Firing process and colouring mechanism of black glaze and brown glaze porcelains from the Yuan and Ming dynasties from the Qingliang Temple kiln in Baofeng,Henan, China

Black glaze and brown glaze porcelains were an important part of ancient Chinese iron-based high temperature glazes. The excavation of black glaze and brown glaze porcelains from the Yuan and Ming dynasties at the Qingliang Temple kiln site in Baofeng, Henan, China, in 2014, enriched the firing history of this kiln site and history of Chinese ceramics. In this study, black glaze and brown glaze porcelain samples from the Qingliang Temple kiln site from the Yuan and Ming dynasties were selected and analysed via optical microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy combined with EDS and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence to determine their microscopic morphology, microzone composition, microstructure and chemical composition. Moreover, the main wavelength range of the brown glaze porcelain samples were measured by UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer systems. The main conclusions of this study are as follows. The brown glaze porcelain from the Yuan and Ming dynasties at the Qingliang Temple kiln site has two different colour layers, with the surface is brown and the bottom is black. The presence of a glass phase and α-Fe₂O₃ phase in the black glaze porcelain samples, and a rare ε-Fe₂O₃ phase in the brown glaze porcelain samples. The brown colour was a result of ε-Fe₂O₃ precipitation, whilst the black base layer also enhanced the brown-colouring effect. Different glaze formulations were used for brown glazed porcelain, some of which were similar to those used for black glaze porcelain and derived from the transformation of black glaze porcelain through different firing atmospheres and cooling rates. Although the formula of the brown glaze porcelain samples exhibited differences, the main wavelength difference was not large, was within the 645–682 nm range and belonged to the visible red region.     

Study on the coloring mechanism of the Ru celadon glaze in the Northern Song Dynasty

The Ru kiln is one of the five most famous kilns in the Chinese Song Dynasty. To clarify the coloring mechanism of the Ru celadon glaze, the celadon samples from the Ru Guan kiln site of Qingliangsi were analyzed by spectrophotometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrum, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrum. The results indicated that the molar ratios of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and CaO/(CaO + Al₂O₃) affected the formation of micro-bubbles, anorthite crystals and phase separated structures. A large number of bubbles and anorthite crystals formed special glossiness and opacifying effect in the Ru celadon glaze. And then, dense phase separation droplets in the amorphous region were in short-range order, but their diameters (31–46 nm) were too small to form visible structural colors on glaze surfaces. Only “opal effect” was formed by the light scattering, which added the aesthetic feeling for the Ru celadon. Besides, the phase separation droplets intensified the segregation of iron, and thus deepened the chemical color and made the Ru celadon glaze appear green-blue. Due to the neutral to alkaline soil at the Ru Guan kiln site, the water in the soil and its corrosion on the Ru celadon glaze resulted in the formation of Si–OH bond.     

隧道窑烧成带高温参数测量

论述了使用热电偶和光学高温计测量隧道窑烧成带温度时的影响因素、修正方法及实际应用中的注意事项     

Study on the Five dynasty sky-green glaze from Yaozhou kiln and its coloring mechanism

This work takes the Five dynasty sky-green glaze of Yaozhou kiln as the major study object. Based on the analysis of XRF, XRD, XPS and SEM/EDS, the chemical compositions, firing technique and microstructure of the sky-green glaze were investigated. A possible coloring mechanism was proposed to explain the variation of glaze appearance. The results indicated that the Five dynasty sky-green glaze had relatively high contents of CaO and K₂O, which led to the better gloss and transparency than others. Besides that, the chemical coloring of Fe₂O₃ and the scattering of phyical structures also affected the color saturation and opacity of glaze surface. The high Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio and phase separation droplets of forming structural color by the amorphous photons and Rayleigh scattering contributed to increasing the blue tone of sky-green glaze. In addition, the residual crystals decreased the transparency of glaze surfaces.     

燃气高温梭式窑在艺术陶瓷创作中的应用及烧成操作

随着陶瓷艺术教育在各大、专院校的兴起,高温梭式窑也成为高校艺术陶瓷创作中常用的教学、科研设备。本文结合陶艺教育需求及陶瓷艺术瓷烧成特点,对高温燃气梭式窑炉的烧成操作以及窑炉日常管理维护作了较为系统的阐述。     

Unveiling the science behind the tea bowls from the Jizhou kiln. Part II. Microstructures and the coloring mechanism

