microscope, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and AA analysis were used to study the digestive fluid at different time points of gastric digestion in vitro. The results demonstrated that C-UHT milk had considerably higher protein degradation than UHT milk. Different processes resulted during the cleavage of milk proteins at different sites during digestion, resulting in different derived peptides. The results showed there was no significant effect of UHT and C-UHT on the peptide spectrum of milk proteins, but C-UHT could release relatively more bioactive peptides and free AA.     

原料乳中体细胞数与UHT乳中酪蛋白成分的关系研究

研究了原料乳中体细胞数与15批次UHT乳样本中酪蛋白成分之间的关系。将原料乳巴氏杀菌后进行超高温处理。分别于8,30,60,90和120 d采集贮藏于室温条件下的UHT乳样本,并使用高效液相色谱法对酪蛋白成分进行分析。体细胞数范围1.97×105～8×105 mL-1。体细胞数与原料乳或UHT乳中的κ-酪蛋白质量浓度之间没有相关性(P<0.05)。原料乳中αs2-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白与体细胞数呈负相关(P<0.05)。UHT乳中,αs1-酪蛋白(P<0.05)和β-酪蛋白(P<0.05)与体细胞数在贮藏第8天呈负相关,αs2-(P<0.01)与体细胞数在贮藏第60天呈负相关。结果表明,原料乳中体细胞数较高与β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白的大量水解有关,并且可能导致UHT乳在贮藏期内出现质量问题。     

Do milking practices influence the bacterial diversity of raw milk?

The link between milk production practices and bacterial diversity of 67 raw milks from dairy farms in the Savoie and Haute-Savoie regions of France was studied by Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The milking practices and the cleanliness of different parts of the cow housing were evaluated. The SSCP bacterial profiles allow to classify the 67 milks into three groups: group A was characterised by a majority of Gram-positive non-lactic acid bacteria (Corynebacterineae and Micrococcaceae) and a high level of hygiene in milking practices. The SSCP profiles of groups B and C were close but different from those of group A: they were both dominated by lactic acid bacteria and by a less intensive hygiene practices. The group B milks were characterised by the dominance of Gram-negative bacteria and Lactococcus lactis species while those of group C were dominated by Brevibacterium linens and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The variation of balance between bacterial populations can be associated with differences in hygienic milking production practices.     

牛乳中微生物酶的分离及危害研究

牛乳中存在的耐热芽孢杆菌和某些假单胞菌能够分泌蛋白水解酶类。采用(NH4)2SO4沉淀，高速离心的方法对原料乳中微生物产酶进行分离提取，在366m波长处比色，结果证实有一定的酶活存在。通过分析酶与UHT灭菌乳质量的关系，发现酶能使乳蛋白发生水解，酸度增大，并出现沉淀现象。     

原料奶质量对UHT奶制品的影响及控制

主要论述了原料奶的理化指标及微生物指标对ＵＨＴ奶质量的影响，以及控制方法。