夏热冬冷地区高校既有办公楼热舒适性实测与分析——以湖南城市学院办公楼为例

为了研究湖南省高校办公楼室内热环境,达到优化湖南省高校既有办公楼节能（改造）设计的目的,对湖南省高校办公楼（以湖南城市学院为例）进行了冬夏季两季温度现场测试,对测试结果分析,显示了湖南省高校办公楼室内热环境在不同楼层之间存在差异,整体来说夏季室内热炎热,冬季寒冷,针对此现状采取运用计算机软件DEST对湖南城市学院办公楼的节能改造方案进行节能性能的模拟分析,提出满足建筑节能要求的改造方案措施。     

A field study of the thermal comfort in residential buildings in Harbin

This field study was performed during the winter of 2000–2001 in order to investigate the thermal environment and thermal comfort in residential buildings in Harbin, northeast of China. A total of 120 participants provided 120 sets of physical data and subjective questionnaires. An indoor climate analyzer and a thermal comfort meter made in Denmark were used to collect the measured parameters of the indoor environment, the predicted mean vote (PMV), and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD). The conclusions are as follows: males are less sensitive to temperature variations than females; the neutral operative temperature of males is 1 °C lower than that of females; Harbin subjects are as sensitive to temperature variations as the Beijing and Tianjin subjects; the minimum value of PPD (7.5%) is similar to the Tianjin occupants; both the sensitivity and the minimum value of PPD are lower than those of the foreign field studies.     

上海高层住宅室内热舒适研究

在近两年的冬夏季节,现场测试了上海高层住宅室内温度和相对湿度、风速等参数,并通过问卷方式调查了住户的热环境状况。调查结果表明,在自然通风条件下,冬夏两季上海高层住宅的热环境皆处于ASHRAE给定的舒适区之外,实测计算结果与问卷统计结果存在的差异,显示了上海居民对冬季热环境有一定的适应性。     

苏南地区村镇住宅建筑室内热环境实测分析

室内热环境是影响人体冷热感的环境因素,适宜的室内热环境可使人体易于保持热平衡。为了了解苏南地区村镇既有非节能住宅建筑室内热环境现状,笔者对该地区冬夏季的典型住宅非采暖空调房间的室内、外热湿环境进行了测试,系统地分析了该地区室内热湿环境的特征和变化规律。测试结果表明:该地区非空调房间夏季室内空气温度高,冬季室内空气温度低,冬夏季室内、外空气相对湿度大;室内热环境远偏离热舒适范围,达到了较恶劣的程度。开展节能建筑建设和对既有建筑实施节能改造是改善室内环境、提高热舒适度的有效途径。     

In search of the comfortable indoor environment: A comparison of the utility of objective and subjective indicators of indoor comfort

Today, many procedures for assessing the indoor environment rely on both subjective and objective indicators (e.g. ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004; ISO 10551). It is however unclear how these two types of measurements are related to perceived comfort. This article aims at assessing the relative utility of subjective (rating scale measures) and objective indicators of perceived comfort of indoor environments. In a hospital setting, physical environmental variables (e.g. temperature, relative humidity and noise level) were simultaneously measured as respondents (both patients and staff) rated their perception of the indoor environment. Regression analyses indicated that the subjective sensory ratings were significantly better than objective indicators at predicting overall rated indoor comfort. These results are discussed in relation to existing measurement procedures and standards.     

上海高层住宅夏季室内热环境研究

为了研究上海高层住宅夏季室内热环境,达到优化上海高层住宅节能设计的目的,对上海高层住宅进行了夏季问卷调查和现场测试,通过对测试结果和问卷结果的分析,显示了上海高层住宅室内热环境在不同楼层之间存在一定差异,整体来说夏季室内热环境相对恶劣,但上海居民对夏季室内炎热环境具有一定的适应性。     

Cross-city comparison of indoor air temperatures in air-conditioned spaces

Field measurements were collected through physical measurements and observations in the cities of Seoul, Korea; Eugene and Portland, Oregon; and Yokohama, Japan, during the fall, winter, and summer seasons from 2005 to 2006. A total of 1733 data sets were collected (Seoul - 713; Oregon - 807; Yokohama - 213) in variety of multi-use buildings with the goal of examining operative temperatures and conditions encountered during everyday life. Of the four cities measured, winter and autumn indoor operative temperatures were highest in Seoul and lowest in Yokohama when normalized to outdoor conditions. In contrast, summer indoor operative temperatures were highest in Yokohama and lowest in Oregon. Clothing levels changed seasonally, and differences were observed between 'long-term occupants', 'residents', and 'transients.'     

