Effects of utilizing seawater as a cooling source system in a commercial complex

This paper treats energy and cost performance of a cooling source system with indirect seawater utilization for air conditioning in a commercial complex. Seawater utilization has merits as a cooling source, because seawater temperature is lower than outdoor air in summer and it is cost effective because there is no water monetary cost. Actual operating data has been measured for about 2 years and the chiller and system co-efficient of performance (COP) have indicated about 4.77 and 2.93, respectively, even in summer season and the mean efficiency of the thermal storage system was about 89.9% taking into account heat loss of pumps. In addition, we have constructed simulation models for cooling tower systems, air cooling chiller systems and direct seawater utilization systems then compared them to this system. The electric power consumption of the indirect seawater utilization system was almost the same as the other systems except the air cooling chiller system, because using lower seawater temperature made the chiller efficiency higher. In conclusion, our results showed the indirect seawater utilization system was able to improve the system COP compared to air cooling chiller system, and cancel water consumption compared with the cooling tower system, and cut down an initial and maintenance costs compared with the direct seawater utilization system.     

某卷烟厂冷水机组运行的性能研究

对某卷烟厂冷水机组运行时进行实验研究,结果表明分别在60%、90%负荷运行时,实际COP值为3.83、4.60,小于该机组的名义工况下5.53的COP值。建议在原空调系统上增加温差控制器和变频器,以控制冷却水泵和冷冻水泵的工作状态,保证该冷水机组的COP在最优化的节能运行状态,从而降低系统的能耗。     

利用盐溶液制备冷水的冷水机组

在间接蒸发冷却装置的基础上，设计了利用盐溶液制备冷水的冷水机组，使得间接蒸发冷却技术能够应用于非干燥地区，并运用了热回收技术达到节能目的。通过对不同室外工况下冷水机组性能的模拟，发现COP对室外空气含湿量最敏感。最后模拟分析了在北京地区使用时此冷水机组的整体性能。     

Energy performance of a cooling plant system using the inverter chiller for industrial building

The purpose of this paper is to clarify energy performance of the cooling plant system in the industrial building using actual measured operating data and numerical simulation analysis. One aspect of industrial buildings is that they have large energy consumption for manufacturing and air-conditioning compared with office and commercial buildings. Some examples of high-efficiency technologies installed in this particular cooling plant system are inverter chillers, integrated cooling towers and a free-cooling system. The inverter chiller which has been put on the market recently is state-of-the-art technology. The maximum COP of the inverter chiller reaches about 18 under certain conditions and integrated cooling towers make lower temperature cooling water as the whole capacity is large. Actual operating data indicates satisfied values for chiller and system COP during the running period and the simulation results show that the cooling plant system can cut down annual electric power consumption by about 48% compared with conventional cooling system.     

Energy-efficient HVAC systems: Simulation–empirical modelling and gradient optimization

This paper addresses the energy saving problem of air-cooled central cooling plant systems using the model-based gradient projection optimization method. Theoretical–empirical system models including mechanistic relations between components are developed for operating variables of the system. Experimental data are collected to model an actual air-cooled mini chiller equipped with a ducted fan-coil unit of an office building located in hot and dry climate conditions. Both inputs and outputs are known and measured from field monitoring in one summer month. The development and algorithm resulting from the gradient projection, implemented on a transient simulation software package, are incorporated to solve the minimization problem of energy consumption and predict the system's optimal set-points under transient conditions. The chilled water temperature, supply air temperature and refrigerant mass flow rate are calculated based on the cooling load and ambient dry-bulb temperature profiles by using the proposed approach. The integrated simulation tool is validated by using a wide range of experimentally collected data from the chiller in operation. Simulation results are provided to show possibility of significant energy savings and comfort enhancement using the proposed strategy.     

Energetic, economic and environmental performance of a solar-thermal-assisted HVAC system

A solar-assisted HVAC system was retrofitted in 2006-2009 onto an earlier (1980) energy-efficient building. A hybrid system of flat plate and vacuum tube solar collectors heats water in a large hot storage tank that is delivered to an absorption chiller in the cooling season or directly to heating coils in the heating season. Large chilled water storage tanks are charged off-peak and discharged during the day, cooling the building in parallel with the chiller. Measurements of the seasonal performance of the system are presented. Good overall agreement between actual measurements and earlier numerical modeling results is reported for our system, with one notable discrepancy attributable to the operation of the air terminal units, which requires tuning. In cold seasons, solar thermal energy can easily displace a large fraction of traditional heating sources. In the cooling season, the conversion of heat to cooling capacity incurs several parasitic losses, which if not accounted for properly in the design stage, have the capacity to completely offset any advantage gained from the solar system. The economics of building-scale solar thermal systems are strongly dependent on the cost of energy, and electricity in particular. The economics are favorable where electricity costs are high, and vice-versa.     

