Numerical study on non-uniform heat transfer deterioration of supercritical RP-3 aviation kerosene in a horizontal tube

The convective heat transfer of supercritical-pressure RP-3(Rocket Propellant 3) aviation kerosene in a horizontal circular tube has been numerically studied, focusing mainly on the non-uniform heat transfer deterioration along the circumferential direction. The governing equations of mass, momentum and energy have been solved using the pressure-based segregated solver based on the finite volume method. The re-normalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model with an enhanced wall treatment was selected. Considering the heat conduction in the solid wall, the mechanism of heat transfer deterioration and the buoyancy effect on deteriorated heat transfer were discussed. The evolution of secondary flow was analyzed. Effects of the outer-wall heat flux,mass flux, pressure and tube thermal conductivity on heat transfer were investigated. Moreover, the buoyancy criterion and the heat transfer correlation were obtained. Results indicate that the poor flow performance of near-wall fluid causes the pseudo-film boiling, further leads to the heat transfer deterioration. The strong buoyancy has an effect of enhancing the heat transfer at the bottom of tube, and weakening the heat transfer at the top of tube, which results in the non-uniform inner-wall temperature and heat flux distributions. Decreasing the ratio of outer-wall heat flux and mass flux, increasing the pressure could weaken the heat transfer difference along the circumferential direction, while the effect of thermal conductivity of tube on the circumferential parameters distributions is more complicated. When the buoyancy criterion of(Gr_q/Gr_(th))_(max)≤ 0.8 is satisfied, the effect of buoyancy could be ignored. The new correlations work well for non-uniform heat transfer predictions.     

FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER WITH FLUIDIZED SOLID PARTICLES

In order to solve the fouling problems in boiling processes,a boiling system was designedby adding solid particles to the boiling liquid In this paper.both theoretical analyses andexperimental studies on the boiling heat transfer in such a three-phase flow boiling were carried out.Based on the analysis of heat transfer characters of this three-phase flow boiling,a mathematical mod-el for the heat transfer coefficient of flow boiling was developed.The experiments show that,in thepresence of particles the boiling heat transfer is enhanced and is about 2 times that of the vaporliquid two phase one with better flow stability.The fluidized particles rub the heat transfer wall toprevent and to clean the fouling.     

考虑界面蒸发时的降液膜流动传热

The interfacial evaporative heat transfer was included in the semi-empirical study of the heat transfer for the falling liquid film flow. The investigations showed that, the inclusion of the interfacial evaporative heat transfer in the turbulent model would lower the predicted convective heat transfer coefficient. Predictions of the new model resulted in a prominent deviation from that predictions of the normal model in the case of large mass flow rate and low wall heat flux. This deviation will be decreased with increasing wall heat flux, such that it will be asymptotic zero at very high wall heat flux. Predictions of the new model agreed well with the current experimental measurements. This study has verified that the Reynolds number is not the sole crucial parameter for heat transferof falling liquid film flow, and wall heat flux will be another important independent parameter. This result is consistent with our previous studies.     

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS IMPINGEMENT ON SMALL HEATED DEVICE IN LIQUID COOLANT BATH

Heat transfer characteristics of a small heated device have been investigated in a liquid bath with gas jetimpingement as function of gas flow rate,coolant temperature,liquid phsicochemical properties,heat flux,heat source size,ambient pressure and the distance between jet and heated wall.The experimental results show that the agitation of liquid caused by gas jet bubbles increases greatly therate of heat transfer,and the evaporation of coolant near the wall,which was due to the concentration differencebetween gas-liquid interface and bulk gas phase,gives additional enhancement of heat transfer.The rate ofevaporation related to the bubble growth was mathematically formulated.By using the simultaneous heat and mass transfer model,the convective heat transfer coefficient and masstransfer coefficient can be deduced from the experimental results.In addition,the local heat transfer coefficient and the distribution of evaporation heat flux on the smallheated surface are investigated mathematically and experimentally.     