徽州古民居节能技术探究

位于夏热冬冷地区的徽州古民居,在夏季炎热的气候条件下,室内仍然能够保持较舒适的物理环境,基本上能满足人体舒适度的要求,根据对徽州古民居室内物理环境的调查、实测结果,从古村落规划、建筑空间布局和建筑构造等方面对徽州古民居所采用的节能技术进行分析。     

Measurements of indoor thermal environment and energy analysis in a large space building in typical seasons

Shanghai International Gymnastics Stadium is the selected object for site-measurement. The site-measurements have been carried out during summer, winter, and the transitional seasons. Their indoor thermal environments were controlled by continuous air-conditioning, intermittent air-conditioning and natural ventilation, respectively. The site-measurement includes outdoor environment (the weather conditions and peripheral hallway), indoor air temperature distribution (the occupant zone temperature, radial temperature near upper openings and the vertical temperature distributions, etc.), and the heat balance of air-conditioning system, etc. It is found that temperature stratification in winter with air-conditioning is most obvious. The maximum difference of vertical temperature is 15 °C in winter. The second largest one is 12 °C in summer, and less than 2 °C in the transitional season. The results of measurements indicate that it is different in the characteristics on energy saving of upper openings during the different seasons. With heat balance measurements, it is discovered that the roof load and ventilated and infiltrated load account for larger percentages in terms of cooling and heating load. In this paper, many discussions on the results of site measurements show some characteristics and regulations of indoor thermal environment in large space building.     

Analysis of the CPMV index for evaluating indoor thermal comfort in southern China in summer,a case study in Nanjing

With the rapid development of building technology, transparent envelope is more and more widely used, which makes the indoor environment of buildings more and more affected by solar radiation. However, the effects of solar radiation are not included in the PMV model. The Corrected Predicted Mean Vote (CPMV) model considering solar radiation was previously proposed and verified in northern China. In order to expand the applicability of the CPMV model to the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zone of southern China, a field study was conducted in an office building in Nanjing. A total of 686 valid questionnaires were recovered during the surveys in two summers in 2019 and 2020. The results show that the evaluation value of CPMV is highly consistent with the actual thermal sensation vote (TSV) when the corrected operative temperature is below 30 °C. However, when the corrected operative temperature is above 30 °C, the CPMV value is higher than TSV, because it underestimates the tolerance of human body to the hot environment in Nanjing. The thermal neutral temperature is 26.12 °C (CPMV) and 26.28 °C (TSV) respectively, which is higher than that in winter and summer in northern China. This study fills the blank in the application of CPMV model in southern China. The CPMV model can accurately evaluate the thermal comfort of indoor environment affected by solar radiation, which is worthy of promotion and application to other types of buildings and areas.     

Environmental gamma dose rates and influencing factors in buildings

Environmental gamma radiation measured in buildings in Dhaka shows a cosinusoidal variation of indoor dose rate with time mainly due to seasonally varied ventilation and air exchange rates of the houses. In connection, the nature and characteristics of the buildings were also discussed. As expected, a maximum dose rate was found in winter and a minimum in summer. The variations of indoor dose rates between buildings were observed. This study indicates that the higher air exchange rates of the houses may play an important role in providing a healthy and safe indoor environment for their inhabitants by reducing indoor exposure.     

徽州传统民居室内环境及舒适度

以徽州传统民居为研究对象,通过对当地一幢典型传统民居进行为期一年的室内多项环境参数现场测试以及连续监测,从舒适性角度对民居室内环境进行研究。结果表明:徽州传统民居具有"冬冷夏凉"特性;夏季自然通风、遮阳以及隔热性能良好,其室内热环境较为适宜;冬季防寒保温及密闭性效果不佳,其室内热舒适性差;过渡季(春、秋季)室内热环境较好,人体热舒适性好。徽州传统民居室内具有较好的声环境,但是光环境不佳,大部分时段不能达到现代建筑采光设计标准。     

关中村民人体热舒适性调查研究

关中农村有着悠久的文化历史,在生活方式和传统建筑中均有体现。而现今我们必须关注的是如何发展关中乡村住宅的可持续道路。在一年中最冷月和最热月,通过对数个村落的调研,发现住宅室内物理环境的恶劣现状。通过量化计算得出冬夏季室温都在人体舒适温度范围之外,特别是冬季,室温远离人体热中性温度。为了提高人体舒适度,提出关中乡村传统住宅的改善途径,以期引导农民建造舒适整洁、节能的新农居。     

夏热冬冷地区住宅的节能设计研究

根据夏热冬冷地区的气候特征，从外墙保温、门窗的保温与节能的措施出发，论述了该地区住宅围护结构的节能设计方法，从而创造良好的室内热环境，节约能源。     

太阳能与电能互补供暧方案

为了改善冬冷夏热地区冬季室内热环境恶劣的现状,通过对该地区的气候特点、居住建筑的形式和消费水平等因素进行综合分析研究,提出太阳能与电能互补供暖新方案。太阳能与电能互补供暖方案是将电能与太阳能有机结合在一起巧妙的应用于地热供暖系统中。该方案不仅可以有效改善冬冷夏热地区住宅的室内热环境,大大提高居民生活的舒适性。而且能够满足当前生态节能建筑的设计要求,并且灵活的实现了以户为单位的分散式采暖。     