上海某工厂空调系统热回收综合节能改造

冷水机组在制取冷量的同时会排放大量冷凝热,回收这部分冷凝热可使冷水机组的综合COP大幅提升,系统一次能源利用率大量提高,降低热水系统的运行成本。结合上海某工厂空调系统热回收综合节能改造的案例,分析采用冷凝热回收技术后的节能效果和经济效益,为同类工厂空调系统科学、经济、合理地设计改造和运行管理提供借鉴。     

消防水池蓄冷改造及其经济分析

介绍了某大型超市空调系统利用消防水池进行水蓄冷的改造方法,指出两种冷源应采用板式换热器间接连接;应同时考虑蓄冷温差和空调末端的运行工况来确定制冷机组和蓄冷水槽的最佳水温、水量等运行参数;设计中应考虑空调末端设备的温升特性,在流量和温差均发生变化时,应对末端设备进行校核;布水器的设计是确定蓄冷效率的主要因素,应满足弗劳德数及雷诺数的要求.全年运行费用分析表明改造投资的静态回收期仅为1.3年.     

Energy savings in a building using regenerative evaporative cooling

This paper explores the potential of reducing the annual energy consumption of a central air-conditioned building through advanced evaporative cooling systems. The building considered is a typical three floor library building of a University. The regenerative evaporative cooling technology is coupled with the liquid cooled water chiller system to accomplish the energy conservation objective. Comparisons of the regenerative evaporative cooling are made with simple evaporative cooling to bring out the importance such a system. The well-known building simulation software, TRNSYS is used to carry out the heat load calculations and the dynamic simulations of the building. Annual energy consumptions of different components of the air-conditioning system are estimated for the existing water chiller system as well as for both coupled evaporative cooling systems (simple and regenerative). The annual energy consumptions, the indoor temperature, the relative humidity and the thermal comfort index ‘PMV’ are compared for all the three different air-conditioning systems. The coupling of direct and regenerative evaporative cooling technologies with water chiller system has shown, respectively, 12.09% and 15.69% savings in annual energy consumption of the building, while maintaining PMV between ?1 and +1 for most of the hours in the year.     

An alternative approach for the performance rating of air-cooled chillers used in air-conditioned buildings

Air-cooled chillers are widely used to provide cooling energy for air-conditioned buildings at the expense of considerable electricity. The (Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration Institute) ARI standard 550/590 sets out a rating condition to specify the coefficient of performance (COP) of the chillers under part-load conditions. This condition was found to be insufficient to deal with diverse operating conditions under the multiple chiller arrangement. This paper proposes an alternative approach to specifying more precisely the chiller COP under part-load conditions. It is desirable to establish a set of part-load performance curves showing how the chiller COP varies with the condensing temperature at various combinations of chiller loads and outdoor temperatures. The results of this paper will give engineers and researchers a better idea about how to specify the upper limit of condensing temperature for more energy efficient chillers and how chiller COP curves help compare air-cooled chillers for buildings in any climate zone and to estimate the annual electricity consumption of chillers satisfying any given building cooling load profile.     

A solar heating system with annual storage

A heating system is described for a one-family house in Trento, Italy, using solar collectors with buried long-term storage water tanks, made of reinforced concrete and internally water-proofed, assisted by an electrical water—water type heat pump.

The following design parameters are described and evaluated:

a. the annual energy requirement for the house;

b. the solar energy available;

c. the average monthly efficiency of the collectors;

d. the storage tank—ground heat flows, taking storage insulation, water storage temperature and COP to be variable with time;

e. the overall energy balance of the system for the house in question.

The conclusion is that the proposed system can cover the annual energy required for this house with an electrical consumption equal to 20% of the total.     

蓄冷和热水器复合空调器的实验研究

提出了一种蓄冷和热水器复合空调器装置。蓄冰槽可以与分体空调器直接连接，利用低谷电蓄冷，供冷时利用蓄冷槽提高机组运行的过冷度，改善机组的运行效果。放冷结束后，蓄冰槽可转换成水冷冷凝器，回收冷凝热量，提供生活热水。通过对普通空调器改造的样机进行实验研究，复合机组夏季各项功能均成功实现，同原来空调器相比，复合机组制冷量平均增加28．2％，性能系数平均增加21．5％。     

Design of a solar absorption cooling system in a Greek hospital

Air conditioning of buildings is responsible for a large percentage of the greenhouse and ozone depletion effect, as refrigerant harmful gases are released into the atmosphere from conventional cooling systems. The need to implement advanced new concepts in building air conditioning systems is more crucial than ever today.Solar cooling systems (SCS) have the advantage of using absolutely harmless working fluids such as water, or solutions of certain salts. They are energy efficient and environmentally safe. They can be used, either as stand-alone systems or with conventional AC, to improve the indoor air quality of all types of buildings. The main goal is to utilize “zero emissions” technologies to reduce energy consumption and reduce CO₂ emissions.Amongst cooling technologies, absorption cooling seems to have a promising market potential.In this paper, the performance and economic evaluation of a solar heating and cooling system of a hospital in Crete, is studied using the transient simulation program (TRNSYS). The meteorological year file exploited the hourly weather data where produced by 30-year statistical process. The required data were obtained by Hellenic National Meteorological Service.The objective of this study is to simulate a complete system comprised of a solar collector, a storage tank, a backup heat source, a water cooling tower and a LiBr-H₂O absorption chiller. The exploitation of the results of the simulation provided the optimum sizing of the system.     

