天然气分布式冷热电三联供发展对策研究

天然气分布式冷热电三联供具有能效高、清洁环保、安全性高、削峰填谷、经济效益好等优势,但目前我国发展天然气分布式冷热电三联供面临着现行法律、规范和行业标准等方面的制约,天然气资源也难以得到保障。为加快发展天然气分布式冷热电三联供,提高一次能源利用效率,减少环境污染,推动生态文明的建设,建议完善现行法规,参照国外经验,落实配套政策,依托LNG接收站,以气源有保障的大型国有企业为主体,优先在东南沿海经济发达地区展开。     

Technology choices for new entrants in liberalized markets: The value of operating flexibility and contractual arrangements

New entrants in liberalized electricity markets which are not vertically integrated and do not operate a large and diversified portfolio of generation technologies are likely to favour technologies which offer the best prospects to manage fuel and electricity price risks through contractual arrangements and operating flexibility. Monte Carlo simulations of a discounted cash flow model of investment in combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), coal and nuclear power plant are run to compare the impact of fuel and electricity price risks on these different technologies, as well as the value of operating flexibility and contractual hedges. In the absence of long-term fixed-price power purchase contracts, CCGT is the least risky option as its cash flow is “self-hedged” given the high correlation between electricity and gas prices observed in many markets. Moreover, the value associated with operating flexibility and arbitrage between gas and power market is greater for CCGT plant. This makes CCGT particularly attractive to new entrants.     

建立城市综合管理运行体系的思考

提出城市管理必须按照综合管理的思路，从法规、体制、机制、队伍、养护、经费等方面进行改革，建立起城市综合管理的运行体系，形成覆盖式、长效化的城市综合管理新格局。     

广州市地下空间防洪灾规划和管理策略

随着我国城市地下空间开发利用规模的日益增大,地下空间防灾问题受到了前所未有的关注。通过对广州市洪潮特性及地下空间洪灾成因的分析,提出了地下空间防灾应在优化地下空间地面高程控制、提高周边地块排水及防涝标准、强化除险设施及拦防设施、完善法规及应急预案、深化地下空间规划设计和运营管理、构建安全演习和构建防灾信息平台等方面展开相关工作,以利于扩展广州市城市综合防灾的力度和视角,促进城市综合防灾系统与立体化城市建设同步发展。广州市地下空间防洪灾的城市规划策略和城市管理策略,可为我国城市地下空间的建设者和管理者提供借鉴。     

城市地下空间综合管理关键问题研究

地下空间利用对提高土地利用率,缓解城市病具有重要作用,国内一线城市均高度重视地下空间资源,部分城市出台了地方性法规和政府规章,指导地下空间综合管理工作,但法规的实施效果并不理想。通过梳理国内城市地下空间管理相关法规的主要编制内容,分析其无法解决地下空间管理实际问题的痛点,提出应破解的关键问题。地下空间管理应以管理体制为前提,权属管理为核心,规划管理为条件,维护管理为品质,安全管理为保障,信息管理为基础来制定细则,建立综合的管理体系。各地出台的综合法规和配套法规应抓住痛点,不断修订和完善,为建设高品质的地上地下一体化空间提供保障。     

土地储备制度:绩效、问题及其法律规制

土地储备制度不仅有利于加强国家对城市土地市场的宏观调控,促进城市经济的健康发展,增加各级政府的财政收入,还有利于经济改革及公共事业建设的顺利进行。以此为基础,剖析了其在实践当中出现的相关法律缺位,导致地价房价上升,造成资金风险较大等问题,进而提出了相应的法律规制措施:譬如完善土地权利方面的立法,实行"立法———规划———许可———计划"的分区管制和指标控制相结合的土地利用规划管理体系,强化土地利用规划的实施管理,强化城市再开发、土地征用及农村宅基地管理方面的专项立法等。     

国外储气设施运营模式经验及启示

分析了美国、日本、俄罗斯和欧洲部分国家在天然气储备法律法规和运营管理方面的情况,认为我国应借鉴欧美国家的经验,进一步通过立法加强监管,按照近期峰谷气价模式和远期独立仓储模式的方式加快推动我国地下储气库独立运营,加大储气库信息向社会公开的力度。     

Storage in lined hard-rock cavens: results of a pilot study

Spiraling natural gas consumption has increased the demand for high-pressure underground gas storage facilities. The proven methods of gas storage in porous geological formations and salt caverns are limited to locations with suitable geological conditions. At present, innovative techniques for high-pressure underground gas storage in lined hard rock caverns are being investigated in order to increase the number of potential sites and raise supply security. Because of the permeability of the generally jointed hard rock masses, these caverns have to be sealed by a lining system. This paper reports the results of a feasibility study of high-pressure gas storage in lined hard rock caverns. The paper commences with a look at the potential uses of hard rock caverns for gas storage, and pertinent design requirements. A preliminary concept for the caverns and the gas plant is discussed, with specific emphasis on geological boundary conditions, rock mechanics and construction. The paper concludes with a discussion of technical and economic feasibility considerations for this storage concept.     

