Effect of vacuum annealing on characteristics of the DBSA-doped polyaniline pellets

Powder of DBSA-doped polyaniline was pressed to pellets. The pellets were annealed in vacuum at 140, 200, 260 and 320 °C for times up to 120 min. For all the annealing temperatures, the conductivity of the pellet is sharply reduced by a factor of 2 when the annealing time reaches 15 min. For the annealing temperatures lower than 260 °C, the conductivity does not change with further increasing the annealing time. However, under the annealing condition of 260 °C/120 min, the conductivity of the pellet decreases markedly again. Furthermore, the pellets annealed at 320 °C for the times longer than 30 min exhibit an insulating characteristic. The pellets consist of many agglomerated particles. The agglomerated particles become large with thermal aging. When the annealing temperature reaches 320 °C, some small sub-particles are formed on the surface of the agglomerated particles. The annealing results in a de-doping of DBSA from the polymer backbones and promotes the formation of reduction state in the polyaniline. The DBSA-doped polyaniline pellets annealed have a more porous and cracked morphology relative to the pellet unannealed. The degradation of the conductivity of the DBSA-doped polyaniline pellets is attributed to the de-doping, the phase separation and the porous and cracked morphology.     

Fabrication and characteristics of composite containing HCl-doped polyaniline and Ni nanoparticles

HCl-doped polyaniline powder (HCl-PANI) was synthesized using a polymerization procedure and then Ni nanoparticles were deposited on the HCl-PANI at room temperature by direct current magnetron sputtering. After this process the HCl-PANI–Ni composite was obtained. Ni nanoparticle size ranges from 5 nm to 20 nm in the composite. HCl-PANI structure is not influenced by the Ni nanoparticles. The composite pellet exhibits room temperature ferromagnetism and a conductivity of about 0.66 S/cm. A temperature dependence of the conductivity from 160 K to 290 K reveals that a carrier transport mechanism in the composite is three-dimensional variable range hopping. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that a weight loss of the HCl-PANI–Ni composite is larger than that of the HCl-PANI for the same heating temperature. The weight loss difference between the composite and the HCl-PANI increases with increasing the temperature.     

Characterization of water-soluble externally HCl-doped conducting polyaniline

Water solubility in all pH region for externally HCl-doped conducting polyaniline (ED-SPAN) enables us to do its detail characterization by UV–VIS spectra, cyclic voltammogram, ESR spectra, and electrical conductivity in relation to the doping level. It was found that one free radical was produced in polyaniline backbone by the addition of one proton onto the imino-nitrogen. The electrical conductivity of ED-SPAN solid film remarkably increased with increasing free radical in polyaniline backbone because of remarkable increase of the hole mobility. Undoping of ED-SPAN solid occurred by heating at more than 40 °C.     

Electrical and magnetic properties of the Fe3O4–polyaniline nanocomposite pellets containing DBSA-doped polyaniline and HCl-doped polyaniline with Fe3O4 nanoparticles

DBSA-doped polyaniline (DBSA–PANI) powder and HCl-doped polyaniline with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (HCl–PANI–Fe₃O₄) powder were mechanically mixed to obtain the Fe₃O₄–polyaniline nanocomposites. Powders of the nanocomposites were pressed to the pellets. Micromorphology, electrical and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite pellets were studied by using scanning electron microscopy and by measuring the conductivity in 100–300 K and the magnetization curve at room temperature. The DBSA–PANI pellets consist of long fibrils while the HCl–PANI–Fe₃O₄ pellets consist of granular particles. Thus the Fe₃O₄–polyaniline nanocomposites pellets consist of long fibrils and granular particles. The conductivity of the nanocomposite pellets linearly decreases from 0.19 ± 0.06 to 0.05 ± 0.01 S/cm when the HCl–PANI–Fe₃O₄ content increases from 0 to 100 wt.%. The variation of conductivity with temperature reveals that the charge transport mechanism can be considered to be one-dimensional variable-range-hopping (1D-VRH). All the Fe₃O₄–polyaniline nanocomposites show the magnetization curves. The saturation magnetization monotonously increases with increasing HCl–PANI–Fe₃O₄ content while the coercivity is estimated to be about zero independent of the HCl–PANI–Fe₃O₄ content. The saturation magnetization of the HCl–PANI–Fe₃O₄ is 11 emu/g.     

