减少食品中亚硝酸盐危害的研究进展

本文阐述了食品中亚硝酸盐的危害和来源。亚硝酸盐的主要来源为蔬菜生长过程中和腌制过程中积累的亚硝酸盐,其次是亚硝酸盐作为着色剂、防腐剂和抗氧化剂添加的腌腊肉制品。摄入0.3~0.5 g亚硝酸盐就可引起中毒,摄入3 g甚至会致死。减少蔬菜中的亚硝酸盐含量主要靠控制腌制时间和腌制过程中盐的浓度以及烹饪后尽快食用来减少亚硝酸盐的生成量。而减少腌腊肉制品中的亚硝酸盐则主要从2个方面入手,一是直接减少亚硝酸盐的使用量或者完全不使用亚硝酸盐;二是阻断亚硝胺的形成。研究表明,发色剂红曲色素、抑菌剂乳酸菌及乳酸链球菌素、抗氧化剂茶多酚以及亚硝胺生成阻断剂α-生育酚、姜蒜汁等都能够有效地减少腌腊肉制品中亚硝酸盐的含量,降低食品中亚硝酸盐的危害。     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐替代物应用研究进展

在肉制品的生产过程中,亚硝酸盐作为传统食品添加剂,具有发色、抗氧化、呈现特有风味、抑制细菌等作用。但是,当亚硝酸盐的量积累到一定程度后,在适宜条件下亚硝酸盐与蛋白质分解产物——胺类物质发生反应,生成强致癌物质亚硝胺。亚硝胺会在人体中积累,对人体产生不可忽视的危害。因此,人们一直以来都在寻找亚硝酸盐的替代物以减少亚硝酸盐的使用量。本文综述了肉制品中添加亚硝酸盐的作用、危害以及亚硝酸盐替代物的研究进展。     

亚硝酸盐在肉制品加工中的应用研究

亚硝酸盐是一种常见的食品添加剂,因其具有良好的发色、抗氧化、抑菌等作用而被广泛应用于肉制品加工中。但如果食品中亚硝酸盐含量过多,会对人体造成一定的危害。通过综合分析亚硝酸盐的特性及其在肉制品加工中的作用、存在的安全性问题,探寻更好地减少或替代亚硝酸盐使用的方法,以期为安全肉制品的生产提供理论依据。     

食品亚硝酸盐来源与检测方法

为正确认识和解决食品中亚硝酸盐残留和超标问题,该文对食品中亚硝酸盐来源、危害及检测技术进行综述。     

食品中亚硝酸盐检测方法的研究进展

亚硝酸盐广泛存在于肉制品、腌制食品和蔬菜等食品中。由于亚硝酸盐有一定的毒性,摄入过多会危害人体健康。因此,应用快速可靠的方法检测食品中的亚硝酸盐尤为重要。本文总结了各类食品在检测前的预处理方法,综述了近年来国内外检测食品中亚硝酸盐的主要方法和研究进展,总结分析了光度法、色谱法、化学发光法、电化学法、滴定分析法的原理、检测限和优缺点,旨在为科学准确地检测各类食品中的亚硝酸盐提供参考依据。     

传统腌腊制品中亚硝酸盐的危害及其替代物的研究进展

亚硝酸盐是一种传统的发色剂,能赋予肉制品诱人的色泽,对肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌有抑制作用,并且有助于肉制品风味的产生和保持。但亚硝酸盐添加过量能引起中毒,同时又是强致癌物N-亚硝胺的前体物。腌腊制品在生产上需保证良好的色泽及安全性,完全不添加亚硝酸盐几乎是不可能的,应尽可能降低亚硝酸盐的使用量并积极寻找高效、安全的替代物。本文介绍了腌腊制品中亚硝酸盐替代物的研究进展,由于微生物制品迎合了人们要求食品天然化,不加或少加化学添加剂的愿望,因此本文对天然微生物制品替代亚硝酸盐进行了着重介绍。最后本文还对未来减少食品中亚硝酸盐危害的研究方向进行了展望。     

食品添加剂亚硝酸盐的利弊

<正>亚硝酸盐引起的化学性食源性疾病屡见报道,但亚硝酸盐被允许作为食品添加剂加入到肉制品中,引起大多数人的不解和恐慌。笔者希望通过从对亚硝酸盐的性质、食品中亚硝酸盐的主要来源、作用和危害等方面阐述分析,为大家正确认识食品加工中加入的亚硝酸盐以及利弊衡量提供一定帮助。亚硝酸盐又称工业食盐,是一类含亚硝酸根的无机化合物总称,主要指亚硝酸钠,分子式为Na N02,为白色至     

