The social endocrinology of dominance: Basal testosterone predicts cortisol changes and behavior following victory and defeat.

Past research suggests that individuals high in basal testosterone are motivated to gain high status. The present research extends previous work by examining endocrinological and behavioral consequences of high and low status as a function of basal testosterone. The outcome of a competition--victory versus defeat--was used as a marker of status. In Study 1, high testosterone men who lost in a dog agility competition rose in cortisol, whereas high testosterone men who won dropped in cortisol. Low testosterone men's cortisol changes did not depend on whether they had won or lost. Study 2 replicated this pattern of cortisol changes in women who participated in an experimental laboratory competition, and Study 2 extended the cortisol findings to behavior. Specifically, high testosterone winners chose to repeat the competitive task, whereas high testosterone losers chose to avoid it. In contrast, low testosterone winners and losers did not differ in their task preferences. These results provide novel evidence in humans that basal testosterone predicts cortisol reactivity and behavior following changes in social status. Implications for the social endocrinology of dominance are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioral consequences of agonistic experience in rats: Sex differences and the effects of testosterone.

Studied the effects of winning or losing on subsequent aggressive behavior in male and female rats. By using 3 strains with different levels of aggression (40 WEzob, 40 S3, and 40 Wistar), a procedure was developed to create winners and losers. Subsequently, winners were tested against losers. Behavioral analysis of all tests enabled a thorough study of these processes and of their consequences. Results (1) indicate that significant and relatively permanent behavioral changes were induced in intact and castrated, testosterone-treated males but not in females and (2) suggest that behavioral inhibition is a specific characteristic of the male's agonistic behavioral repertoire. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of Implicit Power Motivation on Men's and Women's Implicit Learning and Testosterone Changes After Social Victory or Defeat.

Two studies examined interactions of implicit power motivation and experimentally varied victory or defeat in a contest on implicit learning of a visuomotor sequence associated with the contest outcome and changes in testosterone and self-reported affect. In men and women, power motivation predicted enhanced learning (sequence-execution accuracy) after a victory and impaired learning after a defeat. In men, power motivation predicted testosterone increases among winners and decreases among losers, and testosterone decreases mediated the negative effect of power motivation on learning in losers. In women, power motivation predicted postcontest testosterone increases, particularly among losers. In both men and women, self-reported affective states were influenced only by contest outcome and were unrelated to participants' testosterone changes or implicit learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of school-based aerobic exercise on blood pressure in adolescent girls at risk for hypertension

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate 1. the extent of weight gain by high school wrestlers between an evening weigh-in and the first round of wrestling the next morning and 2. the relationship between weight gain and wrestling success. METHODS: Body weights of competitors (N = 260) in a high school wrestling tournament were recorded at official weigh-in and again, about 12 h later, immediately before the first round of wrestling. Data for the heavyweight class was excluded. Weight gain (WG in kg), relative weight gain (RWG in %), and weight discrepancy between opponents (WD in kg) were calculated from data obtained at the weighings. The mean WG for all wrestlers was 1.3 kg +/- 1.1 with a range of -2.0 kg to +4.4 kg. This corresponds to RWG of 2.2 +/- 1.7% body weight. RESULTS: WG in the lower weight classes was statistically larger than that seen in the highest weight classes (P < 0.05). The smallest RWG was seen in the 189-lb. class (1.1 +/- 1.9%), and the largest RWG was seen in the 112-lb. class (3.0 +/- 2.1%). Average WD between competitors was 1.7 +/- 1.5 kg (range 0-7.5 kg.). Average WD was largest in the two heaviest classes. Average WG was 1.5 +/- 1.1 kg for winners and 1.2 +/- 1.0 kg for losers. RWG was 2.4 +/- 1.8% for winners and 1.9 +/- 1.6% for losers. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in WG and RWG between winners and losers was significant (P < 0.05). In 74 of the 130 bouts (57%), the heavier wrestler was successful (NS).     

Reengineering the corporate culture of hospitals

As we move closer to the turn of the century, the American health care system continues to provide management experts with a wealth of case studies describing the winners and losers in today's business environment. Winners in this cost-conscious era of institutional reengineering, said Senge in his best-selling book The Fifth Discipline (1990), are those organizations that bind together around a common identity, a sense of destiny, and a shared commitment to reconciling the existing threats to their survival. Senge suggests that the organizations that are able to tap people's commitment and capacity to learn at all levels of the structure will overcome the type of maladaptation to business threats so commonly seen in corporate failures today.     