In this part of the study, optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer, transmission electron microscope-selected area diffraction-energy dispersive spectrometer, micro-Raman and reflectance spectrum were applied to further study the microstructures of the characteristic areas of the glazes and illustrate the coloring mechanism of the “hare's fur” tea bowls with blue or bluish violet patterns. The results show that due to the diffusion between the cover glaze and ground glaze caused by compositional difference, as well as the “boiling effect” of the ground glaze, local chemical composition changes to form the different microstructures in different regions. Large sized interconnected phase separation structure with approximately 350?nm characteristic size forms in the unreacted portion of the cover glaze, leading to the scattering of all wavelengths of the incident visible light. With the contribution of the ground glaze which has low immiscibility tendency, small sized interconnected phase separation structure with approximately 170?nm characteristic size forms at the edge of the white region, leading to the scattering of the blue light range of the incident visible light. The fluctuation of thermal history gives various appearance to the Jizhou “hare's fur” tea bowls, although they share the same coloring mechanism. In general, chemical composition, microstructure and firing schedule cooperate with each other to create the changeful appearance of the Jizhou tea bowls.     

卫生陶瓷快烧隧道窑的截面温度及其均衡

简要说明了卫生陶瓷实现快速烧成的必要性及其发展状况,着重介绍了快烧隧道窑中各阶段的截面分布全面分析了均衡卫生陶瓷快烧隧道窑截面温度的具体措施。     

Mineralogical transformations of calcareous rich clays with firing: A comparative study between calcite and dolomite rich clays from Algarve, Portugal

Mineralogical transformations during firing of two extremely calcareous clays, one calcite and other dolomite rich, and relatively poor in silica were studied. Original clays were mineralogical and chemically characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Firing of both clays was carried out in the temperature range 300–1100 °C under oxidizing conditions and the mineralogical transformations were investigated with XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy associated with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).Important compositional differences in the neoformed phases were observed between calcite and dolomite rich clays. In the Ca-rich clay the assemblage gehlenite + wollastonite + larnite was observed. In the Mg(Ca)-rich clay the reaction products included akermanite, diopside, monticellite, forsterite, periclase and spinel.XRD and SEM-EDS showed the presence, in both clays, of a potassium–calcium sulfate in samples fired between 900 and 1100 °C.     

The white porcelains from Dehua kiln site of China: Part I. Chemical compositions and the evolution regularity

Dehua county in Fujian province of China has a long history of white porcelain production from the Song to Qing Dynasties. The development and flourish of Dehua porcelain has always been closely related to the export trade. In this part of the study, white porcelain samples of the Song to Qing Dynasties excavated from Wanpinglun, Qudougong, Zulonggong, Jiabeishan and Xingjiao kiln sites were analyzed to investigate chemical compositions of body and glaze and the evolution regularity in the course of time. The study demonstrates that the composition of Dehua body has similar evolution regularity through the Song to Qing Dynasties with Dehua glaze, and the samples of the Ming Dynasty have extraordinary high K₂O both in bodies and glazes.     

球形氯化钾结晶过程与聚结机理研究

针对球形氯化钾结晶过程与聚结机理不明的问题,以冷却结晶法通过过程取样制备与表征了两种不同形貌的氯化钾在不同结晶阶段的晶体形貌与粒度分布特征,从而对比分析了球形氯化钾的结晶过程。并从结晶热力学、经典浸润理论和Lifshitz-Van der Waals酸碱理论出发解释了球形氯化钾形成的主要机理是添加剂的添加减小了结晶体系的介稳区宽度及增大了晶体颗粒在结晶溶剂中的粘附自由能,导致结晶体系更容易以聚结的方式实现球形结晶。介稳区宽度减小和晶体颗粒在结晶溶剂中粘附自由能增大的同步调控有助于实现氯化钾的球形结晶。     

水泥窑协同处置城市生活垃圾技术及其在我国的应用现状

利用水泥窑协同处置城市生活垃圾是一种安全可靠、经济环保的可彻底消除垃圾的处置技术。介绍了海螺、华新和中材国际三家有代表性的利用水泥窑协同处置城市生活垃圾的技术路线,分析了三种技术示范化项目的运行情况。结果表明:三家技术的示范化项目均取得了良好的环保效果,各项环保指标均完全满足相关标准的限值要求。最后,还阐述了该项技术推广应用存在的瓶颈,即经济效益及利益分配问题。     

中国涂料工业协会七届五次理事会、七届九次常务理事会在杭州顺利召开

<正>2015年3月25日,中国涂料工业协会七届五次理事会、七届九次常务理事会在浙江杭州举行。应到理事120人,实到96家单位,根据中国涂料工业协会章程到会人数超过应到人数的2/3,会议决议均有效。会议由孙莲英会长主持,审议了中国涂料工业协会2014年度工作总结和2015年工作计划。杨渊德秘书长就协会2014年所做的工作做了汇报发言:2014年中涂协承担了DDT防污漆替代品项目结题工作、中国逐步淘汰含铅涂料项目、《工业涂装     