亚硝酸盐在肉制品中应用的危害分析及其替代物的研究

对肉制品中添加亚硝酸盐的作用及其危害进行了分析,并对减少肉制品中亚硝酸盐替代物的途径进行了探讨。     

食品中亚硝酸盐的应用探究

亚硝酸盐作为食品加工行业中一种常见的添加剂，不仅能够增色护色，而且具有抑菌防腐的作用，但摄入过量对人体健康会产生危害。在近年来对肉制品的检测中发现，亚硝酸盐超标较为普遍。因此，本研究主要对亚硝酸盐的来源、性质、危害及相关法律法规进行概述。     

试析谷物辅食中亚硝酸盐的测定

亚硝酸盐对人体的危害总所周知,人们如果一次性摄入3-5毫克的亚硝酸盐就可能会导致中毒甚至是死亡,除此之外亚硝酸盐还是一中具有较高致癌性的物质。作为一种具有防腐性质的物质,亚硝酸盐被广泛的应用在在于腌制食品中,通常情况下在变质食品中,会存在大量的亚硝酸盐,有时候谷物中也会存在。本文的主旨在于研究如何测定谷物辅食中含有的亚硝酸盐,希望能够给读者带去一些启发。     

A rapid method for the determination of nitrate and nitrite by chemiluminescence

Nitrite and nitrate + nitrite can be determined by selective chemical reduction to nitric oxide which is measured using a chemiluminescence analyser. The reducing agents are sodium iodide in acetic acid for nitrite and ferrous ammonium sulphate-ammonium molybdate for nitrate + nitrite. The concentrations of the reducing agents have been optimized to obtain the maximum yield of nitric oxide and the minimum coefficient of variation. Under these conditions, it is possible to inject repeated samples into the refluxing reducing agents and to obtain rapid evolutions of nitric oxide from which the determinations can be made. Nitric oxide has also been produced using the nitrite reagents from organic nitrites, a S-nitrosothiol, a pseudonitrole and N-nitrosamines. Similarly, an organic nitrate and some C-nitroso compounds respond to the method for nitrate but only to the extent of a yield of nitric oxide of about 10% of the theoretical. Very low or zero responses were evident from aliphatic and aromatic C-nitro compounds but not omega-N-nitroarginine which gave a large yield of nitric oxide using the reagents for nitrate. In general, however, concentrations of nitrate will be in considerable excess of those of related compounds which would interfere with the determinations. Nitrate can be determined either by difference in its mixtures with nitrite or by prior removal of the nitrite using ascorbic acid provided oxygen and nitric oxide are removed by degassing with nitrogen.     

The effects of lactate on nitrosylmyoglobin formation from nitrite and metmyoglobin in a cured meat system

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of lactate on nitrite during meat curing. In the first experiment, using a model system, eight reaction components including nitrite and lactate, were used to assess the effect of each component on metmyoglobin reducing activity by excluding one component at a time. Excluding lactate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or phenazine methosulfate (PMS) resulted in no reducing activity. A second experiment, utilising a meat mixture, investigated the effects of lactate (0%, 2%, 4% or 6%), nitrite (0 or 156 ppm), and packaging (oxygen-permeable or vacuum) on residual nitrite, meat colour and pH. Addition of lactate reduced residual nitrite in the meat mixtures. Both experiments support the hypothesis that lactate generates NADH which then reduces metmyoglobin to deoxymyoglobin. The resulting greater concentration of reduced myoglobin subsequently reacted with nitrite to produce more nitric oxide, reducing nitrite concentration and accelerating curing reactions.     