地下水封石油洞库施工期安全风险评估研究

地下水封石油洞库建设具有投资大、无成熟设计施工规范、不确定因素多等特点,建设过程中存在着一定安全风险,开展地下水封石油洞库施工期安全风险评估研究具有重要意义。针对地下水封石油洞库施工期安全风险,从洞库稳定性与水封性两个方面,开展了洞库施工期安全风险评估研究,结合中国首座大型地下水封石油洞库工程对研究结论进行了验证。研究中,开展了地下水封石油洞库风险因子识别,进行了风险因子重要性和引发功能失效概率调查;采用模糊数学方法获得了风险因子模糊权重集和模糊评价集,得到了风险因子影响程度排序;总结了某地下水封石油洞库建设中典型稳定性和水封性风险事故,分析了事故发生原因,并与上文所得风险因子影响程度进行了对比验证。研究结果不但为提高地下水封石油洞库风险管理水平提供支撑,而且还可丰富地下工程安全风险评估研究内容。     

城镇燃气系统地震灾损分析及灾后思考

整理了历年来多个典型地震对燃气管网设施破坏的资料,分析了燃气管网的地震灾害特点和统计规律,回顾了地下管道抗震研究的现状和成果,燃气设施抗震的国家规范、法律法规的历程。介绍了日本东京燃气企业应对地震的主要对策,提出我国抗震研究的发展方向。     

Lager‐ und Abfüllanlagen in Biogasanlagen – Zulassungen für Bauprodukte und Bauarten

Biogas‐storage‐ and Biogas‐filling‐facilities – Approvals for construction products and techniques In accordance with the building and water regulations, assessments of fitness for use pursuant to the Building Codes can be issued for construction products and techniques used in storage and filling facilities of biogas plants since September 2015. The article explains which building and water regulations apply to construction products and techniques intended for such use. The requirements in both legislative areas have considerable effects on the characteristics of construction products and techniques intended for contact with fermentation substrates and fermentation residues. In particular, the water regulations set out strict requirements for construction products intended for use in such facilities, which are reflected in high verification requirements for functional reliability and fitness for use. The paper focuses on general aspects, which apply to all approval elaboration and granting processes for construction products and techniques used in the before‐mentioned areas of biogas plants. More specific aspects of approval elaboration will also be addressed, using the example of selected construction products and techniques. The article provides guidance for product manufacturers and for qualified planning and design. It also explains certain specific provisions to be met by specialised firms and qualified professionals within the meaning of water legislation and by operators of biogas storage and filling facilities.     

浅谈城市地下综合管廊防火分区设计

城市地下综合管廊,是一种相对密闭的地下构筑物。廊体内很容易沉积大量的热空气和有害气体,发生火灾事故的概率较高。一旦发生火灾事故,其产生的危害与损失也难以估量。根据我国相关法律法规,城市地下综合管廊必须要进行防火分区的设计。文章重点针对城市地下综合管廊的防火分区设计进行详细的分析,旨在提升城市地下综合管廊运营的安全性与稳定性,以供参考。     

深层地下车站疏散安全挑战及组织策略探析

我国地下车站的开发建设向深层化与综合化发展,深层地下车站组织复杂、结构特殊,在破坏性灾害下,深层地下车站存在疏散路径长、层数多、出口少等问题,疏散困难,易造成人员的重大伤亡。因此,本文以深层地下车站空间中人员疏散安全设计面临的主要挑战为切入点,通过疏散目标、疏散时间、性能化消防工程安全指标3个方面,梳理现有疏散安全法规与评估方法中深层地下车站安全疏散存在的问题,分析可用于深层地下车站疏散的楼梯、扶梯、电梯等疏散设施,提出了深层地下车站空间中人员应急疏散组织的同时疏散、分阶段疏散、延迟疏散3种策略。研究成果可为城市深层地下车站开发建设中疏散安全设计提供参考。     

Assessment and planning of underground space use in Singapore

Underground space development has become an economic imperative for land-scarce Singapore. In 2007, the government, under the Ministry of National Development, set up an inter-agency Underground Master Planning Task Force that aims to map out the long-term development of underground space, bringing underground space development to a strategic level. In 2010, the Economic Strategies Committee made developing underground space part of the government’s long-term economic strategy with specific recommendations on master planning, geological investigations, investment in research and development, and various policy issues. The ESC report also recommended that the government should take the lead in catalysing the use of underground space. Based on these recommendations, the Singapore government have taken various initiatives and studies, and initiated various research projects in support of these initiatives.This paper gives a review of the history of underground space development, highlights the potential utilisations, and discusses the various recent studies and planning issues, and examines possible strategies for future use of underground space in Singapore.     

