大型溞和发光细菌对城市水源地典型污染物敏感性比较研究

以发光细菌和大型潘为测试对象,利用Delta tox毒性检测仪和大型潘急性毒性标准测试方法测定了城市水源地水体中常见典型污染物如抗生素、重金属、农药类药物对发光菌和大型溞的急性毒性的影响。结果显示,所调查的污染物中,恩诺沙星对发光菌的EC50为9.8 mg/L,对大型溞LC50(48 h)为88 mg/L;发光菌对恩诺沙星暴露的敏感性强于大型溞。而磺胺嘧啶、Cr6+、Cd2+、乐果、敌敌畏、马拉硫磷、氯氰菊酯等污染物对大型溞的LC50(48 h)分别为184 mg/L、0.46 mg/L、0.04 mg/L、0.28 mg/L、0.006 mg/L、0.007 rmg/L、0.0006 mg/L,其敏感性高于发光菌EC50(430 mg/L、60 mg/L、11.1 mg/L、24 mg/L、161.1 mg/L、1.27 mmg/L、0.063 mg/L)。研究表明,大型潘对于城市饮用水及水源地水体中常见典型污染物的监测具有较高的敏感性和预警作用。     

UV—O_3工艺降解恩诺沙星效果研究

采用UV—O3高级氧化工艺,以间歇和连续试验相结合的方式,对UV—O3工艺降解多环抗生素恩诺沙星合成废水的处理效果进行了研究。在间歇试验过程中,考察了O3投加量、恩诺沙星初始浓度和溶液初始pH等因素对恩诺沙星降解效果的影响,同时优化了反应的工艺参数。结果表明:当O3投加量为1.3mg/L,恩诺沙星初始浓度为40mg/L,溶液初始pH为6.3,反应15min时处理效果最佳,恩诺沙星可实现完全降解,UV254和TOC的去除率可分别达到82%和39%。同时,在间歇试验优化的最佳工艺参数的基础上,进行了连续试验的验证研究,以检验UV—O3连续处理恩诺沙星废水时运行的稳定性。     

Fe3+对活性污泥系统的影响

通过小试研究了微量Fe3+对活性污泥系统的影响.将浓度为3 mg/L,5 mg/L,10 mg/L,20 mg/L,30 mg/L,50 mg/L和80 mg/L的Fe3+分别投加到活性污泥系统中,反应4 h后测定系统出水COD、活性污泥的SVI、脱氢酶活性及其EPS组分.结果表明,Fe3+浓度小于50 mg/L时对活性污泥的脱氢酶活性具有促进作用,浓度为10 mg/L时促进作用最强;Fe3+浓度在80 mg/L以下均具有良好的絮凝作用,浓度在30 mg/L以下时絮凝作用最强.两种作用的共同结果影响系统对COD的去除效果.对活性污泥EPS组分的测定表明,Fe3+的絮凝作用对SVI的影响是主要的.     

交叉熵随机抽样算法在辽河水质浓度区间的概率预测应用

为对辽河水质进行预警,结合交叉熵随机抽样算法对辽河总磷和总氮水质概率区间进行预测。结果表明：总氮预测浓度区间在[0.51mg/L,0.60mg/L]的概率最高值为0.6008,总磷预测浓度区间在[0.11mg/L,0.13mg/L]的概率最高值为0.6839,总氮和总磷浓度波动曲线概率外包值为10%,研究成果对辽河地区河流水质污染预测、预警具有一定参考价值。     

低碳源条件下基于氨氮反馈的AAO调控方案

为降低出水氨氮波动、降低水厂能耗和提高AAO工艺TN去除率,中部地区某污水处理厂在低碳源条件下采用基于氨氮反馈的调控方案,设定0.5 mg/L的出水氨氮反馈限值以保障氨氮达标,并设置3种曝气量和3种污泥浓度工况进行试验。结果表明,好氧池总曝气量为4 000 m³/h,污泥浓度范围为4 500～5 500 mg/L时,出水氨氮平均为0.1 mg/L,平均TN去除率为62%,出水TN平均浓度低至9.1 mg/L,达到了节能降耗的目标。     

