各气候区被动建筑节能技术适用性分析

被动式建筑节能,是通过利用自然气候资源的生态建筑设计原理,赋予建筑本身节能自然特性而实现的建筑节能,因而更为绿色环保,更有利于人类生存环境的可持续发展,成为建筑节能积极倡导的方向。针对中国各气候区典型城市的气候特点进行被动式太阳采暖、自然通风、蓄热墙体、诱导+夜间通风、直接蒸发冷却和间接蒸发冷度这六种被动式建筑节能技术适用性进行分析,并对各气候区的各种被动式建筑节能技术的适用性进行对比。     

Zero energy balance and zero on-site CO2 emission housing development in the Mediterranean climate

Zero energy balance (ZEB) is an essential and paramount topic in building design. The paper addresses this important research area with special regard to the Mediterranean climate.To deal with ZEB in architecture, a final design proposal for a new housing development in the peri-urban context of Tricase - a town located in the south of Italy - is presented and used for energy investigation. With reference to this pilot case study, the paper highlights that high performing and zero energy balance buildings cannot be reached by technology alone, but by the search for an integrated design combining passive tools (high thermal mass brick wall structures - as an evolution of the traditional stone construction of the region, high reflective materials, solar shading devices, ventilation strategies, etc.) with solar and wind energy micro-generation.Results show that zero energy balance and zero local CO₂ emission houses in the Mediterranean climate present high levels of feasibility, which can be simply achieved by energy-efficient solutions using local materials and traditional construction processes, thus resulting into high quality performing buildings within recognisable urban environments.     

营造可持续建筑蓄能围护结构的新思路及新方法

随着能源供求失衡日益加剧,建筑蓄能节能的重要性不断凸显。营造具有高效蓄能及可调节能力的可持续蓄能围护结构,对于建筑节能具有重要意义。本文从居住者的热舒适需求出发,通过反问题思路,提出了被动式及主动式建筑中可持续室内环境营造的一些新思路和新方法。研究发现,被动式建筑围护结构理想热质体热性能具有相变材料的特征,即热容随温度的分布接近δ函数形式。并进一步开展了建筑用相变材料的研发及应用研究,研制了建筑用定形相变材料和微胶囊化相变材料,克服了传统相变材料易泄露和导热系数偏低等缺点。最后,提出了主被动式建筑围护结构和相变材料一体化的系统应用方案,并通过实验及模拟验证了其节能舒适效果,为相变材料和建筑蓄能围护结构一体化的设计及应用提供指导。     

寒冷地区被动式建筑能源系统形式分析

通过对我国被动式建筑示范项目的信息收集,总结了当前我国被动式建筑发展的特点,指出寒冷地区是我国目前大力发展被动式建筑的重点区域。通过对大量国内外类似气候条件下相同负荷需求特点的被动式建筑实际案例及其能源系统形式的收集整理,分析寒冷地区被动式建筑能源系统形式需求倾向及特点,得出我国现阶段寒冷地区的被动式建筑项目中太阳能生活热水和热泵技术仍然是最具吸引力的能源系统形式,同时随着PV产品经济性条件的改善,PV在寒冷地区也具有较大应用潜力。     