巴渝地区夯土民居室内热环境

传统民居的传统生态建造经验与价值已得到广泛认可,巴渝地区因特殊的地形与气候,传统民居在热环境的营造上有自身的特点。以重庆江津区龙塘村夯土民居为研究对象,以实地测量的冬季室内热工参数为基础,运用软件模拟分析,对民居全年室内热环境进行评价,发现夯土墙对改善夏季热环境更为有利,夯土民居冬季室内热环境远比夏季差;民居建筑中阁楼空间在调节室内热环境方面作用显著,具有冬季保温,夏季隔热的作用。     

北京校园建筑夏冬两季室内热舒适性现场调查研究

测试了空气温度、平均辐射温度、相对湿度、风速等环境参数,采用问卷的形式调查了受试者的主观热感觉,建立了热感觉与室内操作温度的对应关系。在夏季,人们对偏热环境的耐受力强于PMV预测结果;在冬季,人体对于偏冷环境具有适应性,若室内温度偏高,人会感觉不适,实际热感觉高于PMV预测值;由于供暖条件的差异,长期生活在我国南方的人冬季对于偏冷环境的适应性要强于北方人。     

A field investigation of the thermal environment and adaptive thermal behavior in bedrooms in different climate regions in China

Sleep thermal environments substantially impact sleep quality. To study the sleep thermal environment and thermal comfort in China, this study carried out on-site monitoring of thermal environmental parameters in peoples’ homes, including 166 households in five climate zones, for one year. A questionnaire survey on sleep thermal comfort and adaptive behavior was also conducted. The results showed that the indoor temperature for sleep in northern China was more than 4°C higher than that in southern China in winter, while the indoor temperatures for sleep were similar in summer. Furthermore, 70% of people were satisfied with their sleep thermal environment. Due to the use of air conditioning and window opening in various areas in summer, people were satisfied with their sleep thermal environments. Due to the lack of central heating in the southern region in winter, people feel cold and their sleep thermal environment needs further improvement. The bedding insulation in summer and winter in northern China was 1.83clo and 2.67clo, respectively, and in southern China was 2.21clo and 3.17clo, respectively. Both northern China and southern China used air conditioning only in summer. People in southern China opened their windows all year, while those in northern China opened their windows during the summer and transitional periods.     

Performance of energy recovery ventilator with various weathers and temperature set-points

Based on the generic dynamic building energy simulation environment, EnergyPlus, the simulation model of energy recovery ventilator (ERV) is developed in this paper. With different indoor temperature set-points, the energy performance of ERV along with the availability of ERV is investigated both for Beijing and Shanghai weathers in China in terms of the ratio of heat recovery to energy supply by HVAC devices and ERV. Simulation results show that the seasonal average of the ratio is linear with indoor temperature set-points. The availability of ERV in Shanghai is better than that in Beijing during the winter. In summer, the utilization of ERV is uneconomical if the indoor temperature set-point is higher than 24 °C for the Beijing climate. The indoor temperature set-points have the reverse effects to the availability of ERV in the mid-season and to that in the hottest months. Meanwhile, the heating amount recovery in summer and the cooling amount recovery in winter, both of which impair the strong points of the energy recovery, are analyzed quantitatively.     

Seasonal cycle of VOCs in apartments

To assess the adverse health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), epidemiological studies combine the health outcome of individuals with their concomitant VOC exposure. While the latter is representative of the studied period, health effects might also be the result of long-term exposure or emerge in consequence of a peak pollution throughout the year. To address these problems, additional information about the spatiotemporal distribution of VOCs is necessary. The present paper aims at elucidating the spatial and temporal variation of VOC concentrations in Leipzig, Germany. The analysis is based on 1499 indoor and 222 outdoor measurements taken in the period between 1994 and 2001. All data were collected in the frame of epidemiological studies (Diez et al., 1999; Fritz et al., 1998; Schulz et al., 1999). The analysis comprised concentrations of 30 VOCs belonging to the groups of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, and terpenes. We found that the VOC load in indoor air is, on average, 10 times higher than outdoors. For the studied period there was a clear downward tendency for all VOCs in apartments in Leipzig, except for terpenes which show an upward trend in the period 1996-99. In indoor air we observe an annual cycle for the total VOC concentration as well as the sum concentrations of the above called groups. Highest concentrations occur during the winter months, approximately three times higher than the summer burden. We summarize this finding in a seasonal model, which is fitted to our measurements. Based on the model we develop a procedure for seasonal adjustment, which enables to roughly estimate the annual peak concentration utilizing one monthly observation.