支流电场中的单气泡行为

The investigation on bubble behavior in electric field helps to analyze the mechanism of electric enhancement of boiling heat transfer. Experiments were performed to investigate the bubble deformation in direct current （DC） electric field with bubbles attached to the orifice. The air bubbles were slowly generated in the transformer oil pool at different orifices, so that the effect of flow on bubble shape was eliminated. The results showed that the bubbles were elongated and the departure volume decreased when the electric field was intensified. The major and minor axes, aspect ratio and departure volume increased with increasing the orifice diameter. Both the electric field and orifice size have great influence on bubble behavior. The bubble deformation was also simulated to compare with the experimental results. The numerical and experimental data qualitatively agree with each other.     

倾斜管内低温液弹和Taylor汽泡的长度分布

An experimental study was carried out to understand the phenomena of the boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in an inclined tube with closed bottom by using a high speed motion analyzer.The experimental tube is 0.018 m ID and 1.0 m in length.The range of the inclination angle is 45°-90° from the horizontal.The experiment focused on the effect of the inclination angle show that the mean liquid slug length and Taylor bubble length increase with the increasing x/D at various inclination angles.At the same x/D,the mean liquid slug length and Taylor bubble length increase first,and then decrease with decreasing inclination angles,with the maximum at 60°.In the vertical tube,standard deviation of the nitrogen Taylor bubble length increase with the increasing x/D.For the inclined tube,standard deviation of the nitrogen Taylor bubble length increases first,and then decreases with the increasing x/D.Standard deviation of the liquid slug length increases with increasing x/D for all inclination angles.     

垂直管内通气空泡掺气过程仿真分析简

A semi-empirical gas entrainment model was proposed for the ventilated cavity in vertical pipe, based on which, a complete numerical scheme was established by coupling with the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model to predict the multiscale flow field created by ventilated cavity. Model predictions were validated against experimental measurements on void fraction and bubble size distributions. Simulations were carried out to explore the effect of ventilation rate and inlet turbulence intensity on the macroscale cavity shape and the bubbly flow downstream of the ventilated cavity. As the ventilation rate increasing, a reverse trend was observed for the void fraction and bub- ble size distributions. It is concluded that the average void fraction in the pipe flow region is determined by the volumetric ratio between liquid and gas. However, the bubble size evolution is dominated by the breakage effect induced by turbulence in the vortex region. Furthermore, simulations were conducted to analyze geometric scale effect based upon Froude similitude. The results imply that the velocity distributions were properly scaled. Slight scale effect was seen for the void fraction caused by faster dispersion of bubbles in the larger size model. The com- paratively greater bubble size was predicted in the smaller model, implying significant scale effects in terms of tur- bulence and surface tension effect. It reveals that empirical correlations valid in wide range are required for the ex- trapolation from small-size laboratory models.     

Influence of impeller diameter on local gas dispersion properties in a sparged multi-impeller stirred tank☆

Vertical distributions of local void fraction and bubble size in alr–water dispersion system were measured with a dual conductivity probe in a fully baffled dished base stirred vessel with the diameter T of 0.48 m, holding 0.134 m3 liquid. The impel er combination with a six parabolic blade disk turbine below two down-pumping hy-drofoil propel ers, identified as PDT+2CBY, was used in this study. The effects of the impel er diameter D, rang-ing from 0.30T to 0.40T (corresponding to D/T from 0.30 to 0.40), on the local void fraction and bubble size were investigated by both experimental and CFD simulation methods. At low superficial gas velocity VS of 0.0077 m·s?1, there is no obvious difference in the local void fraction distribution for al systems with different D/T. However, at high superficial gas velocity, the system with a D/T of 0.30 leads to higher local void fraction than systems with other D/T. There is no significant variation in the axial distribution of the Sauter mean bubble size for al the systems with different D/T at the same gas superficial velocity. CFD simulation based on the two-fluid model along with the population balance model (PBM) was used to investigate the effect of the impel er diameter on the gas–liquid flows. The local void fraction predicted by the numerical simulation approach was in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.     