低能耗绿色建筑中针对被动式太阳能技术应用评价方法研究

建筑作为人类文明最重要的产物之一,在全球范围内消耗约40%的一次能源,排放约30%温室气体。在全球能源危机与气候问题的背景下,应采取积极措施减少和取代化石燃料的消耗,同时又不能降低建成环境的舒适度水平。实际上,为实现建筑的"开源""节流"并举的目标,提高建筑能源效率与应用可再生能源的建筑技术已经在建筑领域取得诸多成就。被动式太阳能建筑技术是指通过建筑朝向的合理选择和周围环境的合理布置,内部空间和外部形体的巧妙处理,以及建筑材料和构造的恰当选择,使其在冬季能够收集、储存并使用太阳能,辅助建筑的采暖;同时在夏季通过采取遮阳、自然通风等措施又能屏蔽太阳辐射,帮助室内散热,从而辅助建筑的降温。常见的被动式太阳能建筑技术,例如直接受益太阳能系统、间接受益太阳能系统、独立太阳能系统已经被广泛应用于各类建筑之中。但是,通过综述美国LEED与德国En EV,以及我国《绿色建筑评价标准》与《被动式超低能耗绿色建筑技术导则》等评价体系的相关调研情况发现,在现行的绿色建筑、低能耗建筑评价标准中,太阳能利用的评价方法是以主动式技术应用为基础的,并未全面考虑被动式太阳能建筑技术的贡献率问题。针对此问题,通过分析评价原则与目标、评价指标性质、核心评价指标遴选,提出一种低能耗绿色建筑中针对被动式太阳能贡献率问题的评价方法,以相对太阳能贡献率概念,应对我国太阳能资源分配不均的问题,并提出评价被动式太阳能建筑技术的算法。最后对评价结果的交流、弹性与适应性进行了讨论。并以一栋坐落于中国天津的绿色建筑为例。天津属于太阳能采暖适宜气候区A区,《被动式太阳能建筑技术规范》中的太阳能贡献率参考值为20%。在室内设计温度设置为18℃的情况下,若通过实测计算该建筑的太阳能贡献率为25%,则相对太阳能贡献率在15%~30%区间范围内,因此该建筑可以被认定为第二等级或加分。该评价方法坚持了低能耗绿色建筑"被动设计优先,主动技术优化"的设计原则,完善了现行绿色建筑评价标准中对被动式太阳能技术应用的考虑。寄希望于建筑参与者可以理解、应用这个方法在被动式太阳能建筑中的技术评价,以推动建筑可再生能源技术的发展,并有利于建设资源节约型与环境友好型社会。     

被动式建筑热环境调节策略分析——2013年中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛评述

热环境调节策略是创造舒适建筑环境的关键所在,也是建筑节能设计的重点.以2013年中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛（SDC2013）中的零能耗太阳能住宅建筑为例,对各参赛建筑中较为新颖的被动式热环境调节策略进行分析,剖析其技术特点,探讨太阳能住宅中热环境调节的新技术及其应用方法,希冀对当代绿色建筑设计起到借鉴作用.     

Revision of the Trombe wall calculation method proposed by UNE-EN ISO 13790

The European and International Standard UNE-EN ISO 13790 presents a set of calculation methods for the evaluation and design of energy and thermal performance of buildings. These methods have diverse range of details for calculating the energy use of heating and cooling in different building zones, as well as for calculating the heat transfer and solar heat gains of special elements, such as ventilated solar walls (Trombe walls). In this article, the authors have revised the aforementioned document in order to check the proposed mathematical models and their implementation within Mediterranean climates. This assessment pinpoints the existence of some errors in the equations provided in EN ISO 13790 under steady state conditions. Concurrently, the corrected equations are shown and new correlations are proposed for the ratios δ and ω which are more suitable for Mediterranean climates.     

寒冷地区被动式太阳能中小学建筑的设计策略

本文对我国寒冷地区中小学建筑的现状进行了调查,以寒冷地区采用被动式太阳能技术的中小学建筑为研究内容,重点介绍了常用的被动式太阳能光热技术在此类建筑中的应用,期望可以作为太阳能中小学建筑设计的参考。     

A holistic approach to energy efficient building forms

Minimizing energy consumption in buildings has become an important goal in architecture and urban planning in recent years. Guidelines were developed for each climatic zone aiming at increasing solar exposure for buildings in cold climates and at reducing solar exposure for buildings in hot climates. This approach usually plans for the season with the harshest weather; often forgetting that temperatures in cities at latitude 25° can drop below thermal comfort limits in winter and that temperatures in cities at latitude 48° often rise above thermal comfort limits in summer. This paper argues that a holistic approach to energy efficient building forms is needed. It demonstrates a generic energy efficient building form derived by cutting solar profiles in a conventional block. Results show that the proposed building form, the Residential Solar Block (RSB), can maximize solar energy falling on facades and minimize solar energy falling on roofs and on the ground surrounding buildings in an urban area in winter; thus maximizing the potential of passive utilization of solar energy. The RSB also supports strategies for mitigating the urban heat island through increased airflow between buildings, the promotion of marketable green roofs and the reduction of transportation energy.     