硫酸盐浓度对水泥基材料侵蚀的影响研究

硫酸盐对水泥基材料的侵蚀问题备受工程界和学术界关注。通过测定混凝土胶砂试件在不同浓度硫酸盐侵蚀下的抗折抗蚀系数,并结合微观测试,观察侵蚀产物种类及计算生成量,以探究不同浓度硫酸盐对水泥基材料侵蚀的影响。结果表明,SO^2-4浓度为20000 mg/L时的侵蚀速率分别是8000、4000、800 mg/L的1.78、2.46、3.77倍。SO^2-4浓度为800 mg/L时,钙矾石生成量是石膏的1.4倍;SO^2-4浓度为8000 mg/L时,钙矾石与石膏生成量相同;SO^2-4浓度为20000 mg/L时,石膏生成量是钙矾石的2.5倍。     

云南高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核要求探讨

溶解氧是表征地表水环境质量的重要指标之一。以云南省泸沽湖、抚仙湖、洱海及程海为例,通过资料收集与数据统计,分析高原湖泊表层溶解氧浓度及氧饱和率特征,提出高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核要求建议。结果表明:云南高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核过程中,根据水功能区划要求对氧浓度进行考核,若氧浓度未达到标准,则根据温度和海拔计算氧饱和率并进行考核,满足标准即可判定为溶解氧达标;达标考核中,Ⅰ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥7.5 mg/L或氧饱和率≥80%;Ⅱ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥6 mg/L或氧饱和率≥70%;Ⅲ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥5 mg/L或氧饱和率≥60%;Ⅳ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥3 mg/L或氧饱和率≥50%。结果可为高原湖泊水环境管理提供参考。     

污泥浓度与SV5、SV30的相关性探讨

通过对活性污泥进行培养,在污泥浓度由50 mg/L上升到17000 mg/L的整个过程中,发现污泥浓度与SV5、SV30之间存在一定的数学关系.通过计算机MATLAB语言和人工作图的方法,对试验数据进行了归纳和总结,得出污泥浓度的计算公式及简化公式,并确定了其修正系数.     

高级氧化-IC-曝气工艺处理克林霉素生产废水实例

某药业股份有限公司克林霉素生产废水采用高级氧化-IC-曝气工艺处理,重点介绍了工程的调试启动。工程运行结果表明,出水水质稳定,COD为112mg/L,BOD5为23mg/L,SS为48mg/L,NH3-N为37.1mg/L,TN为49.6mg/L,硫化物为0.72mg/L,急性毒性(以HgCl2毒性当量计)为0.05mg/L,pH为8.22,处理后出水毒性和有机物浓度都大大降低,各项水质指标符合《化学合成类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 21904-2008)的要求。     

密云水库总氮现状及出入库路径解析研究

近年来,密云水库总氮浓度持续升高,通过对2020—2022年3年间总氮浓度的变化规律的研究,分析了水质与水量之间的响应关系。结果表明,库区总氮浓度从2020年的1.31 mg/L到2021年的1.37 mg/L,再到2022年的1.98 mg/L,呈现出逐年升高的趋势。从河流入库和大气沉降两方面研究核定了总氮输入总量。潮河3年的入库平均浓度为6.63 mg/L,白河3年的入库平均浓度为2.77 mg/L,潮河的入库总氮浓度显著高于白河;库区总氮干沉降主要以气态干沉降为主,占比69.1%。从鱼类总氮、水库放水以及水体自净等3个方面核算了总氮输出总量。鱼类总氮量年平均为56.59 t;水库放水总氮量年平均为1 012.98 t;微生物累计脱氮量年平均为1 956.72 t。研究结果为密云水库总氮防控与政策制定提供参考依据。     

Toxic response of aquatic organisms to guide application of artemisinin sustained-release granule algaecide

In our previous study, we prepared the granules by embedding artemisinin into alginate-chitosan using microcapsule technology. Thesgranules can release artemisinin sustainably and have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of both single Microcystis aeruginosa and mixealgae. To safely and effectively use artemisinin sustained-release granules to control algal blooms, the ecotoxicity was studied by assessing theacute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna(D. magna) and Danio rerio(D. rerio), along with their antioxidant activities. The results showethat the 48-h median effective concentration(EC50) of pure artemisinin to D. magna was 24.54 mg/L and the 96-h median lethal concentratio(LC50) of pure artemisinin to D. rerio was 68.08 mg/L. Both values were classified as intermediate toxicity according to the Organization foEconomic Co-operation and Development(OECD). The optimal algae inhibitory concentration of artemisinin sustained-release granules(1 g/Lhad low acute toxicity to both D. magna and D. rerio. The sustained-release granules had higher chronic toxicity to D. magna than to D. reriPartial indices of D. magna were inhibited by granules when the concentrations were larger than 0.1 g/L. Low granule concentration had ainductive effect on antioxidant enzyme activities in D. magna and D. rerio. With the increase of the exposure concentration and time, the enzymactivity presented a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the overall changes were significant. The change trend and range of enzymactivity indicated that the granules could cause serious oxidative stress to D. magna and D. rerio, and the changes were consistent with the resultof toxicity experimentation.     

