水封式地下储气洞库的应用及研究

通过对水封式地下储气洞库应用及发展的描述 ,指出利用地下洞室储存石油液化气LPG(LiquefiedPetroleumGas)是当前乃至将来的大趋势。并对水封式地下储库的基本原理及设计作了较为详细的论述。对我国地下储气工程的修建及理论研究有一定的参考价值。     

Norwegian oil and gas storage in rock caverns-Technology based on experience from hydropower development

Underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.e.containment is ensured without using any steel lining or membrane.The main basis for the storage technology originates from the extensive hydropower development in Norway.As part of this activity,about 4500 km of tunnels and shafts have been excavated,and around 200 large powerhouse caverns have been constructed.The hydropower tunnels are mainly unlined,with hydrostatic water pressure on unlined rock of up to 1000 m.Some of the projects also include air cushion chambers with volumes of up to 1×10⁵m³and air pressure up to 7.7 MPa.Many lessons which are valuable also for underground oil and gas storage have been learnt from these projects.For a storage project to become successful,systematic,well planned design and ground investigation procedures are crucial.The main steps of the design procedure are first to define the optimum location of the project,and then to optimize orientation,shape/geometry and dimensions of caverns and tunnels.As part of the procedure,ground investigations have to be carried out at several steps integrated with the progress of design.The investigation and design procedures,and the great significance of these for the project to become successful will be discussed.Case examples of oil and gas storage in unlined rock caverns are given,illustrating the relevancy of experience from high-pressure hydropower projects for planning and design of unlined caverns for oil and gas storage.     

Determination of the maximum allowable gas pressure for an underground gas storage salt cavern——A case study of Jintan,China

Increasing the allowable gas pressure of underground gas storage (UGS) is one of the most effective methods to increase its working gas capacity. In this context, hydraulic fracturing tests are implemented on the target formation for the UGS construction of Jintan salt caverns, China, in order to obtain the minimum principal in situ stress and the fracture breakdown pressure. Based on the test results, the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern is calibrated. To determine the maximum allowable gas pressure, KING-1 and KING-2 caverns are used as examples. A three-dimensional (3D) geomechanical model is established based on the sonar data of the two caverns with respect to the features of the target formation. New criteria for evaluating gas penetration failure and gas seepage are proposed. Results show that the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern can be increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa (i.e. a gradient of about 18 kPa/m at the casing shoe depth). Based on numerical results, a field test with increasing maximum gas pressure to 18 MPa has been carried out in KING-1 cavern. Microseismic monitoring has been conducted during the test to evaluate the safety of the rock mass around the cavern. Field monitoring data show that KING-1 cavern is safe globally when the maximum gas pressure is increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa. This shows that the geomechanical model and criteria proposed in this context for evaluating the maximum allowable gas pressure are reliable.     

热计量对燃气集中供暖用气规律及储气的影响

分析了住宅建筑、公共建筑热计量前后的小时耗热量变化规律和供暖用气的供需平衡,对比了热计量前、住宅建筑热计量后、公共建筑热计量后、住宅建筑用户占60％和公共建筑用户占40％的综合区域热计量后所需的储气容积.热计量实施后,需要更大的储气容积来平衡集中供暖小时用气的不均匀性.     

Cost optimization of the underground gas storage

The paper presents the cost optimization of an underground gas storage (UGS), designed from lined rock caverns (LRC). The optimization is performed by the non-linear programming (NLP) approach. For this purpose, the NLP optimization model OPTUGS was developed. The model comprises the cost objective function, which is subjected to geomechanical and design constraints. The geotechnical problem is proposed to be solved simultaneously. Geomechanical rock mass parameters are determined from geological conditions of a selected suitable UGS location and a special FE model is generated. The rock mass strength stability and safety of the system are then analyzed for various combinations between different design parameters like inner gas pressures, cavern depths, cavern diameters and cavern wall thickness. As a result, geomechanical constraints are approximated and put into the optimization model OPTUGS. This way, the optimization enables not only the obtaining of an optimal solution but also that the rock mass achieves sufficient strength stability and safety. The optimization is proposed to be performed for the phase of preliminary design. The numerical example at the end of the paper demonstrates the efficiency of the introduced optimization approach.     

CNG供气站高压管道(管束)储气技术研究

分析了高压管道(管束)储气方式储气压力的确定、实际储气体积的计算,进行了高压管道与球罐的金属消耗比较.充分利用压缩天然气本身的压力采用高压管道(管束)进行储气,在压缩天然气供应系统中具有独特的优势.     

车用天然气吸附储存的研究

本文介绍吸附储气原理和技术，包括储气量与压力关系，吸附制剂吸取以及吸附式储存器     

Design of tunnel features for adit debris hazards mitigation in underground ammunition storage

For underground ammunition storage in rock caverns, the safety distances for debris resulting from an accidental explosion are generally very large. This is because most existing safety codes have been developed based on storage or tests sites where the exploding chamber is connected by a relatively short tunnel to the exit. This layout is referred to as a shot-gun layout. While some codes have indicated certain tunnel features for the mitigation of debris hazards, no quantitative guidelines on the effectiveness of such features exist. Recent studies and tests have demonstrated the effectiveness of several debris hazard mitigating measures such as long tunnels, sharp turns, debris traps, expansion chambers, and portal barricade. Based on a literature review and results from large-scale tests, this paper presents some quantitative guidelines on the design of debris mitigating features in underground storage.     