漫谈太阳能在建筑中的利用

介绍建筑围护结构（太阳墙系统、被动式太阳房等）的生态建筑特征,以及其太阳能利用原理,并通过实例分析生态建筑大师托马斯·赫尔佐格在利用太阳能进行建筑设计的先进理念,探讨对我国太阳能建筑设计的启示作用．     

太阳能与山西农村住宅建筑一体化的初步设计

通过分析山西农村的自然条件、人文环境和建筑技术因素,优化太阳能资源应用方式,研究太阳能与山西农村住宅建筑一体化初步设计的建筑朝向、造型和窗墙面积比。利用太阳能可再生资源,减少环境污染,推进生态文明建设。     

An ETTV-based approach to improving the energy performance of commercial buildings

This paper aims to study the various parameters that affect the energy performance of commercial buildings in Singapore. The parameters are diverse, ranging from characteristics of construction of the walls and windows, to the various system settings and types within the building. Building energy performance is measured via two key indexes, namely, the Envelope Thermal Transfer Value (ETTV) and the annual cooling energy requirement (E_c). Parameters related to these two indexes are identified. An additional parameter, the solar absorptance of the wall, is further incorporated to calibrate the ETTV equation. A relative ranking on the functional parameters of ETTV has been performed to evaluate their effectiveness in lowering the ETTV of buildings. In addition, the impact of using cladding on ETTV is also studied. A correlation for E_c, expressed in the form of a simple linear equation, has been developed. This correlation accounts for the internal building loads, envelope loads, operating schedules and efficiency of the cooling equipment. Finally, ETTV and E_c have been employed to study the effects of chiller over-sizing and ventilation rates on building cooling energy. In the pursuit for better energy-efficient buildings, the approach presented in this paper contributes to the construct of sustainable energy-efficient built-environment.     

相变蓄能材料在建筑节能领域的应用研究

介绍了应用于建筑节能领域的相变蓄能材料,探讨了相变蓄能材料在建筑围护结构、相变蓄热供暖系统与相变蓄冷空调系统中的应用。研究表明,相变蓄能材料在建筑领域的应用可以有效地利用太阳能等清洁型能源,缓解建筑物热量供需双方不平衡矛盾,提高室内舒适度,减小建筑能源消耗。总结并展望了未来相变蓄能材料在节能建筑领域应用的研究方向和发展前景。     

建筑节能技术发展及目标

我国建筑节能经历了三个指标阶段,目前已有的城市开始执行75%的节能指标,各种节能技术支撑着建筑物逐步的降低能耗,近些年发展的被动式超低能耗建筑引领着建筑节能,近零能耗建筑是建筑节能的发展目标。提高围护结构保温效果,提高总的能源利用效率,可再生能源的应用,被动式建筑技术是达到近零能耗建筑的基本措施。     

寒冷地区高校既有建筑节能技术体系研究

当前,降低建筑能耗的投资约为降低工业能耗投资的5倍,因此建筑节能的能效水平及技术的经济性就尤为重要。基于我国为数众多的各类高校已成为国内重要的能源消耗大户,以寒冷地区高校既有建筑为研究对象,阐述通过能耗调查和测试数据,进行建筑能耗模拟分析,可找到既有建筑能耗的关键问题,并确立节能改造原则,制定相应的节能技术体系,此为解决高校既有建筑节能问题的关键。对技术的应用则应针对不同的既有建筑能耗特点和改造资金投入状况,进行灵活的技术组合和应用,构成不同层次的节能技术群,使得改造得以真正地实施。     

近零能耗建筑中相变建筑材料的研究进展

近零能耗建筑是采用被动式建筑设计和主动式节能技术、以最低的能源设备功耗获得舒适室内环境的建筑.相变建筑材料的使用可以提高建筑围护结构的热惰性,减少室内温度的波动,降低供暖、空调设备的容量,同时能与太阳能、空气能等可再生能源相结合,降低建筑设备能耗.从不同围护结构的角度介绍了相变建筑材料的分类与特点,综述了国内外相变围护...     