切分及烹调对叶类蔬菜品质的影响

以芥菜、菜心、生菜等为主要原材料,研究切分方式与烹调方式对叶类蔬菜中维生素C、叶绿素和亚硝酸盐含量的影响,以明确加工条件对叶类蔬菜品质的影响。结果表明,切分后烫漂,叶类蔬菜中维生素C较新鲜蔬菜下降超过40%,亚硝酸盐含量下降超过45%,叶绿素下降不明显,且随细胞液的流失有明显上升趋势;油炒、烫漂和汽蒸三种烹饪方式对叶类蔬菜中叶绿素、维生素C、亚硝酸盐影响的研究表明,汽蒸加工可以保留叶类蔬菜中60~67%的维生素C,可降低40~70%的亚硝酸盐含量,而对叶绿素含量影响不大,是一种较理想的营养烹饪方式。本论文的研究成果具备良好的理论与实践意义,对减少叶类蔬菜烹饪加工过程中营养成分的损失、有害物质的产生、提高叶类蔬菜烹饪品质起到良好的方法借鉴。     

降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留量的方法及研究进展

分析了肉制品中添加亚硝酸盐的作用及其危害,简述了影响亚硝酸盐残留量的几种因素,重点探讨了降低肉制品中亚硝酸盐残留量的途径。     

不同添加量的亚硝酸盐和番茄粉对哈尔滨红肠品质特性及氧化程度的影响

研究了在红肠中添加不同含量的亚硝酸盐(150 mg/kg、100 mg/kg和50 mg/kg),同时补充添加不同含量的番茄红素(0%、2%和4%)对其色泽和感官品质的影响,通过pH值、色差、质构特性以及感官评价等得出最佳的添加量为:100mg/kg亚硝酸盐和2%番茄粉素;然后将用该配方生产的红肠与只添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸盐的红肠在4℃贮藏1、7、15、30和45天,结果表明添加番茄红素的红肠氧化程度较低,从成色和抗氧化的角度而言,番茄粉可部分替代亚硝酸盐生产低硝红肠。     

泡菜中亚硝酸盐安全性研究新进展

泡菜制作简单,成本低廉,而且营养丰富、具有保健作用,所以备受广大消费者青睐.但是泡菜中亚硝酸盐的存在对泡菜的食用安全性造成了隐患.文章从泡菜中亚硝酸盐来源及危害、测定方法、影响因素以及降解措施等方面综述了近年来我国对其安全性研究的新进展,并据以展望.     

泡菜中亚硝酸盐问题的研究进展

随着泡菜工业的日益发展，泡菜中亚硝酸盐的安全问题日益受到关注。通过综合分析国内外的有关资料，文中主要论述了泡菜发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量的变化规律、影响因素、相关机理及降低措施。     

不同贮藏方式对香菜中亚硝酸盐及Vc含量的影响

目的:寻找香菜食用前的最佳贮藏方式。方法:采用20、4℃、非包装(自然状态)和密封包装4种方式贮藏香菜,研究香菜亚硝酸盐和Vc含量的变化。结果:香菜在贮藏过程中亚硝酸盐的含量先升后降,但均高于新鲜香菜中的含量,4℃贮藏的香菜亚硝酸盐含量明显低于20℃贮藏的。密封与否对香菜的亚硝酸盐含量有一定影响,室温条件下非包装和冰箱中密封的方式均有利于抑制亚硝酸盐的生成。随着时间的延长,香菜在贮藏过程中Vc含量不断减少,低温和密封均有利于Vc的保存。结论:低温有利于抑制亚硝酸盐的生成,减少Vc的损失,密封包装有利于减少Vc的损失,可选择冰箱密封的方式贮藏香菜,亚硝酸盐含量最低,Vc含量最高。     

Factors controlling the growth of Clostridium botulinum types A and B in pasteurized cured meats VI. Nitrite monitoring during storage of pasteurized pork slurries

Residual nitrite levels were monitored during storage for up to 6 months, in a model pork slurry system used to study the relative effects of curing ingredients and additives used in pasteurized cured meats to control the growth of Clostridium botulinum.
In 'low' pH slurries the rate of loss of nitrite fell with reducing storage temperature. Less residual nitrite remained after HIGH heat treatment but the rate of loss of that residual nitrite was slower during storage than nitrite remainly after LOW heat treatment. Inclusion of nitrate resulted in higher residual nitrite levels, particularly after HIGH heat and if stored below 20°C. If isoascorbate was added nitrite became undetectable within circa 30 days, even when nitrate had been added. The rate of loss of nitrite was slower in 'high' pH slurries (pH 6.3–6.8).
Monitoring levels of nitrite in the product soon after production would detect its accidental overuse but monitoring nitrite in the product during distribution or at retail, without knowledge of the composition and prior history of the product, gives little indication of the amount used at manufacture. The level of residual nitrite was not directly related to the ability of the curing mixture to control the growth of CI. botulinum types A and B. Some slurries in which C1. botulinum grew least during 6 months' storage contained no residual nitrite because isoascorbate was also present.