天然气冬季大气量供气分析及对策

文章针对各城市均存在上游供气不足的问题,通过兰州市8年来冬季高峰供气的总结、分析,提出应对的措施,保障城市燃气输配系统安全稳定可靠运行。     

储气井的安全评价及应用

比较储气瓶、储气罐、储气井的优缺点,对其进行安全评价,介绍储气井的运行和推广应用情况。     

地下复杂结构的有限元计算方法优化

本文讨论了以地下多层框架为代表的钢筋混凝土结构在设计中所经常遇到的问题,即对地下复杂结构采取有限元计算时,如何选择合适的建模方法对结构进行模拟。此外,对常用的有限元计算方法(板单元模型和实体单元模型)的优缺点和计算误差进行比较,作为今后类似计算的参考数据。     

An optimal control algorithm for borehole thermal energy storage systems

The aim of this paper is to present an optimal control algorithm to manage borehole thermal energy storage systems (BTES). Such a system gets exhausted, if it is employed intensively, i.e. outlet fluid is outside acceptable temperature ranges, and can no longer provide the desired heat or cold. To avoid this problem a control algorithm is proposed, which simultaneously optimizes the operation costs. This algorithm is based on a dynamic programming technique and results in an array which provides the optimal heat flux for a given field temperature, date and demand. The controller is illustrated on a simulation of an existing building. Several weather scenarios have been examined and the system remained robust under all situations.     

国内地下储气库发展现状与技术瓶颈探讨

介绍我国天然气地下储气库的发展现状,分析在建库资源考察、建库核心技术、储气库安全运行管理以及风险评价等方面的技术瓶颈问题,提出了建议。     

城市燃气中压输配管网潜在储气能力计算

分析了中压管网的3种稳定流动工况：最低小时用气工况、最大小时用气工况、极端用气工况。利用这3种工况下的管道存气量之差计算了中压管网的常规储气量和极端储气量。通过典型案例计算了中压管网的潜在储气量。中压管网具有一定的潜在储气能力。     

容积式燃气热水炉与热水储水箱的配置应用

容积式燃气热水炉与热水储水箱相配置可以用于中型酒楼、饭店、宾馆的生活热水供应，它具有投资少、占地面积小、热水供给能力高、环保等优点。     

应对燃气供应紧张局面的建议

以唐山市为例分析了燃气供应的现状,提出了燃气公司应对燃气供应紧张局面的建议。     

Evaluation of drainage system around a lined pilot cavern for underground cryogenic LNG storage

A lined pilot cavern for underground cryogenic LNG (liquefied natural gas) storage was constructed in granite in Daejeon, Korea in 2003 and commissioned in 2004. As the hydrostatic pressure of groundwater and thermal stress due to the formation of ice lenses may damage the containment system, rock drainage around the pilot cavern is needed to maintain the stability of the containment system. Once the drainage works were completed, the level of groundwater around the pilot cavern was controlled using drainage holes to form an ice ring as a second barrier to prevent the leakage of LNG from the cavern. In order to establish the drainage system for the pilot cavern, 15 boreholes were drilled into the rock. Fractures in the rock mass around the pilot cavern were characterized to determine the most appropriate orientation for the drainage holes. The major joints acting as conduits for inflow water were designed for efficient drainage. After the 15 drainage holes were drilled and their efficiency tested during the dry season in April 2003, it was found that there was a problem with the inflow of water through the main joint along the right-hand wall of the cavern, indicating the system was less efficient on the right-hand side. Hence, three more boreholes were drilled in the correct direction on the right-hand wall of the cavern. A second drainage test was conducted during the rainy season in August. This showed some seepage into the bottom of the pilot cavern. In order to reduce this seepage, two more additional drainage holes were drilled and grouted below the concrete invert. Although the drainage system was very efficient, weak points in the system were found by testing and changes were made to the system to improve its efficiency.     

Performance study of underground thermal storage in a solar-ground coupled heat pump system for residential buildings

This paper is performed to analyze the performance of underground thermal storage in a solar-ground coupled heat pump system (SGCHPS) for residential building. Based on the experimental results, the system performance during a longer period is simulated by the unit modeling, and its parametric effects are discussed. The results show that the performance of underground thermal storage of SGCHPS depends strongly on the intensity of solar radiation and the matching between the water tank volume and the area of solar collectors. Compared with the solar radiation, the variations of the water tank temperature and the ground temperature rise lag behind and keep several peaks during the day time. For the case of Tianjin, the efficiency of underground thermal storage based on the total solar radiation and absorbed solar energy by the collectors can reach over 40% and 70%, respectively. It is suggested that the reasonable ratio between the tank volume and the area of solar collectors should be in the range of 20–40 L/m².