Dipyridamole attenuates rebound pulmonary hypertension after inhaled nitric oxide withdrawal in postoperative congenital heart disease

While much is known about the functional significance of strategic decisions in animal fighting, relatively little is understood about the mechanisms that underlie the making of those decisions. In mechanistic terms, strategic decisions, such as either escalating a fight or giving up, are made in relation to the proximate costs that opponents inflict (or can potentially inflict) upon one another. These costs include physical injury and also the physiological consequences of engaging in an energetically demanding activity. We studied the role of injury and energy metabolism during fights between male cichlid fish, Tilapia zillii. In relation to injuries incurred during fights, scale loss differed depending on whether the winner was smaller or larger than its opponent; smaller winners inflicted significantly more damage on their opponents than they received, whereas this difference was not apparent in those fights won by the larger fish. In relation to energy metabolism, escalated fighting resulted in a significant depletion of total sugar reserves in the muscle and the liver. It appears that the muscle energy reserves are respired anaerobically, as was evident from the accumulation of lactate in the muscle. Losers had significantly higher levels of muscle lactate than winners. Together, the injury data and the metabolic data suggest that escalated fighting is costly for both winners and losers, but especially so for losers. These data are discussed in relation to models of animal decision making and we conclude that the difference between opponents in the proximate costs incurred during fighting is likely to underlie the making of decisions such as continuing, giving up or escalating the fight. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.     

Awards for Distinguished Career Contributions to Education and Training.

These awards are given by the Board of Educational Affairs in recognition of the efforts of psychologists who have made distinguished contributions to education and training, who have produced imaginative innovations, or who have been involved in the developmental phases of programs in education and training in psychology. Each year one of these two awards is presented. The Distinguished Career Contributions Award recognizes continuous significant contributions made over a lifelong career in psychology; the Distinguished Contributions Award recognizes a more specific contribution to education and training. Award winners from 1987-2005 are listed. This year the Education and Training Awards Committee nominated two psychologists for the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training. This document includes the citations presented to the award winners of the 2005 APA Award for Distinguished Career Contributions to Education and Training. A brief biography and a selected bibliography of the award winners accompany each citation. If an address was delivered, the award winner's address to the 113th annual APA Convention is also published. The award winners were John C. Norcross and Irma Serrano-García. Norcross delivered an address entitled The Psychotherapist's Own Psychotherapy: Educating and Developing Psychologists (see record 2005-14550-025). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Awards for Distinguished Contribution to Psychology in the Public Interest.

The Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest presents two awards annually to persons who, in the estimation of the Committee on Psychology in the Public lnterest Awards, have advanced psychology as a science and/or profession by a single extraordinary achievement or a lifetime of outstanding contributions in the public interest. One award is presented to a senior psychologist, and the other recognizes a psychologist who has made a significant contribution to the public interest less than 15 years after the receipt of her or his degree. The winners for 1994 are Robert Q. Pollard and Durand F. Jacobs. Their accomplishments are cited and biographies are provided. The winners since the establishment of the award are also listed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Awards for Distinguished Scientific Contributions.

Announces the winners of the 2000 Distinguished Scientific Contributions Awards. These awards are presented to persons who, in the opinion of the Committee on Scientific Awards, have made distinguished theoretical or empirical contributions to basic research in psychology. This year's winners are Richard J. Davidson, E. Tory Higgins, and Elizabeth S. Spelke. Also announced is the winner of the Award for Distinguished Scientific Applications of Psychology, which is presented to persons who have made distinguished theoretical or empirical advances leading to the understanding or amelioration of important practical problems. This year's winner is David H. Barlow. Finally, the winners of the Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology are announced. This award recognizes the large number of excellent young psychologists. The winners are Alan J. Christensen, Robert L. Goldstone, Thomas E. Joiner, Dario Maestripieri, Jeffrey G. Parker, and Karen Wynn. For each winner a citation, biography, and selected bibliography are provided. In some cases the award address the recipient delivered at APA's annual meeting in 2000 is also provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest.

The Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest recognize persons who have advanced psychology as a science and/or profession by a single extraordinary achievement or a lifetime of outstanding contributions in the public interest. Two awards are given: one to a psychologist who has made a significant contribution to the public interest in the early stages of his or her career, and the second to a senior psychologist. Award winners from 1978-2005 are listed. This document includes the citations presented to the 2005 APA Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest. A brief biography and a selected bibliography of each award winner is included. If an address was delivered, the award winners' address to the 113th annual APA Convention is also published. The award winners Margaret Beale Spencer and Daniel Dodgen. Beale delivered an address entitled "Crafting Identities and Accessing Opportunities Post-Brown" (see record 2005-14550-019). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

2009 award winners: Distinguished Contributions to the Public Interest.

Announces the 2009 recipients of the Distinguished Contributions to the Public Interest awards. This winners of the Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest are Keith N. Humphreys, who received the Early Career Award, and Beverly Greene. The winners of the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy are Charlotte J. Patterson and Laurence Steinberg, who shared the award. For each winner, a citation, biography, and selected bibliography are presented. In addition, a version of the award address that the recipient presented at the American Psychological Association's annual convention is also provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Awards for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology.