太阳能地板辐射供暖制冷系统模型仿真

近年来,我国北方地区新建住宅的采暖系统多数采用地板辐射供暖技术,而制冷系统仍采用传统的空调制冷技术,有必要对地板辐射制冷技术的应用进行研究,为此,针对一套实验用太阳房,搭建了太阳能地板辐射供暖制冷系统.通过计算确定了集热器面积、蓄热水箱体积、吸收式制冷机组的制冷量.利用TRNSYS仿真平台建立了系统仿真模型,并对控制策略进行了验证.仿真结果表明,该系统能有效地利用太阳能保持冬季室温18℃左右、夏季26℃左右的舒适温度.     

宁波市某宾馆混合式地源热泵系统设计

分析了地埋管换热器的设计要素。综合考虑当地地质条件、地源热泵的优势以及冷热负荷的特点,设计了混合式地源热泵系统。采用地埋管换热器满足热负荷、辅助冷却装置补偿冷负荷的方案。热水系统采用闭式储水罐加地源热泵机组,与空调系统的地埋管换热器相间布置,夏季运行时形成了良好的互补性,解决了冬夏季土壤的热平衡问题,提高了机组的运行效率。     

空调水蓄冷过程试验研究

阐述了自行研制的空调水蓄冷试验装置的特点,并在试验装置上进行水蓄冷过程试验,得到了水蓄冷过程中蓄冷桶进出口温度、蓄冷桶蓄冷量、主机制冷量、蒸发温度、排气温度及冷凝温度随时间的变化规律,这些规律对了解蓄冷过程的动态特性非常有用,从而为分析水蓄冷过程提供了实际依据。     

Modelling and performance prediction of an integrated central cooling plant for HVAC energy efficiency improvement

The aim of this paper is to explore methods to reduce the energy consumption of a central cooling plant. To achieve this, we have developed a new design for heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) efficiency improvement. A storage tank together with an immersed heat exchanger is installed in the discharge line between the compressor and condenser. The heat exchanger uses the make-up water of the cooling tower to reduce the refrigerant temperature entering the condenser. To investigate the potential of energy savings, we used a real-world commercial building with a central cooling plant, located in a hot and dry climate, for our case study. The energy consumption and relevant data of the existing central cooling plant were acquired over the course of a typical week in summer. The integrated system has been modeled and analyzed to achieve energy conservation. The performance of the proposed cooling system was simulated using a transient simulation software package. Comparison of the proposed system with existing cooling plant is included in this paper to demonstrate the advantages of our new configuration. Results show that up to 18% power saving can be obtained by using our design.     

Predictions of energy savings in HVAC systems by lumped models

An approach to optimizing the energy efficiency of a Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system is presented that utilizes computational predictions of the effect of heat load distribution on moist air temperature, density, and humidity variation. Lumped-HVAC (L-HVAC) is a new lumped parameter code that couples fluid transport, energy transport, thermodynamics, and psychrometrics in an HVAC system. This code contains a nonlinear implicit solution algorithm for steady-state and transient calculations for flow resistance, water mass balance, and energy conservation. L-HVAC has been validated using a simplified analytical model, the commercial lumped parameter code SINDA/FLUINT, and experimental measurements. Steady-state calculations for a single-room system suggest an order of magnitude greater energy savings using a variable chiller power control approach compared to control damper and variable-drive fan approaches. L-HVAC was also applied to predict that the fraction of latent to total heat load influences the steady-state system temperature by up to 0.4 °C for the example system in this study.     

空气源热泵加冷水机组耦合水蓄能系统在某工程中的应用

针对青岛市信息与金融产业示范区一项目,结合当地能源情况和建筑使用功能,经过技术经济比较,空调系统冷热源采用空气源热泵加电制冷冷水机组耦合水蓄能系统.介绍了冷热源的系统设计、运行时间和控制策略,认为所采用的冷热源方案初投资和运行费用均较低.     

部分负荷下冷冻水变流量对水源热泵机组性能影响分析

建立水源热泵机组数学模型,进行部分负荷下冷冻水侧变流量对机组性能影响模拟。结果表明：变流量时流量变化范围并不与机组负荷变化成线性关系;无论定、变流量,部分负荷下冷凝温度下降,蒸发温度升高,机组COP随着负荷减小先增大后减小;在一定范围内冷冻水变流量对机组本身性能影响并不显著,却会使冷冻水泵功耗有较大幅度下降。