Effect of hydrogen annealing on characteristics of polycrystalline silicon

The characteristics of mc-Si used for solar cells during H2 ambient annealing at 800-1200 ℃ were investigated by means of FTIR and QSSPCD. The results reveal that grain boundaries or defects in mc-Si may facilitate the formation of oxygen precipitates, and the formation of oxygen precipitates has deleterious effect on the lifetime of mc-Si. Decreasing lifetime could result from the formation of new recombination during annealing. Additionally, It is found that hydrogen may facilitate the formation of oxygen precipitates in mc-Si. On the other hand, the diffusion of hydrogen may passivate the defects/boundaries and it is beneficial to the lifetime of mc-Si.     

真空退火对镀Al薄膜NdFeB磁体矫顽力和耐蚀性的影响

采用电弧离子镀技术在烧结NdFeB表面沉积一层Al薄膜,并进行真空退火热处理。利用扫描电镜、永磁材料测量系统、电化学工作站和盐雾试验箱等,研究了不同退火工艺对Al/NdFeB试样显微组织、磁性能和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,矫顽力先升高后降低,550 ℃退火60 min时矫顽力最高,达到22.41 kOe,较镀态试样增幅7.6%,但耐蚀性有所降低;随着退火时间的增加,矫顽力先降低后升高,550 ℃退火5 min时矫顽力为22.16 kOe,且自腐蚀电流密度较基体NdFeB降低了1~2个数量级。550 ℃退火5 min试样具有较高的矫顽力和较好的耐蚀性能。     

Effect of vacuum annealing temperature on tribological behaviors of sintered polycrystalline diamond compact

The sintered polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDCs) were annealed at 200 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C under vacuum environment. The friction and wear behaviors of the annealed PDCs sliding against Si₃N₄ balls were evaluated by a ball-on-disc tribometer in ambient atmosphere. The compositions, microstructures and surface morphologies of PDC discs and wear scars on Si₃N₄ balls were characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the steady friction coefficient decreased at the annealing temperature of 200 °C and increased with annealing temperature increasing. While, the wear rate of PDCs and Si₃N₄ balls increased at 200 °C, and sharply decreased from 300 to 800 °C. The surface morphologies and Raman spectra revealed that the variation law of friction coefficient curves at different annealing temperatures was attributed to carbonaceous transfer films formed on Si₃N₄ balls. The residual stress on PDC surface was reduced after the annealing treatment, thus fine diamond grains were easily extracted from PDC surface onto the contact area during the tribotest which led to the wear of PDC and abrasive wear for both counter parts. These results revealed that the friction and wear behaviors of PDC were significantly affected by the vacuum annealing temperature.     

Effect of high temperature annealing on ultrahard polycrystalline diamond in air and vacuum conditions

The effect of high temperature annealing on ultrahard polycrystalline diamond (UHPCD) has been investigated in air and vacuum conditions up to 1500 °C. The thermal stability, carbon bonds, morphologies and wear resistance of UHPCD were evaluated by thermal gravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wear tester. The thermal analysis results indicated that the thermal stability of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond was better than that of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) even though it was weakened by high pressure high temperature treatment, while no graphitization was observed on UHPCD in flowing argon up to 1500 °C. When the UHPCD annealed in air, the oxidation damage with the extension of cracks and spalling holes was observed on CVD diamond as the evolution of temperature. The result confirmed by the changes of diamond peak position and full width at half maximum (FWHM) in Raman spectra curves. The PCD had shown the damage with cracks induced exfoliation of binder regions and cracks ruined diamond grains. However, the diamond peak position and FWHM of CVD diamond and PCD showed slight reduction as a function of vacuum annealing temperature with no detectable change of morphologies. The high temperature annealing has strong impact on the wear resistance of UHPCD in air while slightly in vacuum.     

真空退火处理对冷喷涂铝基复合材料组织与性能的影响

采用冷喷涂增材制造工艺制备了Al-25Al2O3、Al-50Al2O3和Al-75Al2O3(体积分数,％)具有不同体积含量Al2O3颗粒的铝基复合材料,并采用SEM、EBSD、硬度测试和拉伸测试等测试方法分析了真空退火处理对冷喷涂铝基复合材料的微观结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明,Al2O3颗粒的加入增加了冷喷涂增材材...     

Peculiarities of vacuum annealing of nanocrystalline WC powders

The effect of vacuum annealing temperature on the phase and chemical composition, particle size, and microstrains of nanocrystalline powders of tungsten carbide WC with particles from 20 to 60 nm in size has been studied using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy methods. It is established that nanocrystalline WC powders stored in air, contain from 1 to 2 wt.% of impurity oxygen. It is found that vacuum annealing of WC nanopowders at a temperature up to 1400 °C is accompanied by appreciable decarburization and variation in the phase composition due to carbon desorption as a result of interaction with impurity oxygen. Annealing leads to coarsening of powder particles caused by intergrowth of aggregated nanoparticles and to decreasing microstrains.     