Proposed future underground projects in sweden

The author describes a number of underground projects proposed by Swedish architects, engineers and planners. These include an underground wind tunnel built in rock, an underground museum, underground gas storage facility, an underwater traffic tunnel for Stockholm, and a large conference center under Stockholm, an underground concert hall in Jönköping, underground grain storage and oil storage facilities in rock caverns, and an underground pipeline to bring fuel to Stockholm airport, underground peak power-stations, and an underground waste treatment facility.     

城市地下街建设标准体系研究

随着我国城镇化水平的日益提高,城市地下空间的开发利用也已经在全国各大城市有序进行。地下街作为一种兼具经济效益、环境效益和社会效益的城市地下空间利用形式,也越来越得到重视。但是,伴随着地下街建设的普遍化、大型化以及利用人流的密集化,地下街在经营和防灾等方面的隐患也越来越突显。针对我国地下街建设法规方面的不足,借鉴日本、台湾地区以及欧美国家的地下街建设经验,提出我国地下街建设标准体系,旨在为地下街的规划建设提供规范化保障。     

深圳城市地下空间开发现状及典型工程案例分析

深圳是我国的经济特区和粤港澳大湾区的核心城市之一,在城市建设方面取得了显著成就,而随着地面空间越来越有限,开发地下空间成为深圳未来发展的必然趋势.本文首先综述了深圳在地下交通系统(包括轨道交通系统和地下快速道路)、地下综合管廊、地下商业中心及其他地下市政设施方面的建设现状及未来规划情况,并提出了深圳地下空间开发利用现状...     

Construction, storage capacity and economics of an underground warehousing – logistics center in Athens, Greece

Interest in underground development is gaining ground in Greece, particularly in Athens, and is driven mainly by the sorely high land prices and the lack of adequate surface space. This paper focuses on the design of an underground Warehousing – Logistics Center (WLC) in the wider metropolitan area of Athens; the center is developed using the room and pillar mining method. The main concept of the paper is that creating an underground space that can host a particular use is not enough, especially in countries attempting their first steps in underground development. The key point is to prove that such underground facilities can be as functional as a respective surface one and at the same time be economically competitive. Based on this, the underground WLC's layout, storage capacity and operational issues were thoroughly examined. The paper provides cost data regarding the construction cost, as well as the development cost. Furthermore, the project was evaluated by means of an investment plan using the NPV and IRR criteria taking into account the selling of the produced aggregates on the market. The results of the analysis not only underline the feasibility of the plan, but also render it a very attractive investment.     

China's textbook approach to regulatory reform of the natural gas market

Natural gas, as a transition fuel, is considered essential for China's decarbonization and local air protection policy, yet the regulatory structure China relies on to promote gas use remains under-researched. China's central government recognizes the need for market-based reforms of the gas sector, but what regulatory and policy adjustments are necessary to reorganize gas supply on a market basis? The textbook approach to energy market reform, and its implementation in the European Union, provides important guidance on how to create a regulatory basis to support competition in gas supply, provided national institutional characteristics are taken into account. This article engages in a comparative analysis of China's gas market reform policies and their implementation at the provincial level, focusing on Guangdong, a laboratory of economic reforms in China. The analysis demonstrates that reforms in 2019–2021 integrated key aspects of the textbook model in China's gas regulations, including third-party access, price deregulation and ownership unbundling. However, the textbook is of limited use to address remaining institutional barriers to reform, including resistance of distribution monopolies to competition from state-owned enterprises. Guangdong's experience shows that reform is possible, but only if accompanied by institutional and pricing adjustments reconciling vested interests with competition.     

基于综合评价法的燃气输配设施投资决策管理

运用综合评价法,从投资全生命周期管理的角度,对集团公司燃气输配设施投资管理的思路进行了研究。采用线性加权函数作为输配设施投资决策综合评价模型,结合实例阐述了该模型的应用。