基于山东省超低能耗建筑设计标准的某建筑能耗模拟探究

近年来国内不断涌现出参照德国被动房节能标准建造的超低能耗建筑,但由于我国气候与德国相比相差较大,我国各省份充分考虑本地区的气候特点、居民生活习惯、建筑特点和能耗情况相继颁布适合本地需要的被动房标准。对德国被动式超低能耗建筑标准与山东省被动式超低能耗建筑标准进行了对比研究,并以某办公建筑为例,利用Trnsys能耗模拟软件对山东地区的被动式建筑进行了负荷模拟,最后与普通建筑的能耗做了对比分析。分析结果表明被动式建筑比普通建筑节能40%。     

Thermal zoning and interzonal airflow in the design and simulation of solar houses: a sensitivity analysis

Many assumptions must be made about thermal zoning and interzonal airflow for modelling the performance of buildings. This is particularly important for solar homes, which are subjected to high levels of periodic solar heat gains in certain zones. The way in which these passive solar heat gains are distributed to other zones of a building has a significant effect on predicted energy performance, thermal comfort and optimal design selection. This article presents a comprehensive sensitivity analysis that quantifies the effect of thermal zoning and interzonal airflow on building performance, optimal south-facing glazing area, and thermal comfort. The effect of controlled shades to control unwanted solar gains is also explored. Results show that passive solar buildings, in particular, can benefit from increased air circulation with a forced air system because it allows solar gains to be redistributed and thus reduces direct gain zone overheating and total energy consumption.     

建筑节能与玻璃

公共建筑与居住建筑是建筑整体构成的主要部分。建筑物的节能,以外围护结构节能为主;外围护结构节能由屋面、外墙、外窗节能构成。由于现代建筑设计中,外窗占外墙的比例越来越大,导致通过窗户造成的能源损耗约占整体建筑的1/3~1/2。因此,窗户的节能性十分重要。窗户由窗框、玻璃组成,玻璃约占整体窗户的80%~90%,窗玻璃的隔热性能至关重要。阐述了太阳光辐射热能的性质及各种玻璃的节能性,着重介绍了镀膜玻璃及相关节能效果,对建筑节能设计有一定的参考价值。     

Five-year data of measured weather,energy consumption,and time-dependent temperature variations within different exterior wall structures

This paper presents coherent 5-year measured data that have been gathered for analyses of building energy consumption and thermal performance of exterior walls. The data is also very suitable for calculations and simulations of heating and cooling energy need of buildings. The data was collected from six identical test buildings, having exterior walls that are constructed of different building materials. The data include the following: indoor–outdoors temperatures; temperatures at various depths within the northern, southern, eastern, and western exterior wall facades; indoor–outdoors relative humidity, heating energy, wind speed and direction; air tightness, infiltration, and horizontal global solar radiation. A computer system (data logger) was used to monitor, check, calculate, integrate, and save the data acquired from approximately 520 sensors in each test building. Measurements were taken with a time interval of 20 s. The 20 s values were then integrated over a time interval of 30 min and the minimum, maximum, and mean values were subsequently stored to a computer database. Analyses of the results indicated that temperatures within the buildings’ exterior walls are constantly changing and, that occasionally the flow of conduction heat is reversed (i.e. outside–inside) due to solar radiation. For accurate results of temperature distribution and the actual heat losses through building envelopes, none steady-state calculations are essential. Depending on the intensity of solar radiation and the material characteristics of the walls, temperature gradient at the inner surfaces of exterior walls may become milder compared to that of the outer surfaces.