Electrical and magnetic properties of the composite pellets containing DBSA-doped polyaniline and Fe nanoparticles

DBSA-doped polyaniline powder (DBSA-PANI) was mixed with Fe nanoparticles to obtain the DBSA-PANI-Fe composite. Powder of the composite was compacted to the pellets to study the electrical property and magnetization characteristic by measuring the conductivity in 100–300 K and the magnetization curve at room temperature. The conductivity of the composite pellet is linearly decreased from 0.25 ± 0.02 to 0.07 ± 0.01 S/cm with increasing the Fe nanoparticle content from 0 to 70 wt.%. For the pellets containing the Fe nanoparticles less than 70 wt.%, the variation of conductivity with temperature reveals that the charge transport mechanism can be considered to be one-dimensional variable-range-hopping (1D-VRH). For the pellet with 70 wt.%-Fe nanoparticles, however, the charge transport mechanism cannot be well understood in terms of the VRH model. All the DBSA-PANI-Fe composite pellets show a magnetic hysteresis loop and a hard magnetization characteristic. The saturation magnetization monotonously increases from 32 to 78 emu/g with increasing the Fe nanoparticle content from 30 to 70 wt.%. The saturation field and the coercivity are estimated to be about 5500 and 385 Oe, respectively, independent of the Fe nanoparticle content.     

真空退火处理对选区激光熔化TA2纯钛显微组织及力学性能的影响

采用选区激光熔化工艺制备了医用TA2纯钛试样,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、万能材料试验机和维氏硬度计等分析手段对比分析了真空退火处理对试样显微组织和力学性能的影响,还利用氮氢氧联合测定仪研究了试样中含氧量的变化。结果表明,合适的真空热处理工艺能明显改变纯钛零件显微组织,从马氏体组织向近等轴组织转变;能有效改变制备零件的力学性能,使拉伸强度及屈服强度降低,塑性升高;除此之外,真空热处理还能降低制备零件的含氧量和硬度。经800 ℃真空退火保温1 h后,试样的显微组织为近等轴组织,其各项力学性能均满足GB/T 13810—2017《外科植入物用钛及钛合金加工材》要求,其抗拉强度为670.3 MPa,屈服强度为609 MPa,断后伸长率为20.3% ,断面收缩率为44.7% 。     

Effect of Fe on microstructures and vacuum arc characteristics of CuCr alloys

In order to clarify the effect of Fe addition on vacuum arc characteristics of CuCr alloys, the CuCr50, CuCr45Fe5 and CuCr40Fe10 alloys were prepared by vacuum sintering and infiltrating, and the simulated electrical breakdown experiment was undertaken in a vacuum interrupter. The characteristics of the motion of vacuum arcs were analyzed by a digital high-speed video camera and the erosion morphology was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that Fe additions can strengthen the Cr phase, promote the first breakdown phase to transfer from Cr to Cu and increase the strength of the alloy breakdown voltage by 80%. Meanwhile, Fe additions can still retain the arc stability of CuCr50 alloys during the generation and extinguishing process, decrease the chopping current, and prolong the arc life. Furthermore, the characteristics of the split and motion of cathode spots on the surface of the CuCr40Fe10 alloy were improved, which prohibits the concentrated arc erosion.     

Characteristics of the polyaniline films vacuum deposited at a high background pressure

Polyaniline films with different thickness were deposited on unheated glass substrates by vacuum evaporating HCl-doped polyaniline pellets at a high background pressure. Micromorphological, compositional, structural and electrical properties of the films were studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive of X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and sub-femtoamp source meter. The polyaniline films consist of a large number of flakes. Some flakes are perpendicular to the substrate and they are more in the thick film compared with the thin film. No chlorine is detected in the films. The aromatic structure of polyaniline is retained in all the polyaniline films. However, the polar structure of polyaniline is destroyed in the films. The polyaniline film is in a higher oxidation state compared with the HCl-doped polyaniline pellet. The conductivity of the polyaniline films ranges from 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁹ S/cm and is lower than that of the HCl-doped polyaniline pellet as the starting material. Besides, the conductivity decreases with increasing film thickness.     

退火温度对Cu-Fe-P合金性能和第二相特征的影响

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、导电率测试仪及拉伸试验等研究了C19400(Cu-2.18Fe-0.03P)合金冷轧态和不同温度退火态的带材的显微组织、力学性能和导电率.结果 表明:相较于冷轧态,低温退火对C19400合金的组织与性能影响显著;经过400℃退火处理之后,合金的抗拉强度降低至415 MPa,伸长率升高至4.42％...