青藏高原典型河流与湖泊表层水体碳时空变化特征初步分析

为了研究青藏高原典型河流与湖泊水体碳时空变化特征,采集了典型河流、湖泊、冰川等水体样品,通过实验室测试分析获取了总碳、无机碳和有机碳观测数据。结果表明青藏高原典型河流与湖泊水体碳以无机碳为主、有机碳为辅。其中,长江、黄河和澜沧江源区典型河流与湖泊水体总碳平均含量分别为62.46,32.88,17.70 mg/L,长江南源当曲源、正源沱沱河源和北源楚玛尔河源水体总碳含量分别为32.90,36.56,32.90 mg/L;青藏高原封闭性湖泊水体碳含量比河流水体较高,封闭性湖泊水体总碳、总无机碳和总有机碳平均含量分别为403.82,398.35,1.24 mg/L,而河流水体则分别为17.03,14.56,2.46 mg/L,河流水体有机碳含量比封闭性湖泊水体较高。该成果可为我国青藏高原水域碳循环研究提供基础数据,对高海拔区域气候变化研究具有参考价值。     

Acute toxicity of the lampricides TFM and niclosamide: Effects on a vascular plant and a chironomid species

The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide have been used for about 60 years to control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes Basin and Lake Champlain. To register these chemicals as pesticides in North America, their environmental effects must be reviewed on a periodic basis. As a part of this effort, toxicity of TFM and niclosamide to duckweed (Lemna gibba), and of niclosamide to aquatic midge (Chironomus dilutus), was assessed. Results of these studies indicate that for both lampricides, the no observed and lowest observed effect concentrations (NOEC and LOEC) exceed expected environmental concentrations, with effects only in the highest concentrations tested and the longest exposure times. Duckweed exposed to TFM indicated 7-day LOECs ≥4.88 mg/L for mean specific growth rate and yield, with the half maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) > 9.74 mg/L. For duckweed exposed to niclosamide, 7-day LOECs for mean specific growth rate and yield ranged from 0.271 to 0.569 mg/L, with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) 0.725 mg/L or greater depending on the parameter measured. For midge larvae exposed to niclosamide-dosed sediment, the LOEC values based on survival and growth were 26.2 mg/kg and >82.1 mg/kg, respectively, and the EC₅₀ based on survival was 49.6 mg/kg. Based on these data, deleterious effects on aquatic plants and benthic invertebrates are unlikely to result from use of TFM and niclosamide for lamprey control, given that the effect concentrations are in excess of the expected environmental concentrations.     

鱼类在TDG过饱和含沙水体中的耐受性

为探讨高坝泄洪引起的总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和含沙水体对鱼类的影响,以岩原鲤和鲢鱼为研究对象,开展TDG过饱和含沙水体对不同鱼类的急性暴露试验,根据鱼类受TDG过饱和含沙水体胁迫后的异常行为和死亡率、半致死时间等指标来分析不同鱼类受胁迫后的耐受性和差异性。试验结果表明:试验初期,试验用鱼出现较明显异常行为和气泡病症状,且岩原鲤早于鲢鱼;相同TDG饱和度下,随着含沙量的增加,试验用鱼半致死时间缩短,且岩原鲤半致死时间短于鲢鱼,表明鲢鱼比岩原鲤具有更强的适应能力和耐受能力;当TDG饱和度较高时,即使含沙量低,也会造成试验用鱼的大量死亡;过饱和TDG是导致试验用鱼死亡的主要原因,但不能忽略泥沙对试验用鱼死亡的促进作用。     

Acetylcholinesterase activity in the freshwater shrimp Caridina nilotica as a biomarker of Roundup(?) herbicide pollution of freshwater systems in South Africa