石灰碳化煤球碳化机理及新工艺探讨

对石灰颗粒,单个煤球的碳化过程,以新观点解释了煤球碳化机理,研究了成型压力与煤球质量、碳化速率及预干燥的关系。提出低压成型,高料层低温碳化及后补强期的新工艺。     

中国涂料工业协会第七届五次常务理事会在合肥顺利召开

<正>早春3月,意味着一个新的万物复苏季节的到来,意味着一个新的播种时刻的到来,也意味着生机盎然的涂料工业2013年第一季度萌芽的开始!在这个复苏的早春,中国涂料工业协会第七届五次常务理事会于2013年3月27日下午在安徽合肥顺利召开。应到常务理事48人,实到43人,未到     

Degradation mechanism of the Ru wares unearthed from the Qingliangsi site in Henan,China

The Ru kiln is a famous kiln that originated in the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127 CE) in China. After nearly a thousand years of degradation, many ‘white spots’ have appeared on the Ru glazes, which have seriously damaged the visual aesthetic. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and angle-resolved spectrum system were used to systematically investigate the composition, microstructure, and degradation morphology of the Ru ware. The degradation mechanism of the Ru glaze was investigated, showing that the heterogeneity of the glaze microstructure resulted in different degradation morphologies. The weakest part determined the overall corrosion resistance. Fine crackles of the glaze provided a fast path for corrosion. The special soil environment at the Qingliangsi site was a key influencing factor leading to the ubiquitous and severe degradation of the Ru wares. The microstructure degradation caused by chemical corrosion provided complex light-reflecting interfaces, leading to the formation of ‘white spots’ on the surface. Combined with the influence of exotic contaminants, the color and texture of the Ru glaze significantly changed, and the appearance quality seriously declined.     

熔喷法气流拉伸机理与喷射流场的研究进展

介绍了熔喷法非织造布的气流拉伸机理和空气喷射流场的研究进展,评价了聚合物熔喷气流拉伸的数学模型和空气喷射流场等对纤维直径的影响。指出今后的研究应探索建立熔喷法的三维拉伸模型和喷嘴气流喷射流场理论。     

The role of copper and silver in the colouration of metallic luster decorations (Tunisia, 9th century; Mesopotamia, 10th century; Sicily, 16th century): A first approach

The metallic luster of glazed ceramics is a very special type of decoration. Its optical properties are characterized by a change of colour according to the observation conditions. In diffuse light, these decorations are often green, brown, or ochre‐yellow. In specular reflection, they show an associated coloured metallic reflection (blue, golden‐yellow, orange, etc.). Metallic copper and/or silver colloids almost always compose the metallic luster decorations. We wish to define the role of these two metals in the colouration observed both in diffuse light and in specular reflection. Our investigations show that a relationship exists between the proportions of copper and silver, and the diffuse colour. The green decorations contain more silver than copper, and the ochre‐yellow and brown decorations contain more copper than silver. This specific correlation only exists if the samples have the same type of glaze and, especially, a similar chemical composition. This means that the composition of the glaze has an important influence in the colouration process. Moreover, our investigations show that there is no relationship between the specular colour and the overall concentration of copper and silver. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 352–359, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10183     

浅谈电石乙炔废弃物制水泥工艺路线的选择

通过对电石乙炔废弃物(电石渣)与石灰石的性质对比,以及目前常见的传统湿法窑、带压滤的湿法窑、湿磨干烧、新干法等电石渣制水泥生产工艺在消耗以及环境影响等方面的对比,阐述了电石渣制水泥工艺的特点及实际应用情况,并对电石渣制水泥工艺路线的选择提出了建议。     

UV/H_2O_2高级氧化工艺反应机理与影响因素最新研究进展

UV/H2O2高级氧化工艺具有工艺流程简单、氧化能力强、H2O2利用率高以及无二次污染等优点,显示出良好的发展潜力和应用前景。介绍了UV/H2O2高级氧化工艺的反应机理,并在此基础上着重对影响UV/H2O2反应过程的主要工艺参数(紫外光强度、紫外光波长、H2O2浓度、溶液温度、污染物初始浓度、初始pH值以及溶液中无机阴离子)进行了综述。对目前该技术存在的问题以及发展方向作了简单的总结与展望。