从超音速蒸汽喷嘴到过冷水直接接触冷凝的数值模拟(英文)

The phenomenon of direct-contact condensation,used in steam driven jet injectors,nuclear reactor emergency core cooling systems and direct-contact heat exchangers,was investigated computationally by introducing a thermal equilibrium model for direct-contact condensation of steam in subcooled water.The condensation model presented was a two resistance model which takes care of the heat transfer process on both sides of the interface and uses a variable steam bubble diameter.The injection of supersonic steam jet in subcooled water tank was simulated using the Euler-Euler multiphase flow model of Fluent 6.3 code with the condensation model incorporated. The findings of the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulations were compared with the published experimental data and fairly good agreement was observed between the two,thus validating the condensation model.The results of CFD simulations for dimensionless penetration length of steam plume varies from 2.73-7.33,while the condensation heat transfer coefficient varies from 0.75-0.917 MW·(m 2 ·K) -1 for water temperature in the range of 293-343 K.     

一串上升气泡周围流体的湍动特性(英文)

The turbulence behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow plays an important role in heat transfer and mass transfer in many chemical processes. In this work, a 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to investigate the turbulent characteristic of fluid induced by a chain of bubbles rising in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The instantaneous flow field, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and TKE dissipation rate were measured. The results demonstrated that the TKE profiles were almost symmetrical along the column center and showed higher values in the central region of the column. The TKE was enhanced with the increase of gas flow and decrease of liquid viscosity. The maximum TKE dissipation rate appeared on both sides of the bubble chain, and increased with the increase of gas flow rate or liquid viscosity. These results provide an understanding for gas-liquid mass transfer in non-Newtonian fluids.     

基于MUSIG模型的低温流体过冷沸腾数值模拟

在低温泡状流中,鉴于液相中离散的气泡尺寸大小不一,文中将MUSIG模型应用于低温流体过冷沸腾计算中。通过模拟液氮在竖直圆管内过冷流动沸腾过程,对各尺寸组气泡的分布、轴向空泡份额的分布规律及流动不稳定性进行了分析。计算结果表明:各尺寸组气泡在壁面和中心区呈现不同的分布规律;平均空泡份额沿轴向呈非线性递增变化;由于流型的转变,管内压降将出现突变。     

竖直圆管内液氮过冷流动沸腾数值模拟研究

在现有数学模型的基础上,从沸腾换热的机理入手,对过冷流动沸腾模型中的气泡参量模型进行了修正,分析确定了壁面热流密度的拆分方法,构建出适应于液氮的过冷沸腾计算模型。将新模型应用于CFX4.4中,对液氮在三维竖直圆管内的过冷流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。研究发现,在过冷流动沸腾形成之后,蒸发热流成为壁面换热的主要部分,沸腾换热占据换热的主导地位。数值模拟结果与已有的实验数据吻合较好,证明了新建模型的正确性。     

液氮过冷沸腾空泡份额分布规律的研究

为了分析低温流体在过冷沸腾中的相分布特性,对液氮在竖直圆管内的过冷沸腾过程进行了CFD数值模拟。通过修正气泡参量模型和改变过程的操作参数,系统地分析了空泡份额在加热上升管内的分布情况。结果表明,气液相间的热质传递决定着空泡份额的分布,截面平均空泡份额沿轴向非线性递增,沿径向呈U形分布。轴向截面平均空泡份额随着热流密度的增大而增大,随着入口质量流率和过冷度的增大而减小。     

高压高过冷度下过冷流动沸腾数值模拟

采用双流体模型对高压高过冷度下垂直圆管中水的过冷流动沸腾进行了数值模拟。通过对比不同气泡直径模型,揭示了气泡直径对于壁面传热方式的影响,确定了适合高压工况的气泡直径模型。考察了压力及壁面热通量对流动及传热特性的影响。计算结果表明,压力增加气泡脱离直径减小,单相对流传热所占比例增加,表面传热系数减小。高压高过冷度特征决定了气泡相分布极不均匀,随着热通量的增加,壁面附近容易形成气泡的密集,对过冷流动沸腾中的传热特性有重要影响。     