The use of Caridina nilotica whole-body acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity as a potential biomarker of Roundup(?) pollution of aquatic ecosystems was investigated. Forty days post hatch (dph) shrimps were exposed to different concentrations of 0.0, 4.3, 6.7, 10.5, 16.4, 25.6 and 40.0 mg/L in a 96 h acute toxicity test; and 0.0, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 4.3 and 5.4 mg/L in a 21 d chronic toxicity test. Whole-body AChE activities were determined at the end of the exposure periods by spectrophotometric assay of sample extract; activities were then normalized against protein contents in the samples and expressed in nanomoles of substrate hydrolyzed. Results of both tests showed that AChE activity was concentration-dependent. Mean AChE activities and standard deviations (±SD) for 96 h acute toxicity were 3.6239 (± 0.4185), 3.4157 (± 1.1842), 2.537 (± 1.3989), 2.4253 (± 1.4202), 2.4127 (± 1.9097), 2.0017 (± 1.1080) and 2.316 (± 0.4001) nmol/min/mg protein; while activity levels for 21 d test were 3.6907(± 0.3401), 2.8473 (± 0.713), 2.9134 (± 0.9879), 2.6738 (± 0.7117), 2.3019 (± 0.4464) and 2.1478 (± 0.864) nmol/min/mg protein. Reference basal AChE activity for 40 dph C. nilotica based on the two control groups was estimated as 3.6907 (± 0.3401) nmol/min/mg proteins. The present work provides ecotoxicological basis for the possible use of AChE activity in C. nilotica as a biomarker for monitoring Roundup(?) pollution in freshwater systems.     

ASBR法处理苯酚废水的动力学研究

在ASBR反应器中,以苯酚为标的物进行难降解有机物的降解,并研究反应器的降解动力学。经过前期的污泥驯化和正交试验,本试验在ASBR最有效降解污染物的工况下运行。试验结果表明:苯酚初始浓度小于146.8mg/L的情况下,反应速率随苯酚浓度的增大而增大,苯酚的降解过程符合零级动力学反应特征;苯酚初始浓度在200.5～377.9 mg/L之间时,反应速率随苯酚浓度的增大而减小,苯酚的降解过程符合一级动力学反应特征。低浓度和高浓度苯酚在ASBR中降解分别符合零级和一级动力学反应特征,且中温降解速率明显高于常温。本文试验数据与动力学方程拟合较好,能够为实际工艺中的苯酚污水处理提供参考。     

Acute toxicity and inactivation tests of CO2 on invertebrates in drinking water treatment systems

In addition to the esthetic problem caused by invertebrates, researchers are recently starting to be more aware of their potential importance in terms of public health. However, the inactivation methods of invertebrates which could proliferate in drinking water treatment systems are not well developed. The objective of this study is to assess the acute toxicity and inactivation effects of CO2 on familiar invertebrates in water treatment processes. The results of this study revealed that CO2 has a definite toxicity to familiar invertebrates. The values of 24-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) were calculated for each test with six groups of invertebrates. The toxicity of CO2 was higher with increasing concentrations in solution but was lower with the increase in size of the invertebrates. Above the concentration of 1,000 mg/L for the CO2 solution, the 100% inactivation time of all the invertebrates was less than 5 s, and in 15 min, the inactivation ratio showed a gradient descent with a decline in concentration. As seen for Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides, by dosing with a sodium bicarbonate solution first and adding a dilute hydrochloric acid solution 5 min later, it is possible to obtain a satisfactory inactivation effect in the GAC (granular activated carbon) filters.     

城市污泥中DEHP和DMP的好氧降解特性研究

对城市污泥好氧消化过程中DEHP和DMP的降解进行了研究,并重点研究了难降解有机物DEHP在不同浓度下对易降解有机物DMP的抑制效果.研究表明,好氧消化污泥对DEHP和DMP有较强的降解能力,且对DMP的降解能力明显强于DEHP,好氧消化污泥在500 mg/L难降解有机物DEHP存在的情况下,对50 mg/L有机物DMP的去除率仍高达99.8%;当DEHP的初始浓度在200 mg/L时,对DMP的降解速率影响较大,而在50 mg/L和500 mg/L时,影响较小;但历经10 d以后,不同初始浓度的DEHP对DMP的好氧降解速率几乎没有影响.