This award is given to individuals who have made sustained and enduring contributions to international cooperation and the advancement of knowledge in psychology. Award winners from 1991-2005 are listed. This document includes the citations awarded to the 2005 APA Awards for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology. A brief biography and a selected bibliography of each award winner accompany the citations. If an address was delivered, the award winner's address to the 113th annual APA Convention is also published. The award winners were Gary B. Melton and Charles D. Spielberger. Melton delivered an address entitled Building Humane Communities Respectful of Children: The Significance of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (see record 2005-14550-045). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest: 1984.

The Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest recognize persons who have advanced psychology as a science and/or profession by distinguished contributions in the public interest. The winners for 1984 are Seymour B. Sarason and Patrick H. DeLeon. For each recipient a citation, biography, and bibliography are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology.

The Committee on International Relations in Psychology confers the Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology to an individual who has made sustained and enduring contributions to international cooperation and advancement of knowledge in psychology. The winners for 1994 are Frances M. Culbertson and Harry C. Triandis. Their accomplishments are cited and biographies are provided. The winners since the establishment of the award are also listed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Awards for distinguished contributions to psychology in the public interest.

The American Psychological Association 2010 Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest recognize persons who have advanced psychology as a science and/or profession by a single extraordinary achievement or a lifetime of outstanding contributions in the public interest. Two awards are given: one to a psychologist who has made a significant contribution to the public interest in the early stages of his or her career, and the second to a senior psychologist. The winners for 2010 are Perry Halkitis and Norman Abeles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Awards for distinguished contribution to psychology in the public interest.

The Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest presents two awards annually to persons who have advanced psychology as a science and/or profession by a single extraordinary achievement or a lifetime of outstanding contributions in the public interest. The 1991 winners are Susan T. Fiske and Evelyn Hooker. For each recipient a citation, biography, and selected bibliography of their works are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The participation of the brain dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the process of the development of depression induced by social confrontations in mice

Brain D1 and D2 receptors were studied in male mice with repeated experience of social defeats in daily intermale aggressive confrontations inducing development of experimental depression. Groups of animals were studied after 10 (T10 losers) and 20 (T20 losers) days of agonistic confrontations. Mice after 5 days of individual housing were used as a control group. In the experimental groups D1/D2 antagonist cisfluphentixol (0.2 mg/kg) did not affect the communicative behavior in the partition test that estimated behavioral reactivity of a male to another one. Selective D2 antagonist sulpiride (20 mg/kg), however, decreased these reactions in the control group and, in particular, in T10 losers but was ineffective in T20 losers. Both antagonists changed behavior in Porsolt's test of the control mice and, to a greater extent, of T10 losers but failed to change it in T20 losers. Decrease in Bmax in nucleus accumbens and increase in Kd in amygdala were revealed in T20 losers with [3H]-SCH 23390 binding assay. The obtained evidence shows that development of DISC is accompanied by D1 and D2 receptor sensitivity changes. Analysis of data suggests the specific participation of D1 receptors of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system at the stage of developed DISC.     

2010 award winners: Distinguished scientific contributions.

The American Psychological Association 2010 Awards for Distinguished Scientific Contributions are presented to persons who, in the opinion of the Committee on Scientific Awards, have made distinguished theoretical or empirical contributions to basic research in psychology. The 2010 winners are Jonathan D. Cohen, Susan T. Fiske, and Joseph E. LeDoux. The Award for Distinguished Scientific Applications of Psychology is presented to a person who, in the opinion of the Committee on Scientific Awards, has made distinguished theoretical or empirical advances leading to the understanding or amelioration of important practical problems. The winner for 2010 is David M. Clark. The Awards for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology recognize the large number of excellent young psychologists. The 2010 winners are Stanley B. Floresco, Peter J. Gianaros, Mara Mather, Simona Ghetti, Larissa K. Samuelson, Benjamin L. Hankin, and Matthew K. Nock. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

American Psychological Foundation awards for 1987: Gold Medal Awards for Psychological Science, Psychological Professional, and Contribution by a Psychologist in the Public Interest.

Announces the winners of the 1987 Gold Medal Awards. The recipients, who are 65 years of age or older and residents of North America, are recognized for a distinguished and long-continued record of accomplishments in three individual areas: professional, scientific, and public interest. The winners are as follows: Psychological Science Gold Medal Award, Fritz Heider; Psychological Professional Gold Medal Award, Rollo May; and Contribution by a Psychologist in the Public Interest Gold Medal Award, Kenneth B. Clark. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest.

Presents the 2002 winners of the American Psychological Association Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest. The Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest recognize persons who have advanced psychology as a science and/or profession by a single extraordinary achievement or a lifetime of outstanding contributions in the public interest. Two awards are given, the first to a psychologist who has made a significant contribution to the public interest in the early stages of his/her career, and the second to a senior psychologist. Recipients for 2002 were Phyllis A. Katz and Melba J. T. Vasquez, who shared the senior award, and Brian Smedley, who received the early career award. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)