液氮过冷沸腾壁面换热特性的数值研究

应用计算流体力学(CFD)研究手段,对液氮过冷沸腾过程进行了模拟。系统分析了过冷沸腾壁面换热过程中存在的各传热模式,得到3部分热流沿管长的分布规律。计算结果表明,在过冷沸腾后期,蒸发热流成为壁面换热的主要模式。同时,就壁面热流密度的变化对3部分热流的影响进行了分析。随着壁面热流的增加,过冷沸腾出口处淬火热流和对流热流将减小,只有蒸发热流增大,且所占总热流份额绝对占优,壁面热流的增加促进了沸腾换热。     

竖直环形通道内液氮流动沸腾的数值模拟

在多尺寸组模型的基础上,从加热壁面上脱离汽泡的受力分析人手,对液氮过冷流动沸腾模型进行了修正.将新模型应用于环形通道内液氮过冷流动沸腾的数值模拟,同时为了比较,采用基于Kirichenko,Fritz汽泡脱离直径公式的多尺寸组模型对同一管道内液氮过冷流动进行了数值模拟.结果表明:结合脱离汽泡受力分析模型的多尺寸组模型可...     

垂直圆管内液氮流动沸腾的理论模型及数值模拟

分析了液氮流动沸腾过程中气液两相间动量、能量以及质量的传输规律,建立了相应的理论模型,新模型重点修正了界面面积浓度和气泡挣脱直径的计算式;采用新建立的理论模型作为封闭方程对CFX-4.3中内建的双流体模型进行了修正,并采用修正后的双流体模型模拟了液氮在垂直圆管内的流动沸腾过程.数值模拟的结果与文献中的实验数据吻合较好,证明了本文所建模型的合理性.通过数值模拟发现,两相流参数分布的不均匀性对液氮流动沸腾过程中的热质传输特性有重要影响.     

摇摆条件下圆管内过冷沸腾局部空泡时空分布特性

过冷流动沸腾在核能、动力、化工等工业领域广泛存在,局部空泡分布特性的准确预测对构建两相流数理模型及两相流动压降和传热特性计算均具有重要意义。实验借助光学探针测量手段研究摇摆条件下圆管内过冷沸腾局部空泡分布特性,并提出多周期同相位叠加方法获得摇摆运动条件下局部瞬时空泡份额。实验结果表明:摇摆条件下圆管内局部空泡分布呈现周期性波动规律,摇摆条件下圆管轴心区及近壁区均会出现局部空泡份额峰值,且流道近壁区局部空泡份额波动幅度最大;与静止条件下不同,摇摆运动周期内过冷沸腾局部空泡份额空间分布形态随时间发生变化;摇摆周期和摇摆角度对过冷沸腾局部空泡分布特性也存在一定影响。     

釜式再沸器管束中循环流动换热的预报模型

提出了釜式再沸器管束中循环流动换热的分相预报新模型,考虑了管束下部的过冷沸腾及循环液体的侧面引入。与以往的模型相比,本文模型与现有实验数据符合更好。     

Population balance modelling for bubbly flows with heat and mass transfer

Population balance equations combined with a three-dimensional two-fluid model are employed to predict bubbly flows with the presence of heat and mass transfer processes. Subcooled boiling flow belongs to this specific category of bubbly flows is considered. The MUSIG (MUltiple-SIze-Group) model implemented in CFX4.4 is further developed to account for the wall nucleation and condensation in the subcooled boiling regime. Comparison of model predictions against local measurements near the test channel exit is made for the radial distribution of the bubble Sauter diameter, void fraction, interfacial area concentration and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcooling temperatures. Additional comparison was also performed against existing boiling model in CFX4.4 and the modified model developed in our previous work (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 1197). Good agreement is better achieved with the local radial bubble Sauter diameter, void fraction, interfacial area concentration and liquid velocity profiles against measurements using the newly formulated MUSIG boiling model over the simpler boiling models. However, significant weakness of the model is still evidenced in the prediction of the vapour velocity. Work is in progress to circumvent the deficiency of the model by the consideration of additional momentum equations or an algebraic slip